A1 — 10-dars: Egalik (my, your, his... va 's)

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 10-dars

1. Dars nomi va maqsad

Bu darsda "kimning" ekanini bildirishni o'rganasiz: my book (mening kitobim), Ali's car (Alining mashinasi). Ikki usul bor:

• egalik olmoshlari (my, your, his, her, its, our, their),
• egalik 's (Ali**'s**, the dog**'s**).

Bu darsdan keyin siz narsalarning egasini to'g'ri ayta olasiz. Bu — kundalik nutqda juda ko'p kerak.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 9-dars: ko'plik — -s/-es/-ies/-ves; irregular (children, men, people, feet).
• Tez mashq: child ?, man ?, city ?, knife ?

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. Egalik olmoshlari (possessive adjectives)

Har shaxs olmoshining egalik shakli bor. Otdan oldin keladi:

This is my book.       — Bu mening kitobim.
Where is your phone?   — Sening telefoning qayerda?
His name is Ali.       — Uning ismi Ali. (erkak)
Her name is Madina.    — Uning ismi Madina. (ayol)

DIQQAT — his vs her (jins!): o'zbekchada "uning" hamma uchun bir xil. Inglizchada egaga qarab: erkak egasi his, ayol egasi her. Ali and his book (Ali — erkak his), Madina and her book (Madina — ayol her). Bu — o'zbeklarning eng ko'p xatosi.

Olmosh mosligi (kim qaysi egalik): egalik shakli egasining olmoshiga qarab tanlanadi. Ya'ni avval "bu kim/nima?" deb egasini toping, keyin unga mos egalikni qo'ying:

• he (u — erkak) his: He has a bag his bag.
• she (u — ayol) her: She has a phone her phone.
• it (u — narsa/hayvon) its: The cat has a tail its tail.
• we (biz) our, they (ular) their, I (men) my, you (siz) your.

Muhim: egalik shakli narsaga (kitob, telefon) emas, balki egasiga bog'liq. Shuning uchun his book va his books — ikkalasida ham his (chunki egasi erkak). Narsa birlik yoki ko'plik bo'lishi his/herni o'zgartirmaydi.

3.2. Egalik 's (otlar uchun)

Odam yoki jonli narsaning egaligini bildirish uchun otga 's qo'shiladi:

Ali's car        — Alining mashinasi
the dog's tail   — itning dumi
my mother's name — onamning ismi

Tuzilish: EGA + 's + NARSA (o'zbekcha tartibga teskari emas — ega oldinda):

Ali's book = Alining kitobi   (Ali = ega, book = narsa)

Ko'plik egalik — apostrof o'rni (birlik/ko'plik farqi): apostrof qayerga tushishi egasi birlik yoki ko'plik ekaniga bog'liq. Bu — juda ko'p e'tibordan chetda qoladigan nozik joy:

• Birlik ega (bitta talaba) apostrof -s dan oldin: the student's* book* (bitta talabaning kitobi).
• Ko'plik ega (ko'p talaba, ot allaqachon -s bilan tugagan) faqat apostrof, -s dan keyin: the students'* books* (ko'p talabaning kitoblari).

Ya'ni student's va students' — talaffuzda bir xil eshitiladi, lekin ma'nosi boshqa (bitta vs ko'p). Yozuvda apostrof o'rni ma'noni belgilaydi:

the student's book    — bitta talabaning kitobi (apostrof -s dan oldin)
the students' books   — ko'p talabaning kitoblari (apostrof -s dan keyin)
my parents' house     — ota-onamning uyi (parents ko'plik  apostrof oxirida)

Irregular ko'plik (-s bilan tugamaydi: children, men, women, people) apostrof -s dan oldin, xuddi birlikdek:

the children's toys   — bolalarning o'yinchoqlari (children -s siz  's)
the men's room        — erkaklar xonasi
the women's team      — ayollar jamoasi

Qoida: ot -s bilan tugasa faqat apostrof (students'). Ot -s bilan tugamasa (birlik yoki irregular ko'plik) 's (student's, children's).

