C1 — 23-dars: Passive va shaxssiz tuzilmalar (ilg'or — akademik ob'ektivlik)

C1 — ILG'OR · 23-dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik) · IELTS band 9 — Grammatical Range

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Passive (majhul nisbat: The cake was eaten) ni B2 da egalladingiz. C1 da maqsad — uning ilg'or, shaxssiz, akademik shakllarini ravon ishlatish: "It is widely believed that...", "He is said to be very wealthy", "The issue needs to be addressed", "I got promoted". Bu tuzilmalar yozuvga ob'ektivlik, rasmiylik va zichlik beradi — akademik va professional ingliz tilining belgisi.

Bu — IELTS band 9 "Grammatical Range" + akademik uslub uchun. Akademik yozuv shaxssiz va ob'ektiv bo'lishni talab qiladi: "It can be argued that..." ("I think..." o'rniga), "The data was collected..." (kim yig'gani muhim emas). Shaxssiz passive (it is said/believed/thought that) — IELTS Writing va ilmiy yozuvning yuragi. Va: be said to, be known to — kam ishlatiladigan, sofistik tuzilmalar (band 9). Sizning maqsadingiz (IELTS 9, professional/texnik yozuv) uchun bu hal qiluvchi.

ASOSIY tushuncha — passive = "harakatga, bajaruvchiga emas". Passive diqqatni bajaruvchidan (kim) harakat/obyektga (nima) ko'chiradi:

Active (bajaruvchiga)	Passive (harakatga)
Scientists discovered the cure.	The cure was discovered.
People believe he is guilty.	He is believed to be guilty.
They will address the issue.	The issue will be addressed.

Passive ishlatiladi: bajaruvchi noma'lum/muhim emas/aniq, yoki ob'ektivlik (akademik) kerak bo'lganda.

O'xshatish — "prozhektor harakat ustida". Active gap — prozhektor aktyorga (bajaruvchiga) tushadi: "John broke the window" (John muhim). Passive — prozhektor harakat/obyektga tushadi: "The window was broken" (oyna muhim, kim — yo'q). Akademik yozuvda ko'pincha harakat/natija muhim (kim yig'gani emas): "The experiment was conducted...". Passive — "kamera"ni bajaruvchidan harakatga buradi. Ob'ektiv, shaxssiz ohang.

Til-fakti: ingliz akademik yozuvi passive va shaxssiz tuzilmalarga to'la — sababi ob'ektivlik: ilmiy yozuv "men", "biz" dan qochib, harakat/faktga e'tibor beradi ("It was found that..." — "I found" emas). Bu — o'zbek/kundalik tilning to'g'ridan-to'g'riligidan farq qiladi (L1 transfer). Va ingliz passive boy — get-passive (og'zaki: got fired), shaxssiz it-passive (it is said), be said to (sofistik) — har biri nozik tus. O'zbek majhul nisbati (-il/-in) sodda; ingliz tizimi murakkabroq.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B2-12/13 (passive asoslari/barcha zamonlar): asoslar. Bugun shaxssiz + ilg'or.
• B2-14 (causative have/get done): bugun chuqur. B2-15 (passive reporting): it is said that.
• C1-6 (hedging): it is argued/believed — ehtiyotkorlik. C1-4 (subjunctive passive).
• C1-22 (reduced relative — past participle): passive zichligi.
• Tez mashq: "People say he is rich" — passive (2 usul)? "It is said that..." / "He is said to...".

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Passive — barcha zamonlar + modal (review + zichlik)

Present:  is/are done · is/are being done
Past:     was/were done · was/were being done
Perfect:  has/have been done · had been done
Future:   will be done · is going to be done
Modal:    must/should/can be done · should have been done · might be done
INFINITIVE/GERUND:  to be done · being done
  "The work needs to be done." · "I hate being interrupted."

3.2. Shaxssiz "it" passive — "It is said that..." (akademik)

It + be + V3 + that-clause (bajaruvchi noma'lum/umumiy):
  It is said/believed/thought/known/reported/claimed/expected/estimated/argued that...
  "It is widely believed that the economy will recover."
  "It is estimated that 2 million people are affected."
  "It has been suggested that the data may be flawed."

