A1 — 5-dars: "to be" — am / is / are

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 5-dars

1. Dars nomi va maqsad

Bu — A1 ning eng muhim darsi. "to be" fe'li (am / is / are) — ingliz tilidagi eng ko'p ishlatiladigan fe'l. Uni bilmasdan oddiy gap ham qura olmaysiz: "Men talabaman", "U band", "Biz tayyor" — barchasi to be bilan quriladi.

Bu darsda siz:

• to be ning uch shaklini (am, is, are) qaysi olmosh bilan ishlatishni,
• ijobiy, inkor va so'roq gaplarni,
• qisqartmalar (I'm, isn't...) va qisqa javoblarni o'rganasiz.

Eng muhim: o'zbeklar uchun eng katta xato — to be ni tushirib qoldirish ("I student" ). Bu darsdan keyin bu xatoni qilmaysiz.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 4-dars: olmoshlar I, you, he, she, it, we, they; he (erkak) / she (ayol) / it (narsa).
• Tez mashq: Ali he, Madina she, the cat it, my friends they.

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. "to be" nima va nega kerak

O'zbekchada "Men talaba" desangiz, fe'l yo'q — "man" qo'shimchasi yetadi. Ingliz tilida esa har gapda fe'l bo'lishi SHART. "Men talaba" "I am a student" — bu yerda am ("man"ning inglizcha muqobili).

to be = "bo'lmoq / -man / -san / -dir". U holat, kasb, joy, sifatni bildiradi:

I am a student.   — Men talabaman.    (kasb)
He is happy.      — U xursand.        (holat)
We are at home.   — Biz uydamiz.      (joy)

3.2. Uch shakl: am / is / are

Har olmosh o'z shaklini oladi — yodlang:

Qoida (yodlang):
  I         am
  he/she/it  is     (birlik 3-shaxs)
  you/we/they  are   (qolgani)

3.3. Qisqartmalar (contractions) — og'zaki nutqda doim

Ingliz tilida to be deyarli har doim qisqartiriladi. Buni o'rganish shart (native shunday gapiradi):

I'm a student.    = I am a student.
She's happy.      = She is happy.
They're friends.  = They are friends.

3.4. Inkor (negative) — not

Inkor uchun to be dan keyin not qo'shiladi:

I am not tired.       — Men charchamadim / charchagan emasman.
He is not a doctor.   — U shifokor emas.
We are not ready.     — Biz tayyor emasmiz.

Inkor qisqartmalari (ikki xil — ikkalasi to'g'ri):

he is not     he isn't    / he's not
you are not   you aren't  / you're not
I am not      I'm not     (faqat shu shakl — "amn't" YO'Q!)

3.5. So'roq (questions) — to be oldinga

Savol qilish uchun to be ni gap boshiga chiqaramiz (olmosh bilan o'rin almashadi):

You are a student.   Are you a student?   — Siz talabamisiz?
He is busy.           Is he busy?          — U bandmi?
They are here.        Are they here?       — Ular shu yerdami?

Qisqa javoblar (Yes/No):

Are you a student?   Yes, I am.    / No, I'm not.
Is he a doctor?      Yes, he is.   / No, he isn't.
Are they ready?      Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.

Diqqat: qisqa javobda to be qaytariladi, lekin ijobiyda qisqartirilmaydi: Yes, I am (), Yes, I'm ().

3.6. Wh-savollar + to be (Where is...? Who are...?)

"Ha/yo'q" savolidan tashqari, ma'lumot so'rovchi savollar ham bor — ular what, where, who, how kabi so'roq so'zi bilan boshlanadi. Tuzilishi juda oddiy va bir xil: so'roq so'zi + to be + olmosh/ot.

So'roq so'zi + to be + qolgani:
  Where  is   she?      — U qayerda?
  Who    are  they?     — Ular kim?
  What   is   your name? — Ismingiz nima?
  How    are  you?      — Qalaysiz? (so'zma-so'z: Siz qandaysiz?)
  Why    is   he tired?  — U nega charchagan?

