A1 — 18-dars: Predloglar — joy (in, on, under) va vaqt (at, in, on)

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 18-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda predloglar (prepositions) — narsaning qayerda (joy) va qachon (vaqt) ekanini bildiruvchi kichik so'zlarni o'rganasiz: in, on, under, next to, at...

Real hayotda nega kerak: "The keys are on the table." "I live in Tashkent." "Meet me at the station at 5." "The file is in the folder." Predlogsiz joy va vaqtni aniq ko'rsatolmaysiz — har kungi muloqotning ajralmas qismi.

O'xshatish: o'zbekcha bizda predloglar qo'shimcha (stolda, qutida, uyga). Inglizcha esa ular alohida so'z va otdan oldin keladi: on the table, in the box, to the house. Eng katta xato — o'zbekcha "-da" ni hamma joyda "in" deb tarjima qilish. Aslida in / on / at uchta boshqa so'z.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 13-dars: vaqt predloglari (at 7, on Monday, in June) — bugun to'liq qaraymiz.
• 17-dars: there is a book ___ the table — joy predlogi shu yerda kerak.
• Tez mashq: ___ Monday, ___ June, ___ 7 o'clock (on/in/at).

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. Joy predloglari: in / on / at (asosiy uchlik)

in  — ICHIDA, chegaralangan makonda (in the box, in the room, in Tashkent)
on  — USTIDA, sirtga tegib (on the table, on the wall, on the floor)
at  — NUQTAda, aniq joyda (at the door, at the bus stop, at home)

in the box (qutida)    on the table (stol ustida)   at the door (eshik oldida)
in the room            on the wall (devorda)         at the station (bekatda)
in Tashkent (shaharda) on the floor (polda)          at school (maktabda)

Oltin qoida (in/on/at):

• in = uch o'lchamli ichkari (xona, quti, shahar, mamlakat).
• on = sirt ustida (stol, devor, pol, ko'cha).
• at = aniq nuqta/manzil (eshik, bekat, "at home/work/school").

Mantiqni tasavvur qiling. Bu uchtasini yodlashdan ko'ra, boshda rasm chizib qo'ysangiz o'zi esda qoladi:

• in — narsa biror narsaning ichida, hamma tomondan o'ralgan. Qutini ko'z oldingizga keltiring: nima uning ichida bo'lsa, in the box. Xona ham "quti" — in the room. Shahar ham xuddi keng quti kabi, atrofi bor — in Tashkent, in Uzbekistan. Suv ham shu: in the water.
• on — narsa biror sirtga tegib turibdi, ustiga qo'yilgan. Stol usti — tekis sirt, shuning uchun on the table. Devor ham sirt (tik bo'lsa ham): rasm devorga tegib turibdi — on the wall. Pol, shift, ko'cha — hammasi sirt: on the floor, on the ceiling, on Navoi Street.
• at — narsa aniq bir nuqtada, xaritadagi bitta belgi kabi. Ichkarisi yoki usti muhim emas, faqat "shu yerda" degani. at the door (eshik oldida — aniq nuqta), at the bus stop (bekatda), at the corner (burchakda), at home (uyda — manzil sifatida).

Kichik hiyla: ba'zan bitta joyni uch xil predlog bilan aytish mumkin, chunki uni har xil ko'z bilan ko'ramiz. Maktabni oling:

• at school — nuqta sifatida ("maktabda", o'quvchi sifatida shu yerdaman).
• in the school — bino ichida (ichkarisiga urg'u).
• on the school (roof) — sirt ustida (tomida).

Ko'p hollarda at eng "uzoqdan" qaralgan (nuqta), in eng "ichkaridan" (o'ralgan), on — sirtga bog'liq. Shu mantiq bilan yangi so'z uchrasa ham taxmin qila olasiz.

Rasm haqida gapirish (o'zbeklar tez adashadi): "rasmda" desangiz o'zbekcha "-da" ni in deb tarjima qilib, ba'zan chalkashamiz. Ingliz tilida:

• in the picture / in the photo — rasm ichida ko'rinayotgan narsa: There is a dog in the picture (rasmda it bor).
• on the wall / on the screen — rasmning o'zi qayerga osilgan/chiqqan: The picture is on the wall (rasm devorda).

