C1 — 24-dars: Nominalizatsiya va so'z tartibi (akademik zichlik va ta'kid)

C1 — ILG'OR · 24-dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik) · IELTS band 9 — Grammatical Range & uslub

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Nominalizatsiya — fe'l yoki sifatni otga aylantirish: implement implementation, analyse analysis, decide decision, grow growth. Bu yozuvni zich, rasmiy, akademik qiladi: "They decided to expand" (oddiy) "The decision to expand..." (akademik). So'z tartibi (word order) esa — elementni ta'kid uchun joydan joyga ko'chirish (fronting, end-weight). Ikkalasi — akademik uslubning eng nozik vositalari.

Bu — IELTS band 9 akademik uslub uchun. Akademik/ilmiy yozuv otlarga asoslanadi (fe'l emas): "the analysis of the data", "due to the increase in prices", "the implementation of the policy". Bu — zichlik (ikki gapni bitta ot iborasiga siqish) va ob'ektivlik (bajaruvchini yashiradi). IELTS Writing band 9 — nominalizatsiyani mos ishlatadi. Va marked word order (fronting/inversion/cleft) — ta'kid va kogeziya beradi. Sizning maqsadingiz (IELTS 9, professional yozuv) uchun bu — "ilg'or" va "boshlovchi" yozuvni ajratadi.

ASOSIY tushuncha — fe'l (harakat) ot (tushuncha). Nominalizatsiya harakatni "tushuncha"ga aylantiradi va gapni zichlaydi:

Fe'l (gap)	Ot (zich)
Prices increased, which caused inflation.	The increase in prices caused inflation.
They implemented the policy.	The implementation of the policy...
The system developed rapidly.	The rapid development of the system...

Ikki gap bitta ot iborasi. Akademik zichlik. Lekin haddan ko'p — og'ir/noaniq.

O'xshatish — "fayllarni siqish (zip)". Nominalizatsiya — kompyuterda fayllarni "zip" qilish: bir necha so'z/gapni bitta zich "papka" (ot iborasi) ga siqadi. "Because the company decided to expand, costs rose" "The company's decision to expand raised costs". Zich, professional. Lekin haddan siqilgan fayl ochilmaydi (juda ko'p nominalizatsiya — o'qilmaydi). Mos zichlik — band 9; haddan zichlik — "zombie nouns" (jonsiz, og'ir).

Til-fakti: ingliz akademik/ilmiy yozuvi "ot-og'ir" (noun-heavy) — fe'llar otga aylanadi, gaplar zichlashadi. Bu — rasmiylik, ob'ektivlik va abstraktlik beradi. "We can see growth" (oddiy, fe'l) "Growth is evident" (akademik, ot). O'zbek/og'zaki til fe'l-og'ir (harakatga asoslangan) — L1 transfer: o'zbek so'zlashuvchi tabiiy fe'l ishlatadi ("narxlar oshdi"), inglizcha akademik tilda ko'pincha ot afzal ("the rise in prices"). Bu — registr farqi (kundalik fe'l, akademik ot).

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• C1-22 (relative/participle): gap zichlash. C1-23 (passive): ob'ektivlik. Nominalizatsiya — ikkalasini to'ldiradi.
• C1-2 (inversion) / C1-3 (cleft): marked word order — ta'kid.
• C1-12 (cohesion — theme-rheme): so'z tartibi va informatsion oqim.
• B2-52 / C1-11 (so'z yasash): fe'lot affikslari (-tion, -ment, -ance).
• Tez mashq: "decide" oti? (decision). "analyse"? (analysis). "They failed" ot bilan? (Their failure...).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Nominalizatsiya — fe'l/sifat ot (so'z yasash)

FE'L  OT:
  implement  implementation · analyse  analysis · decide  decision
  develop  development · grow  growth · fail  failure · react  reaction
  refuse  refusal · arrive  arrival · discover  discovery · expand  expansion
  reduce  reduction · increase  an increase · respond  response · believe  belief
SIFAT  OT:
  difficult  difficulty · able  ability · important  importance · weak  weakness
  poor  poverty · wide  width · accurate  accuracy · efficient  efficiency

Nominalizatsiya affikslari (B2-52): -tion/-sion, -ment, -ance/-ence, -al, -ure, -ity, -ness, -th. Fe'lning otini bilish — flexibility (C1-11).