Diqqat qiling: to be bu yerda ham (ha/yo'q savolidagi kabi) olmoshdan oldinga chiqadi, faqat oldida so'roq so'zi turadi:

She is at home.    Where is she?   — U qayerda?
They are teachers.  Who are they?  — Ular kim?

Og'zaki nutqda so'roq so'zi to be bilan qisqaradi: Where's she? What's your name? Who's that? — bu juda keng tarqalgan.

Eslatma: How are you? — eng ko'p ishlatiladigan salomlashuv savoli. Javobi: I'm fine. / I'm OK. / I'm tired. — hammasi to be bilan.

3.7. There is / There are — "bor" ma'nosi

O'zbekchada "Stolda kitob bor", "Xonada ikki oyna bor" deymiz. Inglizchada bu "bor" ma'nosi maxsus tuzilma bilan beriladi: There is (birlik) / There are (ko'plik). Bu ham to be ning bir shakli — shuning uchun shu darsda ko'rib chiqamiz.

There is a book on the table.   — Stolda kitob bor.        (birlik  is)
There are two windows here.     — Bu yerda ikki oyna bor.  (ko'plik  are)
There is a problem.             — Muammo bor.

• Inkor: There isn't a book. / There aren't any chairs. — "yo'q".
• Savol: Is there a bank here? / Are there any students? — "...bormi?".
• Qisqartma: There's a book (there is), lekin there're og'zaki nutqda kam ishlatiladi.

Is there a shop here?   — Bu yerda do'kon bormi?
Yes, there is.          — Ha, bor.
No, there isn't.        — Yo'q.

Farqni sezing: He is here = "U shu yerda" (aniq shaxs holati). There is a shop here = "Bu yerda do'kon bor" (mavjudlik). Ikkovi ham to be, lekin ma'nosi boshqa. To'liq batafsil keyingi darslarda, hozircha "bor/yo'q" ni to be bilan bog'lab qo'ying.

4. Misollar (uch shakl birga)

IJOBIY:   I'm Ali. He's a teacher. We're happy. They're at home.
INKOR:    I'm not tired. She isn't busy. We aren't ready.
SAVOL:    Are you OK? Is she a student? Are they friends?
JAVOB:    Yes, I am. No, she isn't. Yes, they are.

To'liq misol (uch shakl):

She is a doctor.       — U shifokor.        (ijobiy)
She is not a teacher.  — U o'qituvchi emas. (inkor)
Is she a doctor?       — U shifokormi?      (savol)
Yes, she is.           — Ha, shifokor.      (javob)

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• I'm "aym", he's "hi:z", she's "shi:z", they're "ðeə".
• isn't "iznt", aren't "a:nt".
• Are you...? ohangi ko'tariladi (yes/no savol intonatsiyasi): "a-yu...".
• He's a doctor — "z" tovushi (he's), va "a" schwa "ə".

Topshiriq: I'm, he's, she's, we're, they're, isn't, aren't — har birini 5 martadan; so'ng "Are you a student? Yes, I am." ni mashq qiling.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

7. Dialog

At a new job:

Boss:  Hello! Are you the new student?     — Salom! Siz yangi talabamisiz?
Ali:   Yes, I am. I'm Ali.                  — Ha. Men Aliman.
Boss:  Nice to meet you, Ali. Are you from Tashkent? — Tanishganimdan xursandman, Ali. Toshkentdanmisiz?
Ali:   No, I'm not. I'm from Samarkand.     — Yo'q. Men Samarqanddanman.
Boss:  Great! Is your friend here, too?     — Zo'r! Do'stingiz ham shu yerdami?
Ali:   No, he isn't. He's busy today.       — Yo'q. U bugun band.

