A1 — 8-dars: Artikl the va umumiy qoidalar

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 8-dars

1. Dars nomi va maqsad

7-darsda a / an (noaniq) ni o'rgandik. Endi the (aniq artikl) ni o'rganamiz va artikl tizimini to'liq yopamiz. Bu darsda:

• the qachon ishlatiladi (aniq, ma'lum narsa),
• a/an vs the farqi,
• qachon umuman artikl ishlatilmaydi (zero article — artiklsiz).

Artikl — uzoq mavzu; A1 da poydevorni qo'yamiz, keyingi darajalarda mustahkamlaymiz. Bu darsdan keyin siz uchala holatni (a/an, the, hech narsa) farqlay olasiz.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 7-dars: a/an — sanaladigan birlik ot, "biror/bitta"; a (undosh tovush), an (unli tovush).
• Tez mashq: a book, an apple, a university, an hour — to'g'rimi?

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. the — aniq artikl ("o'sha, ma'lum")

the /ðə/ — tinglovchi aniq qaysiligini biladigan narsa oldida ishlatiladi. "O'sha, ma'lum, biz bilgan".

a/an = noaniq (biror)        the = aniq (o'sha)
I see a dog. The dog is black. — Bir it ko'ryapman. O'sha it qora.

the qachon ishlatiladi:

1. Ikkinchi marta eslatilganda (birinchi a, keyin the):

I have a car. The car is red.   — Mashinam bor. (O'sha) mashina qizil.

2. Ikkalamiz ham bilamiz qaysiligini (kontekstdan aniq):

Close the door, please.   — Eshikni yoping. (qaysi eshik — bu yerdagi, aniq)
Where is the teacher?     — O'qituvchi qayerda? (bizning o'qituvchi)

3. Dunyoda yagona narsalar:

the sun (quyosh), the moon (oy), the world (dunyo), the sky (osmon), the internet

4. Eng ustun (superlative) va tartib sonlar bilan (keyingi darajalarda):

the best, the first, the biggest

5. Ba'zi joy nomlari: the USA, the UK, daryolar (the Amazon), okeanlar (the Pacific), tog' tizmalari.

3.2. a/an vs the — solishtirish

a/an: noaniq, birinchi marta, "qaysidir bitta"
the:  aniq, ma'lum, "o'sha"

I want a book. (biror kitob — qaysi bo'lsa ham)
I want the book on the table. (o'sha, stoldagi aniq kitob)

She's a teacher. (kasbi — biror o'qituvchi)
She's the teacher of my class. (aniq — bizning o'qituvchimiz)

3.3. Zero article — qachon ARTIKL YO'Q

Ba'zi holatda hech qanday artikl (na a/an, na the) ishlatilmaydi:

1. Ko'plik, umumiy ma'noda (umuman, hammasi haqida):

Cats are nice.        — Mushuklar yoqimli. (umuman mushuklar)
I like books.         — Men kitoblarni yaxshi ko'raman. (umuman)

2. Sanalmaydigan ot, umumiy ma'noda:

Water is important.   — Suv muhim.
I drink coffee.       — Men kofe ichaman.

3. Atoqli otlar (ism, ko'p shahar/mamlakat):

Ali is my friend. I live in Tashkent. I'm from Uzbekistan.

4. Til, fan, ovqat, sport nomlari:

I study English.  I like football.  We have breakfast.

5. Ba'zi qat'iy iboralar: at home, at work, at school, by car, in bed, go to bed.

Qoida (sodda): umumiy gap (hammasi/umuman) artiklsiz ko'plik/sanalmaydigan. Aniq, bitta narsa the yoki a/an.

3.4. a the o'tishi (nega birinchi marta a, keyin the?)

Bu — artiklning eng muhim mantiqi. Birinchi marta bir narsani tilga olganingizda, tinglovchi uni hali bilmaydi — shuning uchun a/an (noaniq: "biror"). Ikkinchi marta esa endi ikkalangiz ham qaysi narsa haqida ekanini bilasiz — shuning uchun the (aniq: "o'sha").

I bought a book yesterday. The book is very interesting.
— Kecha bir kitob sotib oldim. (O'sha) kitob juda qiziq.
    a book: hali noaniq         the book: endi ma'lum, "o'sha"

A man and a woman entered. The man sat down; the woman stayed.
— Bir erkak va bir ayol kirdi. Erkak o'tirdi; ayol turaverdi.

Fikrlash yo'li: "Tinglovchi qaysi narsani nazarda tutayotganimni biladimi?"

• Ha (aytilgan, ko'rinib turibdi, yagona) the.
• Yo'q (birinchi marta, ko'p variantdan biri) a/an.

