C1 — 3-dars: Cleft sentences (bo'lingan gaplar — ta'kidning nozik mahorati)

C1 — ILG'OR · 3-dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Cleft sentence (bo'lingan gap) — bitta oddiy gapni ikkiga "bo'lib", undagi bitta elementni alohida ta'kidlash usuli. "John broke the window" (neytral) "It was John who broke the window" (aynan John — boshqa hech kim). Bir voqea, lekin diqqat bitta so'zga qaratiladi.

C1-2 da inversion ta'kidning rasmiy/adabiy usulini berdi. Cleft — ta'kidning eng ko'p ishlatiladigan, og'zaki ham yozma ham tabiiy usuli. Native har kuni ishlatadi: "What I love about this job is the people." / "It's the deadline that worries me." Bu — sizning ingliz tilingizni aniq, ta'sirli va "native" qiladigan tuzilma.

Sizning maqsadingiz — masofaviy ish va intervyu — uchun cleft hal qiluvchi: intervyuda fikrni ta'kidlash ("What sets me apart is my ability to..."), muammoni aniq ko'rsatish ("The reason it failed was a memory leak"), va ravon, ishonchli gapirish. Cleft — fikringizni fokuslab yetkazish san'ati.

ASOSIY tushuncha — cleft = "bo'lish + fokus". Bitta gap ikkiga bo'linadi: bir qism fokus (ta'kidlangan element), ikkinchi qism fon (qolgan ma'lumot). Ikki asosiy turi:

Tur	Tuzilma	Misol
It-cleft	It + be + FOKUS + that/who...	It was my brother that called.
Wh-cleft	What + gap + be + FOKUS	What I need is a break.

Fokus — gapning "yulduzi"; qolgani — sahna. "It was YESTERDAY that..." = "aynan kecha" (boshqa kun emas).

O'xshatish — "projektor nuri": oddiy gap — yoritilgan xona (hammasi teng ko'rinadi). Cleft — qorong'i sahnada bitta projektor nuri bitta aktyorga tushadi. "It was John who..." — nur Johnga tushadi, qolgani soyada. Siz tinglovchining diqqatini aniq qayerga qaratishni hal qilasiz. Bu — ta'kidni "boshqarish".

Til-fakti: ingliz tili so'z tartibi qattiq til (SVO) — shuning uchun o'zbek tilidagidek so'zni ko'chirib ta'kidlab bo'lmaydi (o'zbekcha: "Oynani John sindirdi" — so'z o'rni bilan ta'kid). Ingliz tili buning o'rniga cleft (va inversion, urg'u) ishlatadi. Cleft — ingliz tilining "so'z tartibi qataligini" yengib, istalgan elementni ta'kidlash mexanizmi. Bu — chuqur tipologik farq (L1 transfer).

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• C1-2 (inversion): ta'kidning rasmiy usuli. Cleft — neytral/og'zaki muqobili.
• B2-30 (cleft kirish + emphatic do): It was... that... asoslari. Bugun to'liq + nozik.
• C1-1 (zamon nozikliklari): cleft'da be zamoni gapga moslashadi (It was/It is).
• B2-31/54 (linking/register): cleft — kogeziya (givennew) va register vositasi.
• Tez mashq: "I need a holiday" ni ta'kidli qiling What I need is a holiday. / "My brother called" It was my brother who called.

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. It-cleft — eng keng tarqalgan

Tuzilma: It + be + [FOKUS] + that/who/which + [qolgan gap]

Bitta gapdan istalgan elementni ta'kidlash mumkin. Oddiy gap: "Tom met Sarah at the station yesterday."

EGA ta'kid:       It was TOM who/that met Sarah at the station yesterday.
OBYEKT ta'kid:    It was SARAH that/who(m) Tom met at the station yesterday.
JOY ta'kid:       It was AT THE STATION that Tom met Sarah yesterday.
VAQT ta'kid:      It was YESTERDAY that Tom met Sarah at the station.

that vs who/which: odam who yoki that (It was Tom who/that...); narsa that yoki which; vaqt/joy/sabab that (It was then that..., It was there that...). That — har doim xavfsiz (universal).

Inkor va savol:

Inkor:  It wasn't me who broke it. (Men emas edim sindirgan.)
Savol:  Was it you that called? / Wasn't it John who said that?

3.2. Wh-cleft (pseudo-cleft) — "What... is..."

Tuzilma: What + [gap] + be + [FOKUS] (yoki teskari: [FOKUS] + be + what...)

