A1 — 21-dars: Buyruq gaplar (imperatives)

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 21-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda buyruq gaplar (imperatives) ni o'rganasiz: kimgadir nimadir qilishni (yoki qilmaslikni) aytish — Open the door. Don't run. Let's go.

Real hayotda nega kerak: yo'l ko'rsatish (Turn left. Go straight.), retsept (Add salt. Mix well.), ko'rsatma/qo'llanma (Click here. Press the button. — dasturchiga: Install the package. Run the command.), ogohlantirish (Be careful! Don't touch!), taklif (Let's start.). Eng qisqa, eng to'g'ridan-to'g'ri gap turi.

O'xshatish: buyruq gap — "tugma". Hech qanday ega kerak emas, faqat harakat: Stop! (To'xtang!), Sit down (O'tiring). Bosasiz — ishlaydi. Ingliz tilidagi eng sodda gap tuzilishi.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 20-dars: can (sof fe'l: can swim). Buyruq ham sof fe'l bilan boshlanadi — o'xshash.
• 15-dars: don't (inkor yordamchisi) — buyruq inkorida ham don't ishlatiladi.
• Tez mashq: Can you open the door? (iltimos) — bugun Open the door (buyruq) bilan solishtiramiz.

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. Buyruq gap qanday tuziladi — egasiz!

Buyruq gap fe'lning sof shakli (infinitive without "to") bilan boshlanadi. Ega (you) yozilmaydi — u yashirin:

(You) + fe'l (sof) + ...
  Open the door.      — Eshikni oching.
  Sit down.           — O'tiring.
  Come here.          — Bu yerga keling.
  Listen carefully.   — Diqqat bilan tinglang.

Oltin qoida: buyruqda ega yo'q, fe'l boshda va sof: Open the door (You open , To open ). Bir xil gap "sen"ga ham, "siz"ga ham, "sizlar"ga ham — ingliz tilida buyruq shakli bitta. Kontekstga qarab tarjimasi turlicha bo'ladi (rasmiy: "Oching", yaqin do'stga: "Och"), lekin inglizcha shakl o'zgarmaydi.

Egasi qayerda? "Egasiz" degani ega umuman yo'q degani emas — ega you (siz/sen), lekin u aytilmaydi, chunki buyruq har doim tinglovchiga (sizga) qaratilgan. Shuning uchun yozishning hojati yo'q: Open the door = "(Siz) eshikni oching". Bu ingliz tilidagi yagona shakl bo'lib, unda ega tushib qoladi.

3.2. Inkor buyruq — Don't + fe'l

"Qilmang" demoqchi bo'lsangiz, oldiga Don't (Do not) qo'shasiz. Fe'l yana sof — Don't dan keyin ham fe'l shakli o'zgarmaydi:

Don't + fe'l (sof)
  Don't run.          — Yugurmang.
  Don't be late.      — Kechikmang. (be — to be sof shakli)
  Don't worry.        — Xavotir olmang.
  Don't touch it.     — Unga tegmang.

Diqqat: to be buyruqda be: Be careful! (Ehtiyot bo'ling!), Don't be shy (Uyalmang). Are careful ().

Muhim qoida — Don't dan keyin "s" yoki "to" yo'q: buyruqda ega yo'q, shuning uchun doesn't ham, -s ham qo'shilmaydi: Don't runs (), He don't run ( — bu buyruq emas). To'g'risi doim Don't run. Shuningdek to qo'shilmaydi: Don't to run (). Bu ikki xato o'zbekzabon o'quvchida eng ko'p uchraydi.

Inkor buyruq har doim Don't bilan: o'zbek tilida "-ma/-mang" qo'shimchasi fe'lga qo'shiladi (yugur-ma), inglizchada esa alohida so'z — Don't — fe'l oldiga qo'yiladi. Not run () yoki No run () emas. Faqat belgi/e'lonlarda No smoking, No parking kabi qisqa shakl ishlatiladi, lekin bu to'liq buyruq gap emas.

3.3. Let's — birgalikda taklif ("kel, ...aylik")

O'zingizni ham qo'shib taklif qilmoqchi bo'lsangiz — Let's (Let us qisqargani) + sof fe'l. Bu "kel(ing), ...aylik" ma'nosini beradi va harakatga siz ham qatnashasiz:

Let's + fe'l (sof)
  Let's go.           — Ketdik. / Boraylik.
  Let's start.        — Boshlaylik.
  Let's have a break. — Tanaffus qilaylik.
  Let's not argue.    — Janjallashmaylik. (inkor: Let's not)

Farq — buyruq va taklif: Go home! (Uyga boring! — faqat tinglovchiga) va Let's go home (Uyga ketaylik — men + siz birga). Buyruqda harakatni boshqa odam bajaradi; Let's da esa biz birga bajaramiz. Shuning uchun Let's dan keyin ham fe'l sof: Let's go (Let's to go , Let's going ).