"It is said that..." — akademik/jurnalistik: bajaruvchini (kim aytadi) yashiradi (umumiy fikr). IELTS Writing'da kuchli: "It is often argued that..." (= "Many people argue..." — ob'ektivroq). Distancing (C1-6).

3.3. Subject + passive + to-infinitive (sofistik — band 9)

Subject + be + V3 + to-infinitive:
  "He is said to be very rich." (= It is said that he is rich)
  "She is known to have travelled widely." (perfect: o'tmish)
  "The talks are expected to continue." (= It is expected that...)
  "He is believed to be living abroad." (continuous)
  "The painting is thought to have been stolen." (perfect passive)

Ikki usul (bir ma'no): "It is said that he is rich" = "He is said to be rich". Ikkinchisi (subject + to-inf) — zichroq, sofistikroq (band 9). Zamon: hozir to be; o'tmish to have been.

3.4. get-passive — og'zaki, ko'pincha salbiy/kutilmagan

get + V3 (be o'rniga, norasmiy):
  "He got promoted." / "She got fired." / "They got caught." / "I got paid."
  "Our flight got cancelled." / "He got hurt in the accident."

get-passive — og'zaki/norasmiy, ko'pincha salbiy yoki kutilmagan voqea (got fired/caught/hurt), yoki o'zgarish (got married/promoted). Rasmiy yozuvda — be passive. Speaking'da tabiiy.

3.5. Causative — have/get something done (B2-14 chuqur)

HAVE + obyekt + V3 (kimdir siz uchun qiladi):
  "I had my car repaired." (men tuzatmadim — usta tuzatdi)
  "She's having her house painted."
GET + obyekt + V3 (norasmiy, bir xil ma'no):
  "I got my hair cut." / "We need to get the roof fixed."
HAVE + someone + V1 (causative ACTIVE — kimnidir majburlash/uyushtirish):
  "I had the mechanic check the brakes." (men ustaga tekshirtirdim)
NOXUSH (have/get + obyekt + V3 — boshga tushdi):
  "He had his wallet stolen." (hamyoni o'g'irlandi — uning xohishisiz)

have/get something done = "kimdir men uchun qiladi" (men o'zim emas): "I had my car serviced" (usta qildi). "I repaired my car" (o'zim) ≠ "I had my car repaired" (usta).

3.6. Boshqa shaxssiz tuzilmalar

be regarded/seen/considered/known AS:  "He is regarded as a genius."
   "The plan is seen as too risky."
There + be:  "There is believed to be a connection."
It + be + sifat + that/to:  "It is essential that... / It is difficult to say."
ONE (rasmiy shaxssiz ega):  "One must consider all the evidence." (= you/people)
   "One cannot help but wonder..." (juda rasmiy)
needs + V-ing / to be done:  "The car needs washing / needs to be washed."