Odatda butun harakat/fikrni ta'kidlaydi (it-cleft bitta so'zni):

What I need is a holiday. (Menga kerak narsa — ta'til.)
What annoys me is his attitude. (Meni g'ashlantirgani — uning munosabati.)
What she said was completely true. (U aytgan narsa — mutlaqo to'g'ri.)

Fe'lni ta'kidlash (what + do):

What he did was (to) call the police. (U qilgani — politsiyaga qo'ng'iroq.)
What you should do is (to) apologise. (Qilishingiz kerak — uzr so'rash.)
What I'm going to do is talk to her. (Men qiladiganim — u bilan gaplashish.)

do fe'li bilan: What + ega + do/did/'ll do + be + (to) + V1. "to" tushishi mumkin (was call yoki was to call). Bu — fe'l/harakatni ta'kidlash uchun.

Teskari tartib (FOKUS oldinda — kuchliroq):

A holiday is what I need. / His attitude is what annoys me.

3.3. All-cleft — "All... is..." (= yagona narsa)

All = "the only thing" (yagona/yagona narsa) — cheklov ta'kidi:

All I want is to be happy. (Yagona istagim — baxtli bo'lish.)
All you have to do is ask. (Qilishingiz kerak bo'lgan yagona narsa — so'rash.)
All it takes is a little practice. (Faqat ozgina mashq kerak.)

Native siri: "All you need is love", "All I'm saying is...", "All it takes is one mistake" — kundalik, kuchli iboralar. All...is = "shundan boshqa hech narsa kerak emas" tusi.

3.4. The thing / reason / place / person + that/why + be

Ot bilan cleft (wh-cleft'ning aniqroq varianti):

The thing (that) I like about her is her honesty.
The reason (why) I called is to invite you.
The place where we met was a small cafe.
The person who helped me was a stranger.
The way (that) he speaks is fascinating.

The thing/reason/way dan keyin that yoki bog'lovchi (why/where) tushishi mumkin: The reason I left... (why'siz). Bu — wh-cleft'ning tabiiyroq, og'zaki shakli.

3.5. Cleft'ning vazifasi (nega ishlatamiz)

1. TA'KID/FOKUS:   bitta elementni urg'ulash (It was YOU I meant.)
2. QARAMA-QARSHI:  noto'g'rini tuzatish (It wasn't Tom — it was Sam.)
3. KOGEZIYA:       eski ma'lumotni yangiga ulash (What matters now is the result.)
4. KUTILGANNI BUZISH: ajablanish (What surprised me was how calm she stayed.)

4. Native nozikliklari va qo'shimcha qoidalar

• Cleft vs Inversion vs Emphatic do: uchovi ta'kid beradi, lekin register farq qiladi:

  Usul	Misol	Register
  Emphatic do	I do like it.	og'zaki, sodda
  Cleft	It's the price that bothers me.	neytral (og'zaki+yozma)
  Inversion	Never have I seen...	rasmiy/adabiy

• "It's not that..., it's just that...": keng tarqalgan cleft-asosli ibora (yumshatish): "It's not that I don't like it, it's just that...".
• be zamoni moslashadi: It is you who decides (hozir) / It was you who decided (o'tmish). Fokus o'tmishda bo'lsa was.
• Fe'l kelishuvi (agreement): It is I who am responsible (rasmiy) yoki It's me who is responsible (og'zaki). Og'zaki tilda It's me/him/her (obyekt shakli) tabiiy.
• Wh-cleft faqat "what" emas: where, when, why, how, who bilan ham: "Where we failed was in the planning." "Why I'm here is to help."
• "What" = "the thing which" (narsa), odam uchun emas: odam The person who... (What I admire odam uchun; What I admire is his courage sifat/narsa).
• Ta'kidli savol — "What is it that...?": it-cleft savolga ko'chganda kuchli, "aynan nima?" ohangini beradi: "What is it that you're looking for?" (oddiy What are you looking for? dan ta'kidliroq) / "Who was it that told you?" / "Why is it that you always disagree?". Bu — intervyu va munozarada diqqatni bir savolga qadash usuli; "Why is it that...?" ko'pincha yengil e'tiroz/ajablanish tuyg'usini ham qo'shadi (native pragmatik nuans).
• "That's what / That's why..." — teskari cleft (og'zaki oltin): this/that bilan boshlangan teskari wh-cleft suhbatda eng ko'p uchraydigan cleft shakli: "That's what I meant." / "That's exactly what happened." / "That's why I called." / "This is what we're going to do.". U oldingi gapga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ulanadi (givennew kogeziya) va tabiiy, jonli ohang beradi — yozma emas, og'zaki registrda ayniqsa kuchli.