3.2. Nominalizatsiya qanday zichlaydi (gap ot iborasi)

GAP (fe'l)  OT IBORASI (zich):
  "Prices increased sharply."  "the sharp increase in prices"
  "The government decided to act."  "the government's decision to act"
  "The system failed."  "the failure of the system / the system's failure"
  "Technology has developed rapidly."  "the rapid development of technology"
BIR NECHA GAPNI BIRLASHTIRISH:
  "The company expanded. This led to higher costs."
   "The company's expansion led to higher costs." (zich, akademik)
  "Because students were absent, results suffered."
   "Student absence led to poorer results." / "The absence of students..."

Nominalizatsiya gapni ot iborasiga siqadi keyin u boshqa gapga ega/obyekt bo'ladi. Bu — akademik zichlikning yuragi.

3.3. Nominalizatsiya + "of" / egalik

ot + OF + ot:  "the analysis of the data" · "the development of the system"
egalik:  "the data's analysis" (kamroq) · "the system's development"
ot + ot (compound):  "data analysis" · "system development" · "price increase"
   (eng zich — ikki ot yonma-yon)

"the analysis of the data" (rasmiy) = "the data analysis" (zichroq, compound). Akademik yozuv ikkalasini ishlatadi. price increase, climate change, traffic congestion — compound ot (zich).

3.4. Marked word order — fronting (ta'kid uchun oldinga)

Oddiy tartib SVO; element oldinga chiqsa — ta'kid (marked):

OBYEKT/KOMPLEMENT FRONTING:
  "I can't stand his arrogance."  "His arrogance, I can't stand." (ta'kid)
  "That I cannot accept." (= I cannot accept that — kuchli ta'kid)
SIFAT/RAVISH FRONTING:
  "Strange as it may seem, he agreed." (= Although it seems strange)
  "Hard though she tried, she failed." (= Although she tried hard)
SUCH/SO FRONTING (+ inversion C1-2):
  "Such was his anger that he left." · "So great was the demand that..."

Fronting — elementni gap boshiga (kuchli pozitsiya) olib, ta'kid beradi. Rasmiy/adabiy. "This I know for certain" — this ta'kidlangan.

3.5. End-weight — og'ir/yangi ma'lumot oxirida

Og'ir (uzun) yoki yangi ma'lumot gap OXIRIGA:
   og'ir: "That the project would fail was obvious." (og'ir ega oldinda)
   end-weight: "It was obvious that the project would fail." (it + og'ir oxirda)
   "A man with a long grey beard and a walking stick came in."
   "In came a man with a long grey beard..." (yangi/og'ir oxirda)

Ingliz tili yangi/og'ir ma'lumotni oxirga qo'yadi (end-weight + end-focus). It-extraposition ("It is clear that...") — og'ir that-clause'ni oxirga suradi. Tabiiy oqim (C1-12 theme-rheme).

