A1 — 19-dars: Sifatlar va sifat + ot tartibi

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 19-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda sifatlar (adjectives) — narsa va odamlarni ta'riflovchi so'zlarni o'rganasiz: big, small, beautiful, expensive. Va eng muhimi — sifat gapda qayerga qo'yiladi va bir nechta sifat qanday tartibda keladi (a big red car).

Real hayotda nega kerak: ta'rifsiz til quruq bo'ladi. "I want a small, cheap phone." "He is a tall, friendly guy." "This is a fast, modern app." — fikringizni aniq, boy ifodalash uchun sifat shart. Intervyuda o'zingizni ta'riflash: "I'm a hardworking and reliable developer."

O'xshatish: ot — "rasm", sifat — "ranglar va detallar". a house (uy) — quruq rasm; a big, old, beautiful house — to'liq, jonli rasm. Sifatlar tilingizni rangli qiladi.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 5-dars: to be — sifat ko'pincha to be bilan keladi (He is tall).
• 7-dars: artikl a/an — sifat bilan: a big house, an old car (an — unli tovush oldidan, hatto sifat bo'lsa ham).
• Tez mashq: He ___ (is) tall. They ___ (are) happy.

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. Sifat qayerga qo'yiladi — ikki o'rin

1) Otdan OLDIN (attributiv):

a big house        — katta uy
an old car         — eski mashina
beautiful flowers  — chiroyli gullar

2) to be (yoki boshqa fe'l) dan KEYIN (predikativ):

The house is big.       — Uy katta.
My car is old.          — Mashinam eski.
The flowers are beautiful. — Gullar chiroyli.

Oltin qoida: ingliz sifati otdan oldin keladi: a red car (qizil mashina), a car red (). O'zbekcha ham shunday (qizil mashina) — bu oson. Lekin diqqat: keyingi qoida 3.2-bob farq qiladi.

3.2. Sifat O'ZGARMAYDI — ko'plikda ham!

Ingliz sifati son va jinsga qarab o'zgarmaydi (otga -s qo'shilsa ham, sifat o'zgarmaydi):

a big house    two big houses   (big o'zgarmaydi, "bigs" )
a red car      red cars         (red o'zgarmaydi)

Diqqat: bigs houses (), two bigs cars (). Sifat hech qachon -s olmaydi. (O'zbekchada ham sifat ko'plikda o'zgarmaydi — bu mantiqli.)

O'zbek o'quvchisi uchun sabab: ko'pincha xato shundan chiqadiki, otga -s qo'shilganda ko'z bilan "hamma so'zga qo'shaman" deb sifatga ham qo'shib yuboriladi. Yodda tuting: -s faqat otga (ko'plik uchun), sifatga hech qachon emas. two new cars dagi -s faqat car da, new da emas. Sifat na sonda, na jinsda o'zgaradi: red har doim red bo'lib qoladi (reds ).

3.3. Bir nechta sifat — TARTIB (eng qiyin nuqta)

Bir necha sifat birga kelsa, ingliz tilida qat'iy tartib bor (o'zbekchada erkinroq). Asosiy tartib:

Fikr/baho  O'lcham  Yosh  Shakl  Rang  Kelib chiqish  Material  ot
(opinion)  (size)   (age)  (shape) (colour) (origin)     (material)

a beautiful   big    old   round  red    Italian  leather  bag
   (baho)    (o'lcham)(yosh)(shakl)(rang)(o'rin) (material)

Amaliy misollar (odatda 2-3 sifat):

a big red car          — katta qizil mashina (o'lcham + rang)
a beautiful old house  — chiroyli eski uy (baho + yosh)
a small black phone    — kichik qora telefon (o'lcham + rang)

Native siri: "baho o'lcham yosh rang" tartibini eslang. a red big car () noto'g'ri eshitiladi — a big red car (). Buni qoidasiz, ko'p eshitib ham his qilasiz; hozircha asosiysi: rang har doim otga eng yaqin.

Nega o'zbek o'quvchisiga qiyin: o'zbekchada sifatlar tartibi ancha erkin ("qizil katta mashina" ham, "katta qizil mashina" ham tabiiy eshitiladi). Inglizchada esa tartib qat'iy. A1 da to'liq zanjirni yodlash shart emas — ikkita oddiy tayanchni eslang: o'lcham rangdan oldin (big red, not red big) va rang otga eng yaqin. Shu ikkitasi bilan A1 misollarining aksariyati to'g'ri chiqadi. To'liq OSASCOMP tartibi B1 da chuqurroq o'rganiladi.