5. Ko'p misollar — tur bo'yicha

IT-CLEFT (element):
  It was her smile that I noticed first.
  It's not the money that matters, it's the principle.
  It was only later that I understood.
  It's you I want to thank.

WH-CLEFT (harakat/fikr):
  What impressed me was her confidence.
  What we need is a clear plan.
  What happened was completely unexpected.
  What you're doing is making it worse.

ALL-CLEFT (yagona):
  All I asked for was a little respect.
  All that remains is to sign the contract.
  All you need to do is click the link.

THING/REASON/PERSON:
  The reason I'm calling is to confirm the meeting.
  The thing that strikes me most is the silence.
  The one who really deserves credit is the team.

6. Holat/case yechimlari

1. "Oynani Tom sindirdi (boshqa hech kim emas)" — egani ta'kidlang.

• It was Tom who broke the window. (it-cleft, ega who/that).

2. "Menga kerak narsa — dam olish" — butun fikrni ta'kidlang.

• What I need is a rest. (wh-cleft — harakat/narsa).

3. "Faqat so'rashingiz kerak, xolos" — yagonalikni ta'kidlang.

• All you have to do is ask. (all-cleft — "yagona narsa").

4. "Bu Tom emas edi — Sam edi" — xatoni tuzating.

• It wasn't Tom — it was Sam (who did it). (it-cleft — qarama-qarshilik).

5. "Qo'ng'iroq qilganimning sababi — sizni taklif qilish."

• The reason (why) I called is to invite you. (reason-cleft).

6. Intervyu: "Meni ajratib turadigan narsa — muammoni tez yechishim."

• What sets me apart is my ability to solve problems quickly. (wh-cleft — professional ta'kid).

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya (cleft iboralari)

Tayyor iboralar (C1 ravonlik — fikrni fokuslash):

• What I'd suggest is... — Men taklif qiladiganim... (muloyim taklif)
• The way I see it,... — Mening fikrimcha,...
• What really gets me is... — Meni chinakam g'ashlantiradigani... (og'zaki)
• If there's one thing I've learned, it's... — Agar bir narsani o'rgangan bo'lsam, u...

Native siri: cleft — suhbatda fikrni boshlash uchun zo'r: "The thing is, I'm not sure we have the budget." / "What I'd really like to know is why." Bu iboralar tinglovchini "tayyorlaydi" va sizga o'ylash uchun vaqt beradi (fluency strategiyasi — C1-37). Intervyuda ayniqsa qimmatli.

8. Dialog (cleft — professional + tabiiy)

Interviewer: So, why should we hire you? You: Well, what sets me apart is my experience with large-scale systems. It's not just the coding that I enjoy — it's solving real problems for users. Interviewer: Interesting. And what attracted you to our company? You: Honestly, the thing that impressed me most was your engineering culture. What I'm looking for is a team that values quality, and that's exactly what you seem to offer. Interviewer: Tell me about a challenge you faced. You: Sure. What happened was our service kept crashing under load. It was a memory leak that caused it. All it took was a careful review of the code, and what I did was rewrite the caching layer. Interviewer: Impressive. It sounds like problem-solving is your strength. You: It is. If there's one thing I'm proud of, it's my persistence — what keeps me going is the satisfaction of getting it right.

Tahlil: what sets me apart is, it's not...that...it's, the thing that...was, what I'm looking for is, that's exactly what, what happened was, it was...that, all it took was, what I did was, if there's one thing..., it's, what keeps me going is — 11 xil cleft real intervyu javobida. Diqqat: cleft fikrni fokuslab, ishonchli va aniq qiladi — intervyu uchun ideal.

9. O'qish — graded matn (C1 — cleft'ga boy, immersiv)

The power of focus

Of all the tools English offers for emphasis, few are as versatile as the cleft sentence. What makes it so useful is its flexibility: almost any element of a sentence can be pushed into the spotlight.

Consider a plain statement: "Maria solved the problem on Tuesday." Unremarkable. But it was Maria who solved it — not her colleagues. Or perhaps it was the problem itself that mattered, not the date. Or it was on Tuesday that everything finally came together. What changes in each version is not the facts, but the focus — and with it, the meaning the speaker intends.

What is striking about clefts is how naturally they arise in speech. The reason they feel so effortless is that they mirror how we actually think: we settle on what matters, and then we build the sentence around it. All a cleft does is make that priority explicit.