3.4. Xushmuomalalik — please

Buyruqning o'zi ba'zan qo'pol eshitiladi, shuning uchun please so'zi bilan yumshatiladi. Please ni ikki joyga qo'yish mumkin — gap boshida yoki oxirida (oxirida bo'lsa, oldiga vergul qo'yiladi):

Please sit down.  /  Sit down, please.   — Iltimos, o'tiring.
Please don't smoke here.                  — Iltimos, bu yerda chekmang.
Please wait a moment.                     — Iltimos, bir oz kuting.

Native siri: to'g'ridan buyruq (Give me water) begona odamga qo'pol eshitiladi. Eng xushmuomala so'rov — can/could bilan savol: Could you pass the water, please? (20-dars). Muloyimlik darajasi shunday oshib boradi: Give me water (buyruq, qo'pol) Please give me water (yumshoqroq) Could you give me water, please? (eng rasmiy va muloyim). Yaqin do'stga oddiy buyruq (Pass the salt) tabiiy; begona yoki katta odamga please yoki could you ishlating.

3.5. Ketma-ket ko'rsatma (and / then)

Qadamlarni bog'lash:

Go straight and turn left.        — To'g'ri yuring va chapga buriling.
Open the app, then click "New".   — Ilovani oching, keyin "New" ni bosing.
First, install Node. Next, run npm. — Avval Node o'rnating. Keyin npm ishga tushiring.

3.6. Buyruq gap qayerda ishlatiladi

Buyruq gap juda ko'p vaziyatda kerak bo'ladi. Beshta asosiy holatni eslab qoling:

• Ko'rsatma / qo'llanma: biror ishni bosqichma-bosqich tushuntirganda — Click here. Press the button. Enter your name. (dasturchiga: Install the package. Run the command.).
• Retsept: ovqat tayyorlash bosqichlari — Add salt. Mix well. Boil for five minutes.
• Yo'l ko'rsatish: manzilni tushuntirganda — Go straight. Turn left. Stop at the corner.
• Ogohlantirish: xavf haqida aytganda, ko'pincha undov bilan — Be careful! Don't touch! Watch out!
• Taklif: biror ishni birga qilishga chorlaganda — Let's start. Let's go. Sit down and relax.

Diqqat: buyruq gapni to'g'ri o'rinda ishlatish muhim. Begona odamga quruq buyruq (Give me your pen) qo'pol; ko'rsatma, retsept, ogohlantirish va yo'l ko'rsatishda esa buyruq gap eng tabiiy va qulay tanlovdir.

Mini-mashq (javobi bilan): quyidagi buyruqlarni inglizchaga o'giring.

1. Eshikni yoping. 2. Yugurmang. 3. Ehtiyot bo'ling! 4. Keling, boshlaylik.

Javob: 1. Close the door. 2. Don't run. 3. Be careful! 4. Let's start. — E'tibor bering: barcha to'rttasida ega yo'q, fe'l boshda va sof.

4. Misollar

IJOBIY BUYRUQ:
  Open your books.        — Kitoblaringizni oching.
  Turn right at the corner. — Burchakda o'ngga buriling.
  Call me later.          — Keyinroq menga qo'ng'iroq qiling.

INKOR BUYRUQ:
  Don't open the window.  — Derazani ochmang.
  Don't be afraid.        — Qo'rqmang.
  Don't forget your keys. — Kalitlaringizni unutmang.

LET'S:
  Let's eat.              — Keling, ovqatlanaylik.
  Let's watch a film.     — Film ko'raylik.

XUSHMUOMALA:
  Please wait here.       — Iltimos, shu yerda kuting.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• Buyruq ohangi odatda tushadi (), qat'iy: "Sit DOWN."
• Don't /dəʊnt/ "dount", Let's /lets/ "lets".
• Be careful — "bi: keəfl"; Don't worry — "dount wari".

Native siri: buyruqni yumshatish ohang bilan ham bo'ladi — "Sit down, please" ni ko'tariluvchi/iliq ohangda ayting. Qat'iy ohang = buyruq; iliq ohang = taklif.

Topshiriq: Open the door. Don't run. Let's go. Be careful! ni mos ohang bilan ayting (buyruq tushuvchi, taklif iliq).

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali) — ko'rsatma fe'llari

Kollokatsiya: turn left/right, go straight on, be careful/quiet/quick, don't worry/forget, press the button, click here. Yo'l: Go straight, then turn left at the lights.

7. O'qish matni — yo'l ko'rsatish + retsept

Directions:                            — Yo'l ko'rsatish:
  Go straight for two minutes.         — Ikki daqiqa to'g'ri yuring.
  Turn left at the bank.               — Bankda chapga buriling.
  Don't cross the road.                — Yo'ldan o'tmang.
  The cafe is on your right. Stop there. — Kafe o'ng tomonda. Shu yerda to'xtang.

A simple recipe (tea):                 — Oddiy retsept (choy):
  Boil the water.                      — Suvni qaynating.
  Add the tea. Wait three minutes.     — Choy soling. Uch daqiqa kuting.
  Don't add too much sugar. Enjoy!     — Juda ko'p shakar qo'shmang. Yoqimli ishtaha!