4. Native nozikliklari va qo'shimcha qoidalar

• "by + agent" — qachon qo'shiladi: passive odatda bajaruvchini tushiradi, lekin muhim/yangi bo'lsa qo'shiladi: "The novel was written by Orwell" (kim — muhim). Noma'lum/aniq bo'lsa — yo'q ("The window was broken" — kim noma'lum).
• Passive'ni HADDAN ko'p ishlatmang: akademik yozuv passive'ga moyil, lekin hammasini passive qilish — og'ir, noaniq. Active aniqroq/jonliroq bo'lsa — active. Balans (zamonaviy akademik uslub active'ni ham qadrlaydi).
• "It is said to" : be said to da subject bo'lishi kerak (He is said to...), it emas (it-clause bilan that: It is said that...). Ikki tuzilmani aralashtirmang.
• get vs be passive: get — og'zaki, salbiy/kutilmagan, harakat (got fired); be — neytral, rasmiy, holat ham (is known). "He was promoted" (neytral) vs "He got promoted" (og'zaki, hayajon).
• "One" — juda rasmiy: "One must..." (= you/people, lekin juda rasmiy/britancha). Zamonaviy yozuvda kam — you yoki passive afzal. IELTS'da "one" — ehtiyot (eskirgan tuyulishi mumkin).
• Double passive — noto'g'ri: "The work was attempted to be finished" — chalkash. Soddalashtiring: "They attempted to finish the work." Ikki passive ketma-ket — odatda xato.
• Ko'chma va predlogli fe'llar passivda — predlog joyida qoladi (band 9 nozikligi): ingliz tili deal with, look after, look into, rely on, refer to, arrive at kabi predlogli/ko'chma fe'llarni ham passivga aylantiradi — va predlog fe'ldan keyin osilib qoladi (stranded): "The problem was dealt with promptly", "The patient is being looked after", "The matter is being looked into", "This method can be relied on". Bu o'zbek tilida bevosita ekvivalenti yo'q (L1 transfer xatosi: predlogni tushirib qoldirish — "was dealt" ). Akademik/rasmiy yozuvda juda tabiiy va sofistik: "A conclusion was arrived at", "The issue was touched upon". Predlog hech qachon tushmaydi.

5. Ko'p misollar — guruh bo'yicha (akademik)

IT-PASSIVE:  "It is widely acknowledged that exercise improves health."
   "It has been argued that technology isolates people."
   "It was once thought that the earth was flat."
SUBJECT+TO-INF:  "The CEO is expected to resign." / "He is known to have lied."
   "The species is believed to be extinct."
GET-PASSIVE:  "I got my phone stolen." / "The project got delayed." / "She got hired."
CAUSATIVE:  "We're having the office redesigned." / "I need to get my visa renewed."
REGARDED AS:  "She is widely regarded as the finest writer of her generation."
MODAL PASSIVE:  "The issue must be addressed." / "It should have been done sooner."
NEEDS:  "These documents need to be signed." / "The grass needs cutting."

6. Holat/case yechimlari

1. "Odamlar uni boy deyishadi" — passive (2 usul).

• It is said that he is rich. / He is said to be rich. (ikkinchi — zichroq, band 9).

2. "Mashinamni tuzattirdim" (usta tuzatdi) — causative.

• I had my car repaired. (usta qildi; I repaired = o'zim — boshqa ma'no).

3. "U ishdan bo'shatildi" — og'zaki, salbiy.

• He got fired. (get-passive — og'zaki, salbiy/kutilmagan). Rasmiy: was dismissed.

4. "Bu masala hal qilinishi kerak" — modal passive.

• This issue needs to be addressed / must be resolved. (modal/needs + passive).

5. Esse: "Ko'p odam texnologiya zararli deb hisoblaydi" — ob'ektiv.

• It is widely believed that technology is harmful. (shaxssiz — ob'ektivroq).

6. "U chet elda yashaydi deb hisoblanadi" — sofistik.

• He is believed to be living abroad. (subject + be + V3 + to be V-ing).

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + tuzilma banki (akademik passive)

Akademik passive iboralari (band 9 — IELTS Writing):

• It is often argued that... — Ko'pincha ... deb da'vo qilinadi.
• It cannot be denied that... — ...ni inkor etib bo'lmaydi.
• Much has been written about... — ... haqida ko'p yozilgan.
• Steps must be taken to... — ... uchun choralar ko'rilishi kerak.

Native siri (band 9 akademik): shaxssiz passive — IELTS Writing'da ob'ektivlik beradi: "It is widely believed that..." ("I think many people believe..." dan kuchliroq, ob'ektivroq). Va "Steps must be taken", "The issue should be addressed" — yechim taklif qilishning rasmiy usuli (kim qilishi muhim emas — harakat muhim). LEKIN: passive'ni haddan ko'p ishlatmang (har gap passive — og'ir); active bilan aralashtiring. Band 9 = mos passive (har joyda emas).