It's precisely this quality that makes clefts indispensable in interviews, presentations, and argument. What separates a fluent speaker from a hesitant one is often not vocabulary but control — the ability to direct a listener's attention exactly where it's wanted. And that, in the end, is what mastery of English is all about.

Topshiriq: Matndan 6 xil cleft toping (it-cleft, what-cleft, all-cleft, the reason...is, what...is). Har biri qaysi elementni ta'kidlayapti? Bittasini oddiy gapga aylantiring.

10. Tipik xatolar (L1 transfer + cleft)

Asosiy tuzoq: (1) it-cleft doim It bilan boshlanadi; (2) odam who/that (which emas); (3) what-cleft narsa/harakat uchun, odam emas ( the person who); (4) what did was (to) + V1; (5) all that (all what emas); (6) the reason is that (the reason is because emas — takror).

11. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar

C1 dan C2 ga ko'prik.

(a) "Given New" — informatsion struktura. Cleft eski (ma'lum) ma'lumotni that-bo'lakka, yangi (ta'kidlangan) ma'lumotni fokusga joylaydi. "What we discussed [eski] was the budget [yangi]." Bu — matnni silliq bog'laydi (kogeziya): oldingi gapdagi g'oyani oladi, yangisini qo'shadi. Akademik/professional yozuvda kuchli vosita.

(b) It-cleft vs Wh-cleft — qaysi biri qachon. It-cleft — bitta aniq element (ot, vaqt, joy: It was JOHN). Wh-cleft — butun harakat/tushuncha yoki abstraktroq (What I need is...). It-cleft ko'pincha qarama-qarshilik/tuzatish (It was Sam, not Tom); wh-cleft ko'pincha yangi fikr kiritish.

(c) Wh-cleft — fluency strategiyasi. "What I'd say is..." / "The thing is..." — gapni boshlab, fokusni oxiriga qoldiradi. Bu sizga o'ylash vaqti beradi va tinglovchini "kutishga" majbur qiladi (ta'kid kuchayadi). Native notiqlar buni ongsiz ishlatadi — intervyu/taqdimotda oltin.

(d) Cleft + inversion birga (kuchaytirish). "Only then did I realise..." (inversion) ni cleft bilan ham: "It was only then that I realised...". Ikkalasi bir xil ta'kid; cleft neytralroq, inversion rasmiyroq/adabiyroq. Bir matnda ikkalasini almashtirish — uslubiy boylik.

(e) "It's because... that..." — sabab ta'kidi. "It was because of the rain that we cancelled." — sababni fokusga oladi. Diqqat: because-bo'lakdan keyin that (when emas). Sabab ta'kidining eng aniq usuli.

(f) Negative cleft — kuchli rad. "It wasn't me who said that." / "What I didn't expect was the cost." Inkorni fokusga olib, aniq rad/ajablanish beradi. Suhbatda himoyalanish ("It's not that I disagree...") uchun keng.

(g) "The last thing" — kuchaytirilgan inkor. "The last thing I want is trouble" = "eng so'nggi (= aslo) xohlamaganim". The last thing — idiomatik, kuchli "umuman emas" ma'nosi. Cleft + idiom.

(h) Pragmatik nazokat. Cleft ko'pincha diplomatik: "What I'd suggest is..." (to'g'ridan "Do this" emas — yumshoq). "It's not that you're wrong, it's just..." — tanqidni yumshatadi. C1 da cleft = nazokat + fokus birga (register, B2-54).

C2 ko'prik: cleft — fikrni boshqarish san'ati. Oddiy gap hamma narsani teng beradi; cleft sizga "kamera"ni boshqarish imkonini beradi — tinglovchi aynan qayerga qarashni siz hal qilasiz. C2 da bu intuitiv: yozayotganda/gapirayotganda qaysi element ta'kid talab qilishini his qilasiz va tabiiy "bo'lasiz". Cleft + inversion + fronting + urg'u — ingliz ta'kid arsenalining to'liq egaligi.

12. Mashqlar

A. It-cleft bilan ta'kidlang (qavsdagi elementni):

1. (Tom) Tom called me last night. 2. (last night) Tom called me last night. 3. (you) I want to thank you.

B. Wh-cleft (What...is) bilan qayta yozing:

1. I need a break. 2. His honesty impresses me. 3. We should leave now. (What we should do...)

C. Xatoni tuzating:

1. Is my brother who called. · 2. It was Sarah which won. · 3. All what I want is peace. · 4. What he did was called the police.