3.6. Boshqa marked tuzilmalar (review)

INVERSION (C1-2):  "Never have I seen..." (inkor ravish oldinga)
CLEFT (C1-3):  "It was John who..." / "What I need is..." (fokus)
EXISTENTIAL there:  "There arose a problem." (yangi narsa kiritish)
PASSIVE (C1-23):  obyektni ega qilish (fokus o'zgartirish)

4. Native nozikliklari va qo'shimcha qoidalar

• Over-nominalizatsiya — "zombie nouns": haddan ko'p ot — og'ir, jonsiz: "The implementation of the reduction of the utilisation..." . Mos zichlik: muhim joyda ot, qolganida fe'l. Zamonaviy uslub haddan nominalizatsiyaga qarshi (ravshanlik).
• Nominalizatsiya bajaruvchini yashiradi: "The decision was made" (kim qaror qildi? — yashirin). Bu — ob'ektivlik (akademik), lekin ba'zan noaniqlik (kim mas'ul?). Maqsadga qarab.
• Compound ot (ot+ot) — eng zich: "climate change, data analysis, price increase, traffic congestion" — ikki ot yonma-yon (of'siz). Zamonaviy, ixcham. Lekin uzun zanjir ("data analysis system development process") — chalkash.
• Fronting — rasmiy/adabiy: "This I cannot accept" — kuchli, lekin rasmiy/dramatik. Kundalik tilda kam. Esse/nutqda ta'kid uchun. Haddan ko'p — sun'iy.
• "It"-extraposition — tabiiy: "It is important that...", "It seems that...", "It is difficult to say" — og'ir clause'ni oxirga suradi (end-weight). Akademik yozuvda standart, tabiiy.
• Noto'g'ri nominal shakl: har fe'lning oti maxsus (decide decision, not "decidement"; analyse analysis, not "analysation"). Affiksni to'g'ri tanlang (C1-11).

5. Ko'p misollar — fe'l (oddiy) ot (akademik)

ODDIY (fe'l):                          AKADEMIK (nominalizatsiya):
Prices rose, so demand fell.          The rise in prices led to a fall in demand.
The company grew quickly.             The company's rapid growth...
They failed to plan.                  Their failure to plan...
The policy was implemented.           The implementation of the policy...
Technology is developing fast.        The rapid development of technology...
People are increasingly aware.        The growing awareness among people...
The team performed well.              The team's strong performance...
He arrived late, which caused...      His late arrival caused...
FRONTING (ta'kid):
  "I find his attitude unacceptable."  "His attitude I find unacceptable."
END-WEIGHT:
  "That he lied is clear."  "It is clear that he lied."

6. Holat/case yechimlari

1. "Narxlar oshdi, bu inflatsiyaga olib keldi" — akademik zichlik.

• The increase in prices led to inflation. (gap ot iborasi).

2. "Kompaniya kengaydi, bu xarajatlarni oshirdi" — bitta gap.

• The company's expansion raised costs. (nominalizatsiya — ikki gap bitta).

3. "decidement" — nima xato?

• Noto'g'ri ot shakli decide decision (decidement ). To'g'ri affiks (C1-11).

4. "That the project failed was obvious" — og'ir.

• End-weight: It was obvious that the project failed. (it + og'ir clause oxirda).

5. "Uning takabburligiga chiday olmayman" — ta'kidli.

• Fronting: His arrogance, I cannot stand. (obyekt oldinda — ta'kid; rasmiy/adabiy).

6. Esse: "texnologiya tez rivojlanyapti" — akademik ot bilan.

• The rapid development of technology... (ot iborasi — zich, akademik).

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + nominalizatsiya banki (akademik)

Akademik nominalizatsiya iboralari (band 9 — esse):

• The implementation of this policy would... — Bu siyosatning amalga oshirilishi...
• A growing awareness of the problem... — Muammoga oid o'sib borayotgan xabardorlik...
• The failure to address this issue... — Bu masalani hal qilmaslik...
• There has been a marked increase in... — ...da sezilarli o'sish kuzatildi.

Native siri (band 9 akademik): nominalizatsiya esse'ga zichlik va rasmiylik beradi, ayniqsa kogeziyada: oldingi gapdagi fe'lni keyingisida ot qilib oling ("Prices rose. This rise..." — C1-12 "this+ot"). Va it-extraposition ("It is widely acknowledged that...") — tabiiy akademik boshlanish. LEKIN: haddan ko'p nominalizatsiya — og'ir, jonsiz ("zombie nouns"). Band 9 = mos zichlik (muhim joyda ot, qolganida fe'l — ravshanlik). Zichlik + ravshanlik balansi.