8. Dialog/matn (ilg'or passive — akademik fragment, izohli)

Esse fragmenti (band 9):

"It is widely believed that social media has transformed communication. [it-passive] Indeed, the platform is now used by billions worldwide, and its influence cannot be overstated. [modal passive] However, it has also been argued that these technologies foster isolation. [it-passive perfect] Young people, in particular, are thought to be especially vulnerable. [subject+to-inf] What needs to be addressed, therefore, [modal passive + nominal] is not the technology itself but how it is used. [passive] Steps must be taken to promote healthier habits — and they must be taken soon, before the effects become irreversible. [modal passive ta'kid]"

Tahlil: It is widely believed that (it-passive), is used (passive), cannot be overstated (modal passive), it has been argued that (it-passive perfect), are thought to be (subject+to-inf), needs to be addressed (modal+nominal), Steps must be taken (modal passive). 7 passive tuzilma — ob'ektiv, rasmiy, akademik. Band 9 GRA. (Diqqat: real esseda active bilan aralash bo'lsin.)

9. O'qish — graded matn (C1 — passive va ob'ektivlik)

The disappearing "I"

One of the quiet conventions of academic English is the near-disappearance of the writer. Where everyday speech revolves around "I" and "you," scholarly prose prefers to vanish behind its subject matter. "I found that the results were significant" becomes "The results were found to be significant." The discovery remains; the discoverer fades discreetly into the background.

This is the work of the passive voice, and its purpose is objectivity. By removing the personal agent, the writer shifts attention from who did something to what was done — from opinion to apparent fact. "It is widely believed that..." carries an authority that "Lots of people think..." simply cannot. The claim seems to float free of any individual, as if endorsed by the world at large.

Yet the passive is a tool, not a master, and like any tool it can be misused. Prose drowned in passives grows heavy and evasive; the reader, denied any actor, struggles to follow who is doing what. The finest academic writers know this. They reach for the passive when objectivity demands it — and return to the active, clear and direct, the moment it does not.

The lesson, then, is balance. The passive lends formality, distance, and an air of impartiality; the active lends clarity and force. To command both, and to know precisely when each is called for, is to write with the full range of the language at one's disposal — which is, in the end, what mastery means.

Topshiriq: Nega akademik yozuvda "I" yo'qoladi? "It is widely believed" nega "Lots of people think" dan kuchli? Passive'ning xavfi nima? Matndan 3 passive toping.

10. Tipik xatolar (L1 transfer + passive)

Asosiy tuzoq: (1) It is said that... / He is said to be... (aralashtirmang); (2) causative have sth done (usta qildi); (3) get (og'zaki) vs be (rasmiy); (4) was born (be bilan); (5) double passive (soddalashtiring); (6) passive'ni haddan ko'p emas (active aralash).

11. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar (IELTS 9 fokusi)

C1 dan C2 ga ko'prik.

(a) Passive — akademik ob'ektivlik vositasi. Ilmiy/akademik yozuv "shaxssiz" bo'lishni intiladi: "It was observed that..." (kim — muhim emas, harakat muhim). Bu — ob'ektivlik illyuziyasi (fakt kabi tuyuladi). IELTS Writing band 9 — passive'ni ob'ektivlik uchun ishlatadi ("It is argued that..."). Lekin zamonaviy akademik uslub active'ni ham qadrlaydi (ravshanlik). Balans.

(b) Ikki reporting passive — zichlik farqi. "It is said that he is rich" (it-passive — that-clause) = "He is said to be rich" (subject-passive — to-inf). Ikkinchisi zichroq, sofistikroq (band 9). Zamon: to be (hozir), to have been (o'tmish), to be doing (continuous). Bu transformatsiya — band 9 grammatik mahorati.

(c) get-passive — semantik nozik. Get-passive ko'pincha: (1) salbiy/kutilmagan (got fired, got hurt, got caught); (2) o'zgarish (got married, got promoted); (3) harakat (holat emas). Be-passive — neytral, holat ham (is known, is loved). "He got killed" (kutilmagan, dramatik) vs "He was killed" (neytral fakt). Register: get=og'zaki.

