A1 — 7-dars: Artikllar a / an (noaniq artikl)

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 7-dars

1. Dars nomi va maqsad

Bu — o'zbekzabon o'quvchi uchun eng qiyin, eng muhim mavzulardan biri: artikllar. O'zbek tilida artikl umuman yo'q — shuning uchun ko'p o'zbek hatto C1 darajada ham artiklda xato qiladi. Biz buni boshidan, tizimli o'rganamiz.

Bu darsda noaniq artikl — a / an ni o'rganasiz: nima ekani, qachon, qaysi birini ishlatish. Keyingi darsda esa the (aniq artikl) bilan davom etamiz.

Bu darsdan keyin siz a / an ni qachon ishlatishni va qaysi birini tanlashni aniq bilasiz.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 6-dars: o'zini tanishtirish — I'm Ali. I'm 19. I'm from Uzbekistan. I'm a developer.
• E'tibor bering: I'm a developer — bu yerda a nima? Bugun shuni ochamiz.

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. Artikl nima va nega kerak

Artikl — otdan oldin keladigan kichik so'z. Ingliz tilida 3 holat bor:

• a / an — noaniq artikl ("biror", "bitta", aniq emas),
• the — aniq artikl ("o'sha", aniq),
• artiklsiz (zero article).

O'zbekchada artikl yo'q: "men kitob o'qiyman" — "kitob" oldida hech narsa yo'q. Ingliz tilida esa sanaladigan ot birlikda bo'lsa, oldida artikl bo'lishi SHART: "I read a book."

Tushuncha (o'xshatish): a/an — bu "biror, qaysidir bitta" degani (tinglovchi aniq qaysiligini bilmaydi). the — "o'sha, aniq" (ikkalamiz ham bilamiz qaysiligini). Masalan:

• I see a dog. — Men bir it ko'ryapman. (qaysi it — muhim emas, biror it)
• The dog is black. — O'sha it qora. (endi aniq — yuqorida aytilgan it)

3.2. a / an qachon ishlatiladi

a / an faqat sanaladigan ot birlikda (singular countable) ishlatiladi:

1. Biror narsa, birinchi marta eslatilganda (aniq emas):

I have a car.        — Mening (biror) mashinam bor.
She's reading a book. — U (biror) kitob o'qiyapti.

2. "Bitta" ma'nosida (ko'pdan biri):

a dog (bitta it), a student (bitta talaba), an apple (bitta olma)

3. Kasb aytishda (6-darsda ko'rdik):

I'm a teacher.  He's an engineer.  She's a doctor.

O'zbek so'zlovchi uchun eng katta tuzoq — artiklni TASHLAB QO'YISH. O'zbekchada "Men o'qituvchiman", "Mashinam bor", "Bu yaxshi g'oya" gaplarida otdan oldin hech qanday so'z yo'q. Miya shu odatni inglizchaga ham ko'chiradi va natijada:

 I'm teacher.         I'm a teacher.
 I have car.          I have a car.
 It's good idea.      It's a good idea.
 She is student.      She is a student.

Bu grammatik xato — ingliz uchun quloqqa "yarim gap" bo'lib eshitiladi. Amaliy tekshiruv: gapda sanaladigan birlik ot (bitta narsa: teacher, car, idea, book, dog) bo'lsa va oldida the / my / this / your kabi so'z bo'lmasa — deyarli har doim oldiga a yoki an qo'yish shart. O'z gapingizni aytganingizda har bir birlik otdan oldin "a/an bormi?" deb o'zingizga savol bering — bu odatni birinchi kunlardan singdiring.

3.3. a yoki an? — TOVUSHGA qarab (harfga emas!)

Bu — eng muhim qoida. a va an ni tanlash keyingi so'zning birinchi TOVUSHIga bog'liq, harfiga emas:

• a — undosh tovush oldidan: a book, a dog, a student, a car.
• an — unli tovush oldidan: an apple, an egg, an orange, an hour.

a + undosh tovush:  a cat, a house, a teacher, a year
an + unli tovush:   an apple, an egg, an idea, an umbrella

DIQQAT — TOVUSH, harf emas! Ba'zi so'zlar harfi unli, lekin tovushi undosh (yoki aksincha):

• *a university* /j/ — "u" harfi, lekin tovushi "yu" (undosh) a.
• *an hour* /aʊə/ — "h" harfi, lekin jim (unli tovush bilan boshlanadi) an.
• *a European* — "yu" tovushi a.
• an MP, an X-ray — harf nomi unli tovushdan boshlanadi an.