Ya'ni rasm ichidagi narsa uchun in the picture ( on the picture emas), lekin rasm osilgan sirt uchun on the wall. Ikkisi ikki xil.

3.2. Boshqa joy predloglari

between va among farqi: between — odatda ikkita (yoki sanab bo'ladigan) narsa orasida: between the bank and the shop (bank bilan do'kon orasida). among — ko'p, sanab bo'lmaydigan narsa orasida, "ichida yo'qolib": among the trees (daraxtlar orasida), among the people (odamlar orasida). O'zbekcha ikkisi ham "orasida", lekin ingliz tili soniga qarab ajratadi.

over va above / under va below nozik farqi (A1 uchun yengil): ko'p hollarda bir xil, lekin:

• over ko'pincha "ustidan qoplab/tegib" (a cloth over the table — dasturxon stolni yopib turibdi), above esa "yuqorida, tegmasdan" (a lamp above the table — chiroq stol tepasida, osilib).
• under — to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tagida (under the bed), below — pastroqda, sathdan quyi (below the window — deraza pastida). A1 darajada ikkisini ham "tepasida / tagida" deb ishlatsangiz bo'ladi; farqni sekin sezasiz.

Rasm tasvirlash namunasi (shu predloglar bilan). Predloglarni mustahkamlashning eng yaxshi yo'li — rasmni yoki xonani so'z bilan chizish. Mana bir namuna, siz ham xuddi shunday o'z xonangizni ta'riflab ko'ring:

There is a table in the room.        — Xonada stol bor.
A laptop is on the table.            — Noutbuk stol ustida.
A bag is under the table.            — Sumka stol tagida.
The chair is next to the table.      — Stul stol yonida.
A picture is on the wall,            — Rasm devorda,
   above the sofa.                   —   divan tepasida.
The cat is between the chair and the sofa. — Mushuk stul bilan divan orasida.
A window is behind the table,        — Deraza stol orqasida,
   opposite the door.                —   eshik qarshisida.

Diqqat qiling: har bir gap is/are + predlog + the... shaklida. Bu — "biror narsa qayerda?" degan savolga javob berishning eng oddiy qolipi. Uni yodlab olsangiz, istalgan rasmni ta'riflay olasiz.

3.3. Vaqt predloglari: at / on / in (13-darsdan to'liq)

at — aniq soat, nuqta-vaqt:  at 7 o'clock, at night, at the weekend (BrE), at noon
on — kun, sana:              on Monday, on June 5th, on my birthday, on Friday morning
in — oy/yil/fasl/kun qismi:  in June, in 2026, in summer, in the morning

Diqqat (ikki tizim): joy uchun ham, vaqt uchun ham in/on/at ishlatiladi, lekin ma'no boshqa. Kontekstga qarang:

• at — vaqtda aniq nuqta (at 5); joyda aniq nuqta (at the door).
• in — vaqtda uzun davr (in June); joyda ichkari (in the room).
• on — vaqtda aniq kun (on Monday); joyda sirt ustida (on the table).

Joy va vaqt mantig'i bir xil ekanini payqang. Bejizga uch xil predlog ikkala tizimda ham ishlatilmaydi — ular ortida bitta fikr bor:

• at har doim eng aniq, eng kichik nuqta: vaqtda bitta lahza (at 7 o'clock), joyda bitta nuqta (at the door).
• in har doim eng keng, o'rab turgan narsa: vaqtda uzun davr (in June, in 2026), joyda ichkari makon (in the room).
• on — o'rtacha, "yuza"ga tegib: vaqtda bir kun-yuza (on Monday), joyda sirt (on the table).

Ya'ni "kichik nuqta at, katta ichkari in, yuza/kun on" degan bitta mantiqni ham vaqtga, ham joyga ishlatasiz. Buni bir marta tushunsangiz, ikkala tizim ham osonlashadi.

To'liqroq vaqt predloglari 13-darsda edi. Bugun ularni joy predloglari bilan yonma-yon ko'rib chiqyapmiz, chunki in/on/at uchligi ikkalasida ham qaytadi. Agar vaqt qismini unutgan bo'lsangiz, 13-darsni bir varaqlab qo'ying — bu yerda faqat asosiy holatlarni eslatyapmiz.