(d) Causative — "have" vs "get" vs "make". Have sth done (xizmat — usta qildi); get sth done (bir xil, norasmiy); have someone do (uyushtirish: I had him check it); get someone to do (ko'ndirish: I got him to help); make someone do (majburlash: They made me wait). Nozik causative tizimi (B2-14 chuqur).

(e) "needs doing" vs "needs to be done". "The car needs washing" (= needs to be washed) — need + V-ing = passive ma'no (BrE keng). "needs to be done" — to'liq passive infinitive. Ikkalasi to'g'ri; needs V-ing og'zaki/ixcham. want ham: "It wants fixing" (BrE, og'zaki).

(f) Passive infinitive/gerund. to be done ("It has to be finished"), being done ("I don't like being told what to do"). Modal/fe'l + passive: "must be addressed, should be considered, enjoy being praised, risk being caught". Band 9 — bu kombinatsiyalarni tabiiy ishlatadi.

(g) "There is believed/thought to be". "There is believed to be a link" (= It is believed that there is a link). There + passive reporting — rasmiy, ixcham. Akademik: "There are thought to be several causes". Band 9 sofistik tuzilma.

(h) "by" + agent — informatsion oqim. Passive bajaruvchini oxiriga (yangi/muhim pozitsiya) qo'yadi: "The theory was developed by Einstein" (Einstein — yangi, muhim — oxirda). Agent muhim/yangi bo'lsa qo'shiladi; noma'lum/aniq bo'lsa — yo'q. End-weight (C1-12 theme-rheme) bilan bog'liq.

(i) Over-passivization — "zombie nouns" bilan. Yomon akademik yozuv passive + nominalizatsiya (C1-14) ni haddan ko'p: "It was decided that an implementation of the policy would be undertaken" (og'ir) vs "We decided to implement the policy" (ravshan). Band 9 — passive'ni ob'ektivlik uchun, lekin ravshanlikni yo'qotmasdan. Zamonaviy uslub.

(j) Register — passive darajalari. Eng rasmiy: it is held that, one might argue. Akademik: it is believed/found that. Neytral: is made, was built. Og'zaki: got fired, had it fixed. Registrga moslang (B2-54): IELTS Writing rasmiy passive; Speaking get-passive/causative tabiiy.

C2 ko'prik (IELTS 9native): passive va shaxssiz tuzilmalar — "yo'qolayotgan I" (akademik ob'ektivlik): bajaruvchini yashirib, harakat/faktga e'tibor. C2 da siz passive'ni mos ishlatasiz — ob'ektivlik kerak bo'lganda (akademik), aniqlik/jonlilik kerak bo'lganda active; it is said/be said to/get-passive/causative ni registrga qarab tanlaysiz; over-passivization'dan saqlanasiz. Bu — akademik/professional yozuvning ob'ektivligi va zichligi. Passive + nominalizatsiya (keyingi) + relative/participle — akademik grammatika arsenali to'liq. Keyingi dars — nominalizatsiya va so'z tartibi.

12. Mashqlar

A. Passive qiling (ikki usul bo'lsa — ikkalasi):

1. People believe he is a genius. · 2. They say she has left. · 3. Scientists discovered the cure in 1928.

B. Causative (have/get something done):

1. Mashinamni usta tuzatdi · 2. Sochimni oldirdim · 3. Hamyonim o'g'irlandi

C. get yoki be passive (kontekst)?

1. He ___ promoted last week (og'zaki, hayajon). · 2. The novel ___ written by Orwell (rasmiy). · 3. Our flight ___ cancelled (kutilmagan).

D. Xatoni tuzating:

1. It is said to he is rich. · 2. I repaired my car (usta nazarda). · 3. He was got fired. · 4. I born in 2005.

E. Akademik (it-passive) qiling:

1. "Many people think AI is dangerous." · 2. "We must solve this problem."

F. Esse jumlasi: "texnologiya hayotni o'zgartirdi" g'oyasini shaxssiz passive bilan (it is widely...).

13. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan) — passive mashqi

Maqsad: passive va shaxssiz tuzilmalarni ob'ektivlik uchun, registrga mos, xatosiz ishlatish — band 9 GRA.