3.5. Geografik nomlar — the USA lekin Uzbekistan

Joy nomlarida artikl ba'zan bor, ba'zan yo'q — bu tasodifiy emas, tizim bor:

ARTIKLSIZ (ko'pchilik):
  mamlakat:  Uzbekistan, France, Japan, Turkey
  shahar:    Tashkent, London, Paris
  ko'cha:    Amir Temur Street
  bitta ko'l/tog':  Lake Issyk-Kul, Mount Everest

THE bilan:
  ko'plik/birlashma nom:  the USA (United States), the UK, the Netherlands, the UAE
  daryo:      the Amazon, the Nile, the Syr Darya
  okean/dengiz: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Aral Sea
  tog' tizmasi (ko'plik):  the Alps, the Himalayas
  cho'l:      the Sahara, the Kyzylkum

Sodda mantiq: oddiy bitta joy nomi artiklsiz (Uzbekistan, Tashkent). Nomida "birlashma/ko'plik" g'oyasi bo'lsa (the United States, the Netherlands) yoki suv/tog' tizmasi bo'lsa the. A1 da faqat shu ikki naqshni eslang; to'liq ro'yxat keyingi darajalarda.

3.6. Qaror berish sxemasi

Ot sanaladimi?
 ├─ Yo'q (suv, pul)  umumiy: artiklsiz | aniq: the
 └─ Ha 
     ├─ Ko'plikmi?  umumiy: artiklsiz | aniq: the
     └─ Birlikmi? 
         ├─ Aniq (o'sha)?  the
         └─ Noaniq (biror)?  a / an

4. Misollar

a  the (birinchi va ikkinchi marta):
  There is a cat in the garden. The cat is white.
  — Bog'da bir mushuk bor. O'sha mushuk oq.

the (yagona / aniq):
  The sun is hot today.        — Bugun quyosh issiq.
  Open the window, please.     — Derazani oching.

artiklsiz (umumiy):
  I love music.                — Men musiqani sevaman.
  Dogs are friendly.           — Itlar do'stona.
  Ali lives in London.         — Ali Londonda yashaydi.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• the ikki xil o'qiladi — bu keyingi so'zning yozilishiga emas, TOVUSHiga qarab hal bo'ladi:
  • undosh tovush oldidan /ðə/ "ðə": the book, the sun, the moon.
  • unli tovush oldidan /ðiː/ "ði:": the apple, the egg, the end.
• Diqqat — harf emas, tovush muhim. hour (soat) h harfi bilan yozilsa ham, birinchi tovushi unli /ˈaʊə/, shuning uchun the hour = /ði: aʊə/. Aksincha, university u bilan yozilsa ham, birinchi tovushi undosh /j/ ("yu"), shuning uchun the university = /ðə/. Xuddi 7-darsdagi a/an qoidasi kabi: tovushga qaraladi.
• the boshida har doim /ð/ (tovushli, "yumshoq" th — til uchi tishlar orasida): "ðə", "zə"/"də" emas.

/ðə/ (undosh tovush):   the book, the sun, the university, the year
/ðiː/ (unli tovush):    the apple, the egg, the hour, the end, the orange

Topshiriq: the book (ðə), the apple (ði:), the sun (ðə), the egg (ði:), the hour (ði:), the university (ðə) — ð tovushiga va oldingi tovush unli/undoshligiga e'tibor bilan ayting.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

7. O'qish matni

This is my room.                    — Bu mening xonam.
There is a desk and a chair.        — Stol va stul bor.
The desk is near the window.        — Stol deraza yonida.
I have many books. I love books.    — Menda ko'p kitob bor. Kitoblarni sevaman.
On the table, there is a cup. The cup is full of coffee. — Stolda piyola bor. Piyola kofega to'la.
The sun comes in the window. The room is bright. — Quyosh derazadan kiradi. Xona yorug'.

Topshiriq: matndagi har artiklni belgilang — nega a, nega the, nega artiklsiz?

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• the ni hamma joyda yoki hech qayerda ishlatmaslik (extremes). the — aniq narsa; a — biror narsa; umumiy ko'plik — artiklsiz.

• Umumiy ko'plikka the: I like the dogs (umuman itlarni nazarda tutib). I like dogs. (umumiy — artiklsiz). the dogs = aniq, ma'lum itlar.

• Atoqli otga artikl: the Ali, the Tashkent. Ali, Tashkent (atoqli ot — artiklsiz). Lekin the USA, the UK (istisno).

• Yagona narsaga a: a sun, a moon. the sun, the moon (dunyoda yagona the).