3.3. its vs it's — ENG KO'P CHALKASHLIK

Bu ikkitasi bir xil eshitiladi, lekin butunlay boshqa:

• its — egalik ("uning"): The cat licks its paw. (mushuk o'z panjasini yalaydi)
• it's — it is qisqartmasi: It's a cat. (bu mushuk)

its = uning (egalik, apostrofsiz)
it's = it is (qisqartma, apostrof bilan)

Tekshirish: "it is" deb ochilsa it's. Aks holda its.

3.4. of bilan egalik (narsalar uchun) — 's yoki of?

Egalikni ikki xil bildirsa bo'ladi, va tanlov egasi jonli yoki jonsizligiga bog'liq:

• Jonli (odam, hayvon) 's: Ali's car, the dog's tail, my mother's name.
• Jonsiz (narsa, buyum) ko'pincha of the: the door of the car, the name of the book.

Jonsiz narsalarda ko'pincha 's o'rniga of ishlatiladi:

the door of the car   — mashinaning eshigi
the name of the book  — kitobning nomi
the end of the film   — filmning oxiri
the top of the page   — sahifaning yuqorisi

Qoida (A1 uchun sodda): ega odam/hayvon bo'lsa 's (Ali's, the cat's). Ega narsa bo'lsa of the (the leg of the table, the top of the box). the table's leg emas, balki the leg of the table. Bu — o'zbek so'zlovchilar uchun foydali oddiy chegara (keyingi darajalarda istisnolar ham bor, lekin A1 da shu qoidaga amal qiling).

3.5. Whose? — "kimning?" savoli

Egalikni so'rash uchun Whose...? (kimning?) ishlatiladi. U egasini so'raydi:

Whose phone is this?   — Bu kimning telefoni?
Whose bag is that?     — Anavi sumka kimniki?
Whose books are these? — Bular kimning kitoblari?

Tuzilish: Whose + NARSA + is/are + this/that...? Javobda egalik olmoshi yoki 's ishlatiladi:

Whose phone is this?    It's my phone.  /  It's Ali's phone.
Whose car is that?      It's her car.   /  It's my father's car.

DIQQAT — whose ≠ who's: ikkalasi bir xil eshitiladi /huːz/, lekin:

• whose — "kimning?" (egalik savoli): Whose bag is this?
• who's — who is qisqartmasi: Who's that? (U kim?).

Xuddi its / it's kabi: apostrofsiz shakl (whose) — egalik; apostrofli shakl (who's) — qisqartma.

4. Misollar

egalik olmoshlari:
  My name is Ali. His sister is a doctor. Their house is big.
  This is her phone. Our teacher is kind. The dog wags its tail.

egalik 's:
  This is Ali's car.            — Bu Alining mashinasi.
  My sister's name is Madina.   — Singlimning ismi Madina.
  The students' classroom is here. — Talabalarning sinfi shu yerda.
  The children's books are new. — Bolalarning kitoblari yangi.

whose savoli:
  Whose pen is this? — It's my pen.  — Bu kimning ruchkasi? — Bu mening ruchkam.
  Whose keys are these? — They're her keys. — Bular kimning kalitlari? — Bular uning kalitlari.

Mini-mashq (bir zumda): he/she/it egasiga qaysi egalik mos? — he ?, she ?, it ? Javob: he his, she her, it its.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• his /hɪz/ "hiz", her /hɜː/ "hə:", their /ðeə/ "ðeə", our /ˈaʊə/ "auə".
• its va it's — bir xil eshitiladi /ɪts/.
• 's talaffuzi (ko'plikdek): /s/ (Ali** s** "aliz" aslida /z/), /z/, /ɪz/: Ali's "aliz", the cat's "kets", George's "jo:jiz".
• their / there / they're — uchchasi bir xil /ðeə/ (homofon) — yozuvda farqlang!

Topshiriq: my, your, his, her, its, our, their — ayting; Ali's, the dog's, the students' — egalik 's ni mashq qiling.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

7. Dialog

A: Whose phone is this?            — Bu kimning telefoni?
B: It's my phone. Thank you!       — Bu mening telefonim. Rahmat!
A: And whose bag is that?          — Anavi sumka kimniki?
B: That's Ali's bag. He's my friend. — Bu Alining sumkasi. U mening do'stim.
A: What's his sister's name?       — Uning singlisining ismi nima?
B: Her name is Madina. She's a doctor. — Uning ismi Madina. U shifokor.