Vazifa (tanlang):

• (A) Akademik paragraf: Men mavzu beraman (masalan "online education"), siz paragraf yozasiz — kamida 4 ta passive tuzilma (it-passive, subject+to-inf, modal passive, regarded as) bilan, ob'ektiv ohangda.
• (B) ActivePassive transformatsiya: Men gap beraman, siz passive (ikki usul bo'lsa — ikkalasi) qilasiz va register izohlaysiz.
• (C) Causative/get: Men vaziyat beraman, siz causative (have/get sth done) yoki get-passive ishlatasiz.

Quyidagi kamida 4 turni ishlating:

1. It-passive (It is said/believed/argued that...)
2. Subject + to-inf (He is said to be... / X is expected to...)
3. Modal passive (must be addressed / should have been done)
4. Causative (have/get sth done) YOKI get-passive YOKI regarded as

Masalan (A): "Online education is widely regarded as the future of learning. It is often argued that it offers unprecedented flexibility. However, students are thought to struggle with motivation, and this issue must be addressed if the model is to succeed."

"Tayyor" mezonlari: (1) 4 passive turi; (2) it-passive/subject+to-inf to'g'ri (aralashmagan); (3) get vs be mos register; (4) causative to'g'ri; (5) over-use emas (active bilan balans); (6) ob'ektiv/akademik ohang.

Men javobingizni IELTS GRA band 9 (passive range + accuracy + register) bo'yicha baholayman — tuzilma to'g'riligi, register mosligi, balans (over-passivization?) bo'yicha izoh + band ball beraman.

14. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. It is believed that he is a genius. / He is believed to be a genius. · 2. It is said that she has left. / She is said to have left. · 3. The cure was discovered in 1928.

B: 1. I had my car repaired. · 2. I had/got my hair cut. · 3. I had my wallet stolen. (noxush)

C: 1. got · 2. was · 3. got

D: 1. It is said that he is rich. · 2. I had my car repaired. · 3. He got/was fired. · 4. I was born in 2005.

E: 1. It is widely believed that AI is dangerous. · 2. This problem must be solved.

F: Namuna: It is widely acknowledged that technology has fundamentally transformed everyday life.

Tez ma'lumotnoma

PASSIVE = harakatga/obyektga (bajaruvchiga emas) — ob'ektivlik (akademik)

SHAXSSIZ IT-PASSIVE: It is said/believed/argued/thought/found that...  (akademik, distancing)
SUBJECT+TO-INF (zichroq): He is said to be rich · X is expected to · is thought to have done
   (It is said THAT he is rich = He is said TO BE rich)
MODAL PASSIVE: must be addressed · should have been done · needs to be done
GET-PASSIVE (og'zaki, salbiy/kutilmagan): got fired · got promoted · got caught
CAUSATIVE: have/get STH done (usta qildi: I had my car repaired)
   have someone do (uyushtir) · get someone to do (ko'ndir) · make someone do (majbur)
REGARDED/SEEN/KNOWN AS: X is regarded as the best
THERE: There is believed to be... · NEEDS: needs washing / needs to be washed

 It is said THAT / He is said TO BE (aralashtirmang) · was BORN · double passive 
 get=og'zaki/salbiy · be=rasmiy/neytral · causative=usta qildi (o'zim emas)
 akademik ob'ektivlik (It is argued > I think) · LEKIN over-use emas (active bilan balans)
 by+agent faqat muhim/yangi bo'lsa · band 9 = mos passive (har joyda emas)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B2-12/13/14/15 (passive/causative/reporting), C1-6 (hedging — distancing), C1-22 (reduced relative — past participle).
• Keyingi: C1-24 (Nominalizatsiya & so'z tartibi — akademik zichlik).
• Aloqador: IELTS GRA band 9, akademik yozuv (ob'ektivlik), C1-13 (esse).

Manba

Swan Practical English Usage (passive, causative); Carter & McCarthy Cambridge Grammar of English; Academic Writing (Bailey); Advanced Grammar in Use (Hewings).