Topshiriq: dialogni o'qing; har to be shaklini (am/is/are, ijobiy/inkor/savol) belgilang.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• to be ni tushirib qoldirish: I a student. He happy. We ready. I am a student. He is happy. We are ready. Sabab: o'zbekchada fe'l tushadi ("Men talaba"), inglizchada SHART. Eng ko'p uchraydigan xato!

• Noto'g'ri shakl: I is, he are, they is. I am, he/she/it is, you/we/they are.

• amn't: I amn't ready. I'm not ready. ("amn't" mavjud emas).

• Savolda tartibni o'zgartirmaslik: You are a student? (faqat ohang bilan). Are you a student? (to be oldinga). Sabab: o'zbekchada so'roq qo'shimcha (-mi) bilan, inglizchada so'z tartibi bilan.

• Qisqa javobda qisqartma: Yes, I'm. Yes, I am. (ijobiy qisqa javob qisqartirilmaydi).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. am / is / are ni qo'ying:

I ___ a student.    He ___ busy.      We ___ friends.
She ___ a doctor.   They ___ here.    You ___ kind.    It ___ a cat.

Mashq 2. Qisqartiring: I am = ___, he is = ___, they are = ___, she is = ___, we are = ___

Mashq 3. Inkor qiling: He is busy. ___, I am tired. ___, They are ready. ___

Mashq 4. Savolga aylantiring + qisqa javob (Yes): You are OK. ___ ? — Yes, ___. She is a teacher. ___ ? — Yes, ___.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga: Men Samarqanddanman. = ___ U shifokor emas. = ___ Ular bandmi? = ___ Biz tayyormiz. = ___

Mashq 6. To'g'rilang: I a student., He are happy., They is here., You are a doctor?

Mashq 7. Wh-savol tuzing (qavsdagi so'roq so'zi bilan): She is at home. (Where) ___ ? They are teachers. (Who) ___ ? He is tired. (Why) ___ ?

Mashq 8. There is yoki There are ni qo'ying:

___ a book on the table.     ___ two windows here.
___ a shop near my house.    ___ many students in the class.

10. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

1. Yozish: o'zingiz haqingizda to be bilan 6 ta gap yozing (ijobiy, inkor, har shakl): I'm Ali. I'm from... I'm not tired. He's my friend... — "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. Savol-javob o'yini: to be bilan berilgan savollarga (Are you a student? Is your friend here?) qisqa javob bilan javob bering: Yes, I am. / No, he isn't.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: am / is / are / is / are / are / is. Mashq 2: I'm / he's / they're / she's / we're. Mashq 3: He isn't busy. (He's not busy.) / I'm not tired. / They aren't ready. Mashq 4: Are you OK? — Yes, I am. / Is she a teacher? — Yes, she is. Mashq 5: I'm from Samarkand. / He isn't a doctor. (He's not a doctor.) / Are they busy? / We're ready. (We are ready.) Mashq 6: I'm a student. / He is happy. / They are here. / Are you a doctor? Mashq 7: Where is she? / Who are they? / Why is he tired? Mashq 8: There is / There are / There is / There are.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

• to be (am/is/are) — ingliz tilidagi eng muhim fe'l; har gapda fe'l shart.
• I am, he/she/it is, you/we/they are.
• Qisqartmalar: I'm, he's, they're; inkor: isn't, aren't (I'm not).
• Savol: to be oldinga (Are you...? Is she...?); qisqa javob: Yes, I am / No, he isn't.
• Wh-savol: so'roq so'zi + to be (Where is she? How are you?); "bor" ma'nosi: There is / There are.
• Eng muhim: to be ni hech qachon tushirmang ("I am a student", "I student" emas).

Keyingi dars — A1 — 6-dars: O'zini tanishtirish (ism, yosh, mamlakat, kasb). Endi to be va olmoshlarni birlashtirib, o'zingiz haqingizda to'liq gapirasiz: ism, yosh, qayerdan, kasb — intervyu va tanishuv uchun zarur.