D. Mosini tanlang (it-cleft / wh-cleft / all-cleft):

1. "Faqat sabr kerak" · 2. "Aynan kecha bo'ldi" · 3. "Meni g'ashlantirgani — shovqin"

E. Intervyu uchun: "Meni ajratib turadigan narsa — ..." ni cleft bilan tugating (o'zingiz haqingizda, 1 gap).

13. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

Maqsad: cleft bilan fikrni fokuslab, ishonchli va aniq gapirish (intervyu/taqdimot uchun).

Vazifa — rol o'yini (tanlang):

• (A) Ish intervyusi: Men intervyu oluvchiman, savol beraman ("Why should we hire you?", "Tell me about a challenge", "What's your biggest strength?"). Siz javob berasiz — kamida 5 xil cleft ishlatib, fikrni ta'kidlab. (Bu — C1-36 ish intervyusi darsiga tayyorgarlik!)
• (B) Fikr himoyasi: Men bir da'vo aytaman (masalan "Remote work is bad for teams"), siz cleft bilan rozilik/e'tiroz bildirasiz: "What you're missing is..." / "It's precisely the flexibility that...".

Quyidagi kamida 5 turni ishlating:

1. It-cleft (It is/was X that/who...)
2. Wh-cleft (What... is...)
3. All-cleft (All... is...)
4. The reason/thing... is...
5. Negative cleft (It's not that..., it's... / What I don't...)

Masalan (A, "biggest strength"): "What I'd say is my persistence. It's not raw talent that got me here — it's the fact that I never give up. The thing that drives me is solving hard problems, and all I need is a challenge worth solving."

"Tayyor" mezonlari: (1) 5 xil cleft turi; (2) tuzilma to'g'ri (It+be+fokus+that; What+gap+be+fokus); (3) odamwho/that, narsawhat; (4) fokus mantiqiy (ta'kid kerakli elementga); (5) tabiiy, ishonchli ohang (intervyuga mos).

Men javobingizni C1 mezonlari bo'yicha baholayman — har cleft tuzilishi, fokus mantiqi va professional ta'sirini tahlil qilaman. Bu sizni real intervyuga tayyorlaydi.

14. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. It was Tom who/that called me last night. · 2. It was last night that Tom called me. · 3. It's you (that/who) I want to thank.

B: 1. What I need is a break. · 2. What impresses me is his honesty. · 3. What we should do is leave now.

C: 1. It is my brother who called. · 2. It was Sarah who/that won. · 3. All (that) I want is peace. · 4. What he did was (to) call the police.

D: 1. All you need is patience (all-cleft) · 2. It was yesterday that it happened (it-cleft) · 3. What annoys me is the noise (wh-cleft)

E: Namuna: What sets me apart is my ability to learn fast and stay calm under pressure.

Tez ma'lumotnoma

CLEFT = bitta gapni BO'LIB, bitta elementni FOKUSLASH

IT-CLEFT (aniq element):  It + be + FOKUS + that/who/which + qolgani
  It was JOHN who called. · It was YESTERDAY that... · It's YOU I meant.
  (odamwho/that · narsathat/which · vaqt/joy/sababthat)

WH-CLEFT (harakat/fikr):  What + gap + be + FOKUS
  What I need is rest. · What he did was (to) call. · What matters is...
  (teskari: A holiday is what I need)

ALL-CLEFT (yagona):  All + gap + be + FOKUS
  All I want is... · All you have to do is ask. · All it takes is...

OT-CLEFT:  The reason (why)... is... · The thing (that)... is... · The person who... is...

VAZIFA: ta'kid · qarama-qarshilik (It wasn't X, it was Y) · kogeziya (givennew) · nazokat

 It-cleft DOIM "It" bilan · odamwho/that (which emas) · all THAT (all what emas)
 what = narsa/harakat (odam emasthe person who) · what didwas (to)+V1
 register: cleft=neytral · inversion=rasmiy · do=og'zaki | fluency: "The thing is..."
 intervyu oltin: "What sets me apart is..." / "It's not X that..., it's Y"

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: C1-2 (inversion — rasmiy ta'kid), B2-30 (cleft kirish), C1-1 (be zamoni).
• Keyingi: C1-4 (Subjunctive — rasmiy tuzilmalar).
• Aloqador: C1-36 (ish intervyusi — cleft markaziy), C1-37 (fluency strategiyalari), B2-54 (register).

Manba

Swan Practical English Usage (cleft sentences, emphasis); Carter & McCarthy Cambridge Grammar of English (information structure); Cambridge C1 Advanced; Biber et al. Longman Grammar (it-clefts & wh-clefts in discourse).