8. Dialog/matn (nominalizatsiya — oddiy vs akademik, izohli)

ODDIY (fe'l-og'ir, band 6): "The government decided to cut spending. They did this because the economy was failing. Because they cut spending, many people lost their jobs, and this made people angry."

AKADEMIK (nominalizatsiya, band 9): "The government's decision to cut spending [fe'lot] was prompted by the failure of the economy. [fe'lot] This reduction in spending [fe'lot, this+ot kogeziya] led to widespread job losses, [fe'lot] provoking considerable public anger. [sifatot] Such was the discontent [fronting + inversion] that further measures were soon demanded."

Tahlil: decision, failure, reduction, losses, anger, discontent — fe'l/sifatlar otga aylandi (zichlik). This reduction — kogeziya (this+ot, C1-12). Such was the discontent that... — fronting + inversion (C1-2). To'rt qisqa gap ikki zich, akademik gap. Band 9 GRA + uslub. (Diqqat: real esseda fe'l bilan aralash — haddan zich emas.)

9. O'qish — graded matn (C1 — nominalizatsiya haqida)

The weight of nouns

There is a curious paradox at the heart of academic English: the more sophisticated the prose, the more it relies not on verbs — the words of action — but on nouns, the words of abstraction. Where a child writes "the ice melted, so the sea rose," the scholar writes "the melting of the ice caused a rise in sea levels." The events are identical; the framing could not be more different.

This is nominalisation — the conversion of verbs and adjectives into nouns — and it is the engine of formal, abstract thought. By turning "decide" into "decision," "grow" into "growth," and "fail" into "failure," the writer transforms fleeting actions into stable concepts that can be measured, compared, and built upon. A sentence can hold only so many verbs; but nouns can be stacked, qualified, and linked almost without limit, packing dense meaning into a small space.

Yet density has its price. Prose overloaded with nouns grows airless and grey — a procession of abstractions with no living verb to move it forward. "The implementation of the optimisation of the utilisation of resources" is technically a phrase, but it is barely English. Critics have a name for such constructions: zombie nouns, because they suck the life from the sentences they inhabit.

The skilled writer, then, treats nominalisation as a spice, not a staple. They reach for it when abstraction genuinely serves — to compress, to formalise, to connect one idea to the next — and they return to plain, active verbs the moment clarity is at stake. For the goal is never density for its own sake. It is meaning, conveyed with precisely the right weight.

Topshiriq: Nominalizatsiya nima qiladi (fe'lot)? Nega akademik yozuv otlarga tayanadi? "Zombie nouns" nima? Matndan 3 nominalizatsiya toping.

10. Tipik xatolar (nominalizatsiya/so'z tartibi)

Asosiy tuzoq: (1) to'g'ri ot shakli (decision, analysis — C1-11); (2) over-nominalizatsiya qilmang (zombie nouns — fe'l bilan balans); (3) og'ir clause end-weight (It is clear that...); (4) increase in (of emas); (5) fronting — ta'kid joyda (har joyda emas); (6) zichlik + ravshanlik balansi.

11. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar (IELTS 9 fokusi)

C1 dan C2 ga ko'prik.

(a) Nominalizatsiya — akademik "zichlik" dvigateli. Ilmiy yozuv otlarga tayanadi: ot iborasi gapga ega/obyekt bo'lib, murakkab g'oyalarni siqadi ("the correlation between X and Y"). Fe'l-og'ir til (kundalik) ot-og'ir til (akademik). IELTS band 9 — bu zichlikni mos ishlatadi. Lekin band 9 ravshanlikni ham talab qiladi — balans.