Topshiriq: dialogni o'qing; his (Ali) va her (Madina) nega ishlatilganini ayting.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• his / her ni jinsga qarab tanlamaslik: Madina and his book, Ali and her car. Madina and her book (ayol), Ali and his car (erkak). Sabab: o'zbekchada "uning" jinssiz; inglizchada egaga qarab.

• its va it's ni aralashtirish: The cat licks it's paw. its paw (egalik). It's a cat (= it is).

• Egalik tartibini buzish: the book of Ali, car Ali's. Ali's book, Ali's car (ega + 's + narsa).

• Ko'plik egalikda 's: the students's books. the students' books (ot -s bilan tugasa, faqat apostrof).

• their / there / they're ni chalkashtirish (yozuvda). their (ularning), there (u yerda), they're (they are).

• whose va who's ni aralashtirish: Who's bag is this? Whose bag is this? (kimning — egalik). Who's your teacher? (= who is — kim).

• Apostrof o'rnini adashtirish (birlik/ko'plik): the student's books are new (aslida ko'p talaba nazarda tutilsa). Bitta talaba the student's book; ko'p talaba the students' books (apostrof -s dan keyin).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. To'g'ri egalik olmoshi (my/your/his/her/its/our/their):

I have a book. ___ book is new.
Ali has a car. ___ car is red.
Madina has a phone. ___ phone is black.
We have a house. ___ house is big.
The cat has a tail. ___ tail is long.

Mashq 2. 's yoki ' qo'ying: Ali ___ book, the students ___ class, my mother ___ name, the children ___ toys

Mashq 3. its yoki it's? ___ a nice day. The dog wags ___ tail. ___ my friend. The car and ___ doors.

Mashq 4. To'g'rilang: Madina and his book., the book of Ali., the students's room., The cat licks it's paw.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga: Bu mening telefonim. = ___ Alining mashinasi qizil. = ___ Uning ismi Madina. = ___ (ayol) Bolalarning kitoblari yangi. = ___

Mashq 6. whose yoki who's? ___ bag is this? ___ your teacher? ___ car is that? ___ at the door?

Mashq 7. Apostrof to'g'ri joyda? Birlik yoki ko'plik egaligini tanlang: bitta bolaning o'yinchog'i = the child___ toy ko'p bolaning o'yinchoqlari = the children___ toys bitta talabaning kitobi = the student___ book ko'p talabaning kitoblari = the students___ books

10. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

1. Yozish: oilangiz a'zolari haqida 5 ta gap yozing, egalik bilan (My father's car... Her name... His job...) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. O'yin: men narsa va ega beraman (Ali / car, Madina / phone, the cat / tail), siz egalik bilan ayting (Ali's car, her phone, its tail).

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: My / His / Her / Our / Its. Mashq 2: Ali's book, the students' class, my mother's name, the children's toys. Mashq 3: It's a nice day. / its tail / It's my friend. / its doors. Mashq 4: Madina and her book. / Ali's book. / the students' room. / The cat licks its paw. Mashq 5: This is my phone. / Ali's car is red. / Her name is Madina. / The children's books are new. Mashq 6: Whose bag is this? / Who's your teacher? / Whose car is that? / Who's at the door? Mashq 7: the child**'s** toy / the children**'s** toys / the student**'s** book / the students**'** books.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

• Egalik olmoshlari: my, your, his, her, its, our, their (otdan oldin).
• his (erkak egasi) vs her (ayol egasi) — jinsga qarab!
• Egalik 's: Ali's book; ko'plik -s da faqat apostrof: students'; irregular: children's.
• its (egalik) ≠ it's (it is).
• Narsalar uchun of ham: the door of the car.

Keyingi dars — A1 — 11-dars: this / that / these / those. Endi narsalarni ko'rsatishni o'rganamiz: this (bu, yaqin), that (u, uzoq), these/those (ko'plik) — "Bu nima?", "Anavi kim?" kabi gaplar uchun.