Nega "harf emas, tovush"? Buni yodda saqlashning oson yo'li. Yozuvga emas, og'zaki tovushga e'tibor bering. So'zni ovoz chiqarib ayting va birinchi tovush unlimi (a, e, i, o, u tovushi) yoki undoshmi — shuni eshiting:

• university — yoziladi "u" bilan, lekin aytilganda "yu-niversiti" — "y" undosh tovush a university.
• hour — yoziladi "h" bilan, lekin "h" aytilmaydi (jim), so'z "auə" deb unli bilan boshlanadi an hour.
• honest /ˈɒnɪst/ — "h" jim, unli bilan boshlanadi an honest man.
• European — "yurəpiən" — "y" undosh a European.
• one — yoziladi "o" bilan, lekin "wan" deb aytiladi ("w" undosh) a one-way ticket.
• hotel /həʊˈtel/ — "h" aytiladi (jim emas), undosh a hotel.

Oltin qoida: ko'zingizga emas, qulog'ingizga ishoning. Birinchi tovushni ayting — unli bo'lsa an, undosh bo'lsa a.

3.4. a / an QACHON ishlatilmaydi

• Ko'plik bilan: a cats cats yoki some cats .
• Sanalmaydigan ot bilan: a water water / some water (suv, sut, pul — sanab bo'lmaydi; A2 da chuqur).
• the / my / this bor bo'lsa: a my book my book (bir vaqtda ikki aniqlovchi bo'lmaydi).
• Atoqli ot (ism, mamlakat) bilan: an Ali Ali .

4. Misollar

a + undosh tovush:
  a book (kitob), a dog (it), a teacher (o'qituvchi), a university (universitet)

an + unli tovush:
  an apple (olma), an egg (tuxum), an hour (soat), an engineer (muhandis)

Gaplarda:
  I have a brother and a sister.     — Mening akam va singlim bor.
  She's an artist.                   — U rassom.
  It's an old house.                 — Bu eski uy. (an — "old" unli)
  Wait an hour, please.              — Bir soat kuting.
  He's a university student.         — U universitet talabasi. (a — "yu" tovush)

Ko'proq misol (tovushga qarab tanlash mashqi bilan):

a  — undosh tovush:
  a book, a table, a phone, a friend, a city, a job, a week, a hotel,
  a year, a European country, a university, a one-dollar coin, a useful book

an — unli tovush:
  an apple, an egg, an orange, an idea, an animal, an office, an umbrella,
  an hour, an honest man, an MP, an X-ray, an interesting film, an old car

Gaplarda (kundalik hayot):
  I want a coffee and an orange.     — Menga kofe va apelsin kerak.
  She has an idea.                   — Uning bir g'oyasi bor.
  It's an interesting book.          — Bu qiziqarli kitob. (an — "interesting" unli)
  He's a good student.               — U yaxshi talaba. (a — "good" undosh)
  We need an umbrella today.         — Bugun bizga soyabon kerak.
  I'll be back in an hour.           — Bir soatdan keyin qaytaman. (an — "h" jim)

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• a odatda schwa "ə": a book "ə-buk". Urg'u berilganda "ey".
• an — "ən" (schwa + n): an apple "ən-epl" (bog'lanadi: "ə-nepl").
• an dagi "n" keyingi unliga bog'lanadi (linking): an orange "ə-norinj".

Topshiriq: a book, an apple, an hour, a university, an egg — har birini ayting; an + unli bog'lanishini his qiling.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

7. Dialog

A: Do you have a pet?              — Uy hayvoning bormi?
B: Yes, I have a cat and a dog.    — Ha, mushugim va itim bor.
A: Nice! Is it a big house?        — Zo'r! Uying kattami?
B: It's an old house, but it's nice. — Eski uy, lekin chiroyli.
A: Are you a student?             — Talabamisan?
B: Yes, I'm a university student. I want to be an engineer. — Ha, universitet talabasiman. Muhandis bo'lmoqchiman.