(b) Nominalizatsiya + kogeziya (band 9 kaliti). Eng kuchli ishlatilishi — kogeziyada: oldingi gapdagi harakatni keyingisida ot qilib "qadoqlash": "Prices rose sharply. This rise alarmed economists" (C1-12 "this+summarising noun"). Fe'l (rose) ot (rise) — bu kogeziya ko'prigi. Akademik matnni silliq bog'laydi.

(c) Compound ot — eng zich shakl. "climate change, price increase, data analysis, traffic congestion, job satisfaction" — ikki ot yonma-yon (of'siz). Eng ixcham, zamonaviy. "the change in climate" (rasmiy) "climate change" (compound). Lekin uzun zanjir ("customer satisfaction survey result analysis") — chalkash. 2-3 ot — OK.

(d) Fronting — informatsion struktura. Element gap boshiga chiqsa, u mavzu/ta'kid bo'ladi: "His honesty I never doubted" (honesty — ta'kidlangan mavzu). Bu — "topikalizatsiya" (mavzuni oldinga). Rasmiy/adabiy, ta'kid uchun. Kundalik tilda kam (cleft afzal — C1-3). Band 9 rasmiy registr.

(e) End-weight + end-focus — ikki tamoyil. Ingliz tili og'ir (uzun) elementni oxirga (end-weight) va yangi/muhim ma'lumotni oxirga (end-focus) qo'yadi. It-extraposition ("It surprised me that he left") — og'ir that-clause'ni oxirga suradi. Passive (C1-23) ham fokusni o'zgartiradi. Tabiiy oqim — ikki tamoyil birga ishlaydi.

(f) "Zombie nouns" — Helen Sword tanqidi. Tilshunos Helen Sword "zombie nouns" atamasini kiritdi: haddan ko'p nominalizatsiya gapni "o'ldiradi" (jonsiz, og'ir). "The expectation is that the utilisation will see an improvement" (zombie) vs "We expect to use it better" (jonli). Zamonaviy akademik uslub (Steven Pinker ham) kamroq nominalizatsiya, ko'proq active fe'lni targ'ib qiladi. Band 9 — bu zamonaviy balans.

(g) Nominalizatsiya — ob'ektivlik + javobgarlik yashirish. "Mistakes were made" (passive + ... yoki "the making of mistakes") — kim qilgani yashirin. Bu — ob'ektivlik (akademik) yoki javobgarlikdan qochish (siyosiy/korporativ til). Nozik: nominalizatsiya bajaruvchini "g'oyib" qiladi. Maqsadga qarab — akademik OK, lekin manipulyatsiya ham mumkin.

(h) So'z tartibi va ta'kid — uch usul. Bir elementni ta'kidlash: (1) fronting (His arrogance, I can't stand — rasmiy); (2) cleft (It's his arrogance that... — neytral, C1-3); (3) urg'u (og'zaki — I can't stand HIS arrogance). Uchovi marked. Band 9 — kontekst/registrga qarab tanlaydi (yozuvda cleft/fronting, og'zakida urg'u).

(i) Akademik ot iborasi — "premodifier zanjiri". Akademik ot iborasi murakkab bo'ladi: "a significant long-term reduction in carbon emissions" — ot (reduction) + oldidagi sifatlar + keyingi of-ibora. Bu — zichlikning yuqori shakli (band 9). Lekin o'qish uchun aniq tuzilgan bo'lishi shart (chalkash emas).

(j) Registr — nominalizatsiya darajalari. Eng nominal: ilmiy maqola ("the quantification of..."). Akademik esse: o'rta (mos ot + fe'l). Og'zaki/Speaking: kam (fe'l tabiiy). IELTS Writing nominalizatsiya (mos); IELTS Speaking fe'l (tabiiy — haddan nominal Speaking'da sun'iy). Registrga moslang (B2-54).