• the ni "zə"/"də" deb talaffuz qilish. /ð/ — til tish orasida: "ðə"/"ði:".

• Artiklni umuman tushirib qoldirish. O'zbekchada artikl yo'q, shuning uchun boshlang'ich o'quvchi ko'pincha uni butunlay unutadi: I have book. Close door. I have a book. Close the door. Inglizchada sanaladigan birlik ot deyarli har doim artikl (yoki my/this kabi so'z) talab qiladi — "yalang'och" birlik ot bo'lmaydi.

• Yagona/aniq narsaga the ni tushirish: Sun is hot. Open window. The sun is hot. Open the window.

• Talaffuzni yozilishiga qarab tanlash: the hour ni /ðə/ deb aytish yoki the university ni /ði:/ deb aytish. Tovushga qarang: the hour /ði:/ (unli tovush), the university /ðə/ (undosh /j/ tovushi).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. a, an, the yoki — (artiklsiz)?

___ sun is hot.        I have ___ car. ___ car is new.
I like ___ music.      Close ___ door.   ___ dogs are friendly.
She's ___ engineer.    I live in ___ Tashkent.   I drink ___ water.

Mashq 2. a/an yoki the?

I see ___ bird. ___ bird is small.
Where is ___ teacher?
I want ___ apple from ___ table.

Mashq 3. To'g'rilang: I like the dogs. (umuman) a sun is hot. the Ali is my friend. I study the English.

Mashq 4. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga: Quyosh issiq. = ___ Eshikni yoping. = ___ Men kitoblarni sevaman. = ___ (umuman) Bir mushuk ko'ryapman. O'sha mushuk oq. = ___

Mashq 5. Nega bu artikl? (sababini ayting): the moon, I like music, a book, the door (xonadagi)

Mashq 6 (a the). Bo'sh joyni to'ldiring:

I see ___ dog. ___ dog is big.
There is ___ shop near my house. ___ shop is open now.

Mashq 7 (geografik). the kerakmi yoki artiklsiz?

I live in ___ Uzbekistan.     He is from ___ USA.
___ Amazon is a long river.   We visited ___ London.

Mashq 8 (talaffuz). the /ðə/ mi yoki /ði:/ mi?

the sun ___   the apple ___   the hour ___   the book ___   the university ___

10. Amaliy topshiriq

1. Yozish: xonangiz yoki uyingiz haqida 6 ta gap yozing, a/an, the va artiklsizni to'g'ri ishlatib (There is a table. The table is...). Har bir artiklning yoniga nega shu artikl tanlanganini qisqa izohlang.
2. O'yin: bo'sh artikli bo'lgan gaplarni (___ sun is hot, I like ___ music, Close ___ door) o'zingizga o'zingiz berib, to'g'ri artiklni qo'ying va nega — ovoz chiqarib tushuntiring. Sabab aytish — artiklni yodda mustahkamlaydi.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: The sun / a car. The car / — music / the door / — Dogs / an engineer / — Tashkent / — water. Mashq 2: a bird. The bird / the teacher / an apple from the table. Mashq 3: I like dogs. / The sun is hot. / Ali is my friend. / I study English. Mashq 4: The sun is hot. / Close the door, please. / I love books. / I see a cat. The cat is white. Mashq 5: the moon (yagona); I like music (umumiy, sanalmaydigan); a book (biror, birinchi marta); the door (aniq — xonadagi, ma'lum). Mashq 6: a dog. The dog / a shop... The shop. (Birinchi marta a, ikkinchi marta the.) Mashq 7: — Uzbekistan (oddiy mamlakat, artiklsiz) / the USA (birlashma nom) / The Amazon (daryo) / — London (shahar, artiklsiz). Mashq 8: the sun /ðə/ · the apple /ði:/ · the hour /ði:/ (unli tovush) · the book /ðə/ · the university /ðə/ (undosh /j/ tovushi).

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

• the — aniq artikl ("o'sha, ma'lum"): ikkinchi marta, kontekstdan aniq, yagona narsalar (the sun).
• a/an vs the: biror (noaniq) vs o'sha (aniq).
• Artiklsiz (zero): umumiy ko'plik (I like dogs), sanalmaydigan (water), atoqli ot (Ali, Tashkent), til/sport (English, football).
• Artikl — uzoq mavzu; keyingi darajalarda mustahkamlaymiz. Hozircha qaror sxemasini eslang.

Keyingi dars — A1 — 9-dars: Otlar — birlik va ko'plik. Endi otlarni ko'plikka qo'yishni o'rganamiz: book books, lekin child children (noto'g'ri shakllar). O'zbekchada bitta "-lar", inglizchada bir necha qoida + istisnolar.