3.4. Yo'nalish predloglari (kirish)

to — -ga (yo'nalish):   I go to work. She goes to school.
from — -dan:            I'm from Uzbekistan.
into — ichiga:          He comes into the room.
onto — ustiga:          The cat jumps onto the table.

Joylashuv (harakatsiz) va yo'nalish (harakatli) farqini yaxshi ushlang. Bu — o'zbeklar uchun eng nozik nuqta:

• in / on / at — narsa turgan joy, harakat yo'q: The cat is in the box (mushuk qutida turibdi).
• to / into / onto / from — narsa bir joydan boshqa joyga o'tayapti, harakat bor: The cat goes into the box (mushuk qutiga kirib ketyapti).

Ya'ni in = ichida (joy), into = ichiga (harakat). on = ustida (joy), onto = ustiga (harakat). at home = uyda (joy), go home = uyga (harakat). O'zbekchada "-da" (joy) va "-ga" (harakat) qo'shimchalari buni ajratadi — ingliz tilida esa boshqa predlog:

text

The book is IN the box.       — Kitob qutida.      (joy, harakatsiz)
I put the book INTO the box.  — Kitobni qutiga solaman. (harakat)
The keys are ON the table.    — Kalitlar stolda.   (joy)
I put the keys ONTO the table.— Kalitlarni stolga qo'yaman. (harakat)

Native siri: "uyda / uyga" — at home (uyda, predlog at), go home (uyga — predlogsiz, "to" YO'Q!): I go home (I go to home ).

3.5. Maxsus iboralar (yodlash)

at home, at work, at school    (predlog at)
in bed, in hospital, in prison  (predlog in)
on the bus/train/plane          (transportda — on)
in the car/taxi                 (mashinada — in)
on TV, on the radio, on the phone, on the internet

Bularning mantig'i har doim aniq emas — butun ibora bo'lib yodlang.

4. Misollar

JOY:
  The book is on the table.       — Kitob stol ustida.
  The keys are in my bag.         — Kalitlar sumkamda.
  The cat is under the chair.     — Mushuk stul tagida.
  The shop is next to the bank.   — Do'kon bank yonida.
  I am at home.                   — Men uyda.

VAQT:
  I get up at 7 o'clock.          — Soat 7 da turaman.
  We have a lesson on Monday.     — Dushanbada darsimiz bor.
  My birthday is in May.          — Tug'ilgan kunim mayda.

YO'NALISH:
  I go to work by bus.            — Avtobusda ishga boraman.
  I go home at 6.                 — Soat 6 da uyga boraman. (to YO'Q)

Yana joy misollari (mantiq bilan):

The lamp is above the table.       — Chiroq stol tepasida. (above = tegmasdan yuqorida)
The dog is under the bed.          — It karavot tagida.
The car is in front of the house.  — Mashina uy oldida.
The bus stop is behind the school. — Bekat maktab orqasida.
The cafe is opposite the bank.     — Kafe bank qarshisida.
My house is near the park.         — Uyim park yaqinida.
There is a bird among the trees.   — Daraxtlar orasida qush bor.
The pen is between the books.      — Ruchka kitoblar orasida.

Harakat / yo'nalish misollari (joy bilan solishtiring):

The cat is in the box.    The cat jumps into the box.
   (mushuk qutida)             (mushuk qutiga sakraydi)
The book is on the shelf.   I put the book onto the shelf.
   (kitob javonda)             (kitobni javonga qo'yaman)
I am at school.             I go to school.
   (maktabdaman)               (maktabga boraman)

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• Predloglar odatda urg'usiz, zaif (weak form): at /ət/, to /tə/, for /fə/, of /əv/.
  • at home "ət houm", to work "tə wə:k", a cup of tea "kap əv ti:".
• in /ɪn/, on /ɒn/, under /ˈʌndə/ "andə".

Native siri: predloglarni to'liq, kuchli aytmang — ular yutiladi. "I go to the station" "ay gou tə ðə steyshn". Bu — tabiiy ritm (gap urg'usi muhim so'zlarda).