(k) Nominalizatsiya + "yordamchi fe'l" (delexical/support verb) — band 9 kollokatsiya. Ot yakka o'zi kelmaydi — akademik yozuv otni yengil fe'l bilan qadoqlaydi: "make a decision, conduct/carry out an analysis, reach a conclusion, draw a comparison, play a role, provide an explanation, pose a threat, raise a question, undergo a change". Bu yerda ma'no fe'lda emas, otda: "conduct an analysis" = "analyse" (rasmiyroq, zichroq — otga sifat qo'shsa bo'ladi: "a thorough analysis"). To'g'ri kollokatsiya kaliti: make a decision ( do), reach a conclusion ( make), carry out/conduct research ( make). Noto'g'ri yengil fe'l — band'ni tushiradi (Lexical Resource). Bu — nominalizatsiyaning eng ko'p uchraydigan, ammo darsliklardan tez-tez tushib qoladigan tomoni.

(l) Egalik ikki ma'noli — "subjektiv vs obyektiv genitive". Nominal iborada of / egalik bajaruvchini ham, obyektni ham bildirishi mumkin — bu chalkashlik manbai: "the love of God" = Xudo sevadi (subjektiv) YOKI Xudoni sevish (obyektiv)? "the shooting of the hunters" = ovchilar otdi YOKI ovchilarni otishdi? Akademik yozuvda buni yeching: subjektiv uchun by ("the destruction of the city by the army"), obyektiv uchun of. Band 9 — bu noaniqlikni sezib, kontekst yoki by-ibora bilan aniq qiladi (nominalizatsiya bajaruvchini yashirgani sabab — (g) bilan bog'liq).

C2 ko'prik (IELTS 9native): nominalizatsiya va so'z tartibi — akademik uslubning "zichligi va ta'kidi": fe'lni otga aylantirib siqish, elementni ta'kid uchun ko'chirish, og'irni oxirga qo'yish. C2 da siz nominalizatsiyani mos ishlatasiz — zichlik kerak bo'lganda (akademik, kogeziya), ravshanlik kerak bo'lganda fe'l; fronting/end-weight ni ta'kid va oqim uchun; "zombie nouns"dan saqlanasiz. Bu — akademik/professional yozuvning eng nozik darajasi. Nominalizatsiya + passive + relative/participle = akademik grammatika arsenali to'liq. Bu — C1 ilg'or grammatikaning yakuni; keyingi darslar funksional/pragmatik va C1 yakuniy testga o'tadi.

12. Mashqlar

A. Fe'l/sifatni otga aylantiring:

1. decide · 2. analyse · 3. fail · 4. grow · 5. able · 6. aware · 7. reduce · 8. important

B. Nominalizatsiya bilan zichlashtiring (gap ot iborasi):

1. Prices increased. the... · 2. The company expanded. the company's... · 3. They failed to plan. their...

C. Ikki gapni nominalizatsiya bilan birlashtiring:

1. "The system failed. This caused delays." 2. "Technology developed. This changed society."

D. End-weight (it-extraposition) qiling:

1. That he lied was obvious. 2. To predict the future is impossible.

E. Xatoni tuzating:

1. decidement · 2. the increase of prices · 3. Over-nominalizatsiya: "The utilisation of the implementation..."

F. Esse jumlasi: "hukumat harakat qilmadi va bu muammoni yomonlashtirdi" — nominalizatsiya bilan akademik qiling.

13. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan) — nominalizatsiya mashqi

Maqsad: nominalizatsiya va so'z tartibini akademik zichlik va ta'kid uchun mos ishlatish — band 9 uslub.

Vazifa (tanlang):

• (A) Akademiklashtirish: Men oddiy (fe'l-og'ir, "band 6") paragraf beraman, siz uni nominalizatsiya bilan akademik (band 9) ga aylantirasiz — lekin over-nominalizatsiya qilmasdan (balans).
• (B) Zichlashtirish: Men 2-3 qisqa gap beraman, siz nominalizatsiya bilan bitta zich akademik gapga birlashtirasiz.
• (C) Ta'kid: Men gap beraman, siz uni marked word order (fronting / cleft / end-weight) bilan ta'kidlaysiz.