Topshiriq: matndagi buyruqlarni (ijobiy/inkor) belgilang; o'z uyingizga yo'lni buyruq gaplar bilan yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Egani yozish: You open the door. You don't run. Sabab: odatdagi gapda ega bor; buyruqda ham qo'shib yuborish. Open the door. Don't run. (ega yo'q).

• "to" qo'shish: To open the door. To sit down. Open the door. Sit down. (sof fe'l, to'siz).

• Inkorda don't tushirish: Not run. No smoking (belgi sifatida OK, lekin buyruqda:). Don't run. Don't smoke here.

• to be buyrug'ida are/is: Are careful! Is quiet! Be careful! Be quiet! (to be be).

• Let's dan keyin "to": Let's to go. Let's going. Let's go. (Let's + sof fe'l).

• Don't dan keyin "to": Don't to run. Don't to be late. Sabab: o'zbek o'quvchi fe'lni "to" bilan boshlanadi deb o'ylaydi. Don't run. Don't be late. (Don't + sof fe'l, to'siz).

• Buyruqda fe'lga "-s": Opens the door. Don't runs. Sabab: ega yashiringan (you), lekin o'quvchi 3-shaxs deb adashadi. Open the door. Don't run. (buyruqda hech qachon -s yo'q).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Buyruq gap tuzing (sof fe'l bilan): (open / the window) ___ (not / be / late) ___ (listen / carefully) ___

Mashq 2. Ijobiyni inkorga (yoki aksincha): Open the door. ___ Don't run. ___ Be quiet. ___

Mashq 3. Let's bilan taklif qiling: (start) ___ (have a break) ___ (not / argue) ___

Mashq 4. To'g'rilang: You open the door., To sit down., Not run here., Are careful!, Let's to go.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga: Eshikni oching. = ___ Yugurmang. = ___ Ehtiyot bo'ling! = ___ Keling, boshlaylik. = ___ Iltimos, shu yerda kuting. = ___ Xavotir olmang. = ___

Mashq 6. Buyruq gapdan foydalanib, choy damlash ko'rsatmasini 3 qadamda yozing (kamida bittasi inkor bo'lsin). Namuna: Boil the water. Add the tea. Don't add too much sugar.

10. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

Maqsad: buyruq gaplar bilan ko'rsatma, yo'l va taklifni aniq bera olish.

Vazifa:

1. Yo'l ko'rsatish: uyingizdan eng yaqin do'konga yo'lni 5 ta buyruq gap bilan yozing (Go straight. Turn left...) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. Retsept/ko'rsatma: sevimli ovqatingiz yoki oddiy ish (choy damlash, ilova o'rnatish) ko'rsatmasini 5 qadamda yozing (ijobiy + kamida 1 inkor: Don't...).
3. Rol o'yini: "Men sayohatchiman, yo'l so'rayman" deb yozing — siz menga buyruq gaplar bilan yo'l ko'rsatasiz.

"Tayyor" mezonlari:

• Buyruq egasiz, fe'l sof (boshda).
• Kamida bitta inkor (Don't...) ishlatilgan.
• Be careful/quiet (to be be) to'g'ri.
• Kamida bitta Let's yoki please qo'shilgan.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: Open the window. / Don't be late. / Listen carefully. Mashq 2: Don't open the door. / Run. / Don't be quiet. Mashq 3: Let's start. / Let's have a break. / Let's not argue. Mashq 4: Open the door. / Sit down. / Don't run here. / Be careful! / Let's go. Mashq 5: Open the door. / Don't run. / Be careful! / Let's start. / Please wait here. (Wait here, please.) / Don't worry. Mashq 6: (namuna javob) Boil the water. Add the tea. Wait three minutes. Don't add too much sugar. — buyruqlar egasiz, fe'l boshda; kamida bitta Don't....

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Buyruq gap (imperative) — egasiz, sof fe'l boshda
  IJOBIY:  Open the door. Sit down. Be careful.   (to be  be)
  INKOR:   Don't run. Don't be late.
  TAKLIF:  Let's go. Let's not argue.             (Let's + sof fe'l)
  XUSHMUOMALA: Please sit down. / Sit down, please.

Asosiy nuqtalar:

• Buyruq — egasiz, sof fe'l boshda (Open... Sit...).
• Inkor: Don't + fe'l; to be Be.../Don't be....
• Let's — birgalikda taklif.
• please yumshatadi; iltimos uchun can/could yaxshiroq.

Bog'lanish: buyruq mantig'i (sof fe'l) shartli gaplarda (B1: If you see him, tell me), ko'rsatma/qo'llanma yozishda (B2 texnik ingliz: README, docs) kerak bo'ladi.

Keyingi dars — A1 — 22-dars: have / have got (egalik). Endi "menda ... bor" deyishning ikki usulini o'rganamiz: I have a car / I've got a car — egalik, oila, kasallik va xususiyatlar uchun.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (imperatives, let's); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Imperatives".