Topshiriq: on the table, in the box, at the door, next to me iboralarini ayting; predlogni zaif, otni urg'uli ayting.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

Kollokatsiya: at home/work/school, in bed, on the bus, go to work, go home (to'siz), on the wall, on the floor.

7. O'qish matni — joyni topish

A: Excuse me, where is the bank?       — Kechirasiz, bank qayerda?
B: It's on Navoi Street, next to the post office. — Navoiy ko'chasida, pochta yonida.
A: Is it near the metro station?       — Metro bekatiga yaqinmi?
B: Yes. It's opposite the station, in front of a big park. — Ha. Bekat qarshisida, katta park oldida.
A: And where are the keys to the office? — Ofis kalitlari qayerda?
B: They're in the top drawer, under some papers. — Yuqori tortmada, qog'ozlar tagida.
A: Thank you! I'm at the door now.      — Rahmat! Hozir eshik oldidaman.

Topshiriq: matndagi har predlogni belgilang (joy/yo'nalish); o'z uyingizga yo'lni shunday tushuntiring.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• "-da" ni har joyda "in": in the table, in Monday, in the bus stop. Sabab: o'zbekcha "-da" bitta; inglizcha in/on/at uchta. on the table (sirt), on Monday (kun), at the bus stop (nuqta).

• go home ga "to": I go to home. I go home. (home oldidan to yo'q). Lekin go to work/school (to bilan).

• Predlogni otdan keyin (o'zbekona): the table on, the box in. Predlog otdan oldin: on the table, in the box.

• at/in/on vaqtda chalkashlik: on June, in Monday, at the morning. in June, on Monday, in the morning.

• transport: in the bus, on the car. on the bus/train/plane, lekin in the car/taxi (yodlang).

• "rasmda" ni on the picture: There is a dog on the picture. Sabab: o'zbekcha "rasmda" "-da" ni on deb tarjima qilamiz. Rasm ichida ko'rinayotgan narsa uchun in the picture / in the photo: There is a dog in the picture. (on the wall faqat rasmning o'zi osilgan joy uchun.)

• joy va harakatni aralashtirish (into in): I put the keys in the box deb aytish mumkin, lekin The keys go in the box o'rniga aniqroq into. Sabab: o'zbekcha "-da" (joy) va "-ga" (harakat) ni ingliz predloglariga to'g'ri o'tkazish kerak. Harakatsiz joy — in/on/at: The cat is in the box. Harakat/kirish — into/onto/to: The cat jumps into the box.

• at/in/on da o'zbek "-da" ni bitta predlogga bog'lash: o'zbekchada bitta "-da" borligi uchun ingliz tilida ham bittasini tanlab qo'yamiz (ko'pincha in): in the table, in Monday, in the door. Sabab: kelishik predlog kalkasi. O'zbek grammatikasi "qayerda?" ni bitta qo'shimcha bilan hal qiladi, ingliz tili esa "qanaqa joy?" (ichkari/sirt/nuqta) ga qarab uchtadan birini tanlaydi. Har safar "bu ichkarimi (in), sirtmi (on), yoki nuqtami (at)?" deb o'ylang: on the table, on Monday, at the door.

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. in / on / at (joy)?

The book is ___ the table.    I live ___ Tashkent.   She is ___ the door.
The picture is ___ the wall.  The keys are ___ my bag.  I am ___ home.

Mashq 2. in / on / at (vaqt)? ___ Monday, ___ June, ___ 7 o'clock, ___ the evening, ___ night, ___ my birthday

Mashq 3. Mos predlog (under/next to/between/behind/in front of):

The cat is ___ the table (tagida).
The bank is ___ the shop and the cafe (orasida).
She sits ___ me (yonida).

Mashq 4. To'g'rilang: The book is in the table., I go to home., We meet in Monday., The keys are the bag in., I'm in the bus.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga: Kitob stol ustida. = ___ Men uydaman. = ___ Do'kon bank yonida. = ___ Soat 7 da turaman. = ___ Ishga avtobusda boraman. = ___

Mashq 6. Joy (harakatsiz) yoki harakat? in/on/at yoki into/onto/to?

The cat is ___ the box.        (mushuk qutida)
The cat jumps ___ the box.     (mushuk qutiga sakraydi)
The book is ___ the shelf.     (kitob javonda)
I put the book ___ the shelf.  (kitobni javonga qo'yaman)
I am ___ school.               (maktabdaman)
I go ___ school.               (maktabga boraman)

Mashq 7. between yoki among?