Topshiriq: dialogni o'qing; har a/an ni nega shunday tanlanganini ayting (tovushga qarab).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Artiklni tushirib qoldirish: I have car. She's teacher. It's good idea. I have a car. She's a teacher. It's a good idea. Sabab: o'zbekchada artikl yo'q — eng ko'p xato shu!

• Harfga qarab tanlash: a apple, an university, a hour. Tovushga qarang: an apple (unli), a university ("yu"), an hour ("h" jim).

• Ko'plik bilan a: a books, a cats. books, some books (ko'plikda artikl a/an yo'q).

• Ikki aniqlovchi: a my friend, the a book. Bittasi: my friend yoki a friend (ikkalasi emas).

• Sanalmaydigan bilan: a water, a money. water, some water (suv sanalmaydi — A2 da).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. a yoki an? ___ book, ___ apple, ___ hour, ___ university, ___ egg, ___ car, ___ orange, ___ house

Mashq 2. Artikl kerakmi? (a/an yoki — hech narsa): I have ___ brother. She likes ___ apples. It's ___ idea. I drink ___ water. He's ___ engineer.

Mashq 3. To'g'rilang: I have car., She's teacher., a apple, an university, a books

Mashq 4. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga: Mening itim bor. = ___ U rassom. = ___ Bu eski uy. = ___ Bir soat kuting. = ___

Mashq 5. Nega a yoki an? (sababini yozing): an hour, a university, an MP, a European

Mini-mashq (tovush tuzog'i). Faqat tovushga qarab a yoki an qo'ying — bu so'zlar aynan chalg'itadi: ___ honest man, ___ hotel, ___ one-way ticket, ___ useful book, ___ X-ray, ___ old house, ___ European, ___ umbrella

10. Amaliy topshiriq

1. Yozish: a va an ishlatib 6 ta gap yozing (har xil ot — undosh va unli tovushli). Har bir gapdan keyin qavs ichida artiklni nega shunday tanlaganingizni yozing, so'ng o'zingizni tekshiring: har bir ot sanaladigan birlikmi? Artikl tovushga to'g'ri tanlanganmi?
2. O'yin (o'zingiz bilan yoki juftlikda): ushbu otlar ro'yxatini oling — apple, university, hour, book, egg, orange, house, idea, engineer, umbrella — va har birini to'g'ri artikl bilan baland ovozda ayting (an apple, a university...), keyin nega shunday ekanini bir gap bilan tushuntiring (masalan: "an apple — chunki unli tovush bilan boshlanadi").

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: a book, an apple, an hour, a university, an egg, a car, an orange, a house. Mashq 2: a brother / — apples (ko'plik) / an idea / — water (sanalmaydi) / an engineer. Mashq 3: I have a car. / She's a teacher. / an apple / a university / books (yoki some books). Mashq 4: I have a dog. / She's an artist. / It's an old house. / Wait an hour, please. Mashq 5: an hour ("h" jim, unli tovush); a university ("yu" undosh tovush); an MP ("em" unli tovush); a European ("yu" undosh tovush). Mini-mashq: an honest man ("h" jim unli); a hotel ("h" aytiladi undosh); a one-way ticket ("wan" undosh "w"); a useful book ("yu:sful" undosh "y"); an X-ray ("eks" unli "e"); an old house ("old" unli); a European ("yurəpiən" undosh "y"); an umbrella ("am..." unli).

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

• Artikl — otdan oldingi kichik so'z; o'zbekchada yo'q, lekin inglizchada sanaladigan birlik ot oldida shart.
• a / an — "biror, bitta" (noaniq); faqat sanaladigan birlik ot bilan.
• a — undosh tovush, an — unli tovush oldidan (harf emas, TOVUSH!): a university, an hour.
• Ko'plik / sanalmaydigan / atoqli ot bilan a/an yo'q.

Keyingi dars — A1 — 8-dars: Artikl the va umumiy qoidalar. Endi aniq artikl the ni o'rganamiz (the sun, the book), a/an bilan farqini, va qachon umuman artikl ishlatilmasligini (zero article) — artikl tizimini to'liq yopamiz.