Quyidagilarni ko'rsating:

1. Nominalizatsiya (fe'l/sifat to'g'ri ot shakli)
2. Zichlik (gap ot iborasi, ega/obyekt)
3. Kogeziya (this + ot — oldingi harakatni qadoqlash)
4. End-weight / it-extraposition (It is clear that...)
5. Balans (over-nominalizatsiya emas — fe'l ham)

Masalan (A, "band 6": "The company grew fast. Because of this, they hired more people. This made costs go up.") band 9: "The company's rapid growth necessitated additional hiring, which in turn led to a significant increase in costs."

"Tayyor" mezonlari: (1) nominalizatsiya to'g'ri (ot shakli); (2) zich, akademik; (3) kogeziya (this+ot); (4) end-weight to'g'ri; (5) over-nominalizatsiya YO'Q (ravshan — zombie emas); (6) balans (fe'l + ot).

Men javobingizni IELTS uslub + GRA band 9 bo'yicha baholayman — nominalizatsiya to'g'riligi, zichlik/ravshanlik balansi (zombie nouns?), kogeziya bo'yicha izoh + band ball beraman.

14. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. decision · 2. analysis · 3. failure · 4. growth · 5. ability · 6. awareness · 7. reduction · 8. importance

B: 1. the increase in prices · 2. the company's expansion · 3. their failure to plan

C: 1. The failure of the system caused delays. / The system's failure caused delays. · 2. The development of technology changed society. / Technological development transformed society.

D: 1. It was obvious that he lied. · 2. It is impossible to predict the future.

E: 1. decision · 2. the increase in prices · 3. soddalashtiring: "Implementing the system better..." (fe'l)

F: Namuna: The government's failure to act exacerbated the problem.

Tez ma'lumotnoma

NOMINALIZATSIYA = fe'l/sifat  OT (akademik zichlik) + MARKED WORD ORDER (ta'kid)

FE'LOT: decidedecision · analyseanalysis · failfailure · growgrowth · increaseincrease
SIFATOT: difficultdifficulty · ableability · awareawareness · importantimportance
ZICHLASH: "Prices rose"  "the rise in prices" (gap  ot iborasi  ega/obyekt)
   2 gap  1: "Company expanded, costs rose"  "The company's expansion raised costs"
KOGEZIYA: fe'lot bilan (Prices rose. THIS RISE...) — C1-12 this+ot
COMPOUND OT (eng zich): climate change · price increase · data analysis

MARKED WORD ORDER:
   FRONTING (ta'kid): His arrogance, I can't stand · Such was his anger that...
   END-WEIGHT: It is clear THAT he lied (og'ir clause oxirda — it-extraposition)
   + INVERSION (C1-2) + CLEFT (C1-3)

 to'g'ri ot shakli (decision, NOT decidement) · increase IN (of emas)
 OVER-NOMINALIZATSIYA = "zombie nouns" (og'ir/jonsiz) — fe'l bilan BALANS!
 band 9 = mos zichlik + RAVSHANLIK · IELTS Writingnominal · Speakingfe'l (tabiiy)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: C1-22 (relative/participle — zichlik), C1-23 (passive — ob'ektivlik), C1-2/3 (inversion/cleft — marked), C1-11/B2-52 (so'z yasash), C1-12 (theme-rheme).
• Keyingi: C1-25 (Comparison & degree — nozik / funksional darslar).
• Aloqador: IELTS GRA + uslub band 9, akademik yozuv (zichlik), C1-13 (esse).

Manba

Halliday Functional Grammar (nominalisation/grammatical metaphor); Helen Sword Stylish Academic Writing ("zombie nouns"); Steven Pinker The Sense of Style; Academic Writing (Bailey).