The ball is ___ the two chairs.   (ikki stul orasida)
The house is ___ the trees.       (daraxtlar orasida)
Sit ___ me and my brother.        (men bilan ukam orasida)

Mashq 8. (Rasm tasvirlash — og'zaki/yozma). Xonangizga qarang va 5 ta gap yozing: har biri narsa + is/are + predlog + joy qolipida bo'lsin (masalan The phone is on the bed. The bag is under the table.). Kamida 3 xil predlog ishlating (on, under, next to, between...).

10. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

Maqsad: joy va vaqt predloglarini (in/on/at + under/next to...) xatosiz ishlatib, joyni va jadvalni ta'riflay olish.

Vazifa:

1. Yozish: stolingiz yoki xonangizdagi 8 ta narsa qayerda ekanini yozing (The laptop is on the desk. The bag is under the chair. The pen is next to the book...) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. Yo'l so'rash rol o'yini: "Men yangi shahardaman" deb yozing — siz menga biror joyga (bank, kafe) yo'lni predloglar bilan tushuntirasiz (It's next to..., opposite..., near...).

"Tayyor" mezonlari:

• in / on / at uchchasi to'g'ri (joyda).
• Kamida 3 ta boshqa predlog (under, next to, between...).
• go home (to'siz) to'g'ri, go to work (to bilan).
• Predlog otdan oldin.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: on / in / at / on / in / at. Mashq 2: on Monday / in June / at 7 o'clock / in the evening / at night / on my birthday. Mashq 3: under / between / next to. Mashq 4: The book is on the table. / I go home. / We meet on Monday. / The keys are in the bag. / I'm on the bus. Mashq 5: The book is on the table. / I'm at home. / The shop is next to the bank. / I get up at 7 o'clock. / I go to work by bus. Mashq 6: in (the box) / into (the box) / on (the shelf) / onto (the shelf) / at (school) / to (school). Mashq 7: between / among / between. Mashq 8: Namuna javob — The phone is on the bed. The bag is under the table. The chair is next to the door. The book is between two boxes. The lamp is above the desk. (Sizning javobingiz boshqacha bo'lishi mumkin — asosiysi predlog to'g'ri va otdan oldin bo'lsin.)

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

JOY:   in (ichida: in the box/room/city) | on (ustida: on the table/wall)
       at (nuqtada: at the door/station/home)
       + under, next to, between (2 ta), among (ko'p), behind,
         in front of, near, opposite, above/over, below
HARAKAT: to (-ga) | into (ichiga) | onto (ustiga) | from (-dan)
       joy=harakatsiz (in/on/at), harakat=to/into/onto
VAQT:  at SOAT (at 5, at night) | on KUN/SANA (on Monday) | in OY/YIL/FASL (in June)
Maxsus: at home/work, in bed, on the bus, in the car, go home (to'siz)
        in the picture (rasm ichida) ≠ on the wall (rasm osilgan)
Mantiq: at=aniq nuqta, in=keng ichkari, on=sirt/kun (joyda ham, vaqtda ham bir xil)
Predlog otdan OLDIN, o'zbekcha "-da" = in/on/at (uchta, bitta emas)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

• Joy: in (ichkari) / on (sirt) / at (nuqta) + under/next to/between...
• Vaqt: at (soat) / on (kun) / in (oy/yil).
• O'zbekcha "-da" = in/on/at — kontekstga qarang.
• go home — to'siz; predlog otdan oldin.

Bog'lanish: predloglar butun kurs davomida kengayadi — phrasal verbs (A2: look after, get on), harakat predloglari, B2 da nozik farqlar. Hozircha asosiy in/on/at ni mustahkamlang (eng ko'p xato shu).

Keyingi dars — A1 — 19-dars: Sifatlar va sifat + ot tartibi. Endi narsalarni ta'riflashni o'rganamiz: a big house, a beautiful red car — sifat qayerga qo'yiladi va bir nechta sifat qanday tartibda keladi.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (Prepositions in/on/at, Units 121–127); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Prepositions of place / time".