Mini-mashq 3.3-bob: so'zlarni to'g'ri tartibga soling.

1) (white / a / small / dog)   ___
2) (old / a / big / house)      ___
3) (green / a / new / bag)      ___

Javob: 1) a small white dog, 2) a big old house, 3) a new green bag. (Har birida o'lcham/yosh oldinda, rang otga yaqin.)

3.4. very / quite / really — sifatni kuchaytirish

Sifat oldidan kuchaytiruvchi:

very big (juda katta) | really good (rostdan yaxshi) | quite small (ancha kichik)
too expensive (juda qimmat — salbiy) | so beautiful (shunday chiroyli)

This phone is very expensive.   — Bu telefon juda qimmat.
The film is really interesting. — Film rostdan qiziqarli.

Diqqat: very va really sifat yoki ravish oldiga qo'yiladi, fe'l oldiga emas. O'zbekchada "juda yoqadi" deyish mumkin, lekin inglizchada I very like it () noto'g'ri — I really like it yoki I like it very much (). Bu farqni yaxshi eslab qolish A1 uchun juda foydali.

3.5. -ing va -ed bilan tugagan sifatlar (boring / bored)

Ingliz tilida bir xil o'zakdan ikki xil sifat yasaladi va ular ma'nosi bilan farqlanadi. Bu o'zbek o'quvchilari uchun juda chalkash nuqta, shuning uchun A1 dayoq asosini his qilib qo'yish foydali:

• -ing bilan tugagan sifat — narsaning xususiyatini bildiradi (narsa qanaqa): boring (zerikarli), interesting (qiziqarli), tiring (charchatadigan).
• -ed bilan tugagan sifat — odamning his-tuyg'usini bildiradi (odam o'zini qanday his qiladi): bored (zerikkan), interested (qiziqqan), tired (charchagan).

The film is boring.   — Film zerikarli.   (film qanaqa)
I am bored.           — Men zerikkanman.   (men o'zimni qanday his qilaman)
The book is interesting. — Kitob qiziqarli.
I am interested.         — Men qiziqib qoldim.

Sodda tayanch: narsa (film, kitob, ish) — -ing; odam (men, siz, u) — -ed. I am boring desangiz "men zerikarli odamman" degani bo'lib qoladi — I am bored (men zerikkanman) demoqchi bo'lgan bo'lsangiz, xato chiqadi. Bu juftlik A1 da faqat tanishtiriladi; to'liq mavzu B1 da chuqurroq ochiladi.

Mini-mashq 3.5-bob: to'g'ri shaklni tanlang.

1) The lesson is (interesting / interested).
2) The children are (boring / bored).
3) This game is (tiring / tired).
4) After work I am (tiring / tired).

Javob: 1) interesting (dars — narsa), 2) bored (bolalar — odam), 3) tiring (o'yin — narsa), 4) tired (men — odam).

4. Misollar

otdan oldin:
  a tall man          — baland bo'yli erkak
  an interesting book — qiziqarli kitob
  expensive shoes     — qimmat oyoq kiyim

to be dan keyin:
  She is friendly.    — U do'stona.
  The food is cheap.  — Ovqat arzon.
  These books are new. — Bu kitoblar yangi.

bir nechta sifat:
  a nice warm coat    — chiroyli issiq palto
  a big modern building — katta zamonaviy bino
  a small white dog   — kichik oq it

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/ "byu:tifl", expensive /ɪkˈspensɪv/ "ikspensiv", interesting /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/ "intrəstiŋ" (3 bo'g'in! "in-trə-stiŋ", "in-te-res-ting" emas).
• comfortable /ˈkʌmftəbl/ "kamftəbl" (qisqaradi).
• very /ˈveri/ — "v" tovushi (w emas — 2-dars).

Topshiriq: big, small, beautiful, expensive, interesting, comfortable — IPA bilan ayting; interesting ni 3 bo'g'inda mashq qiling.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali) — asosiy sifatlar (qarama-qarshi juftlar)

So'z oilasi / morfologiya: -ful (sifat yasaydi: beauty beautiful, care careful), un- (teskari: friendly unfriendly, happy unhappy). Bu affikslar yangi so'z ma'nosini topishga yordam beradi.

7. O'qish matni — ta'riflash

This is my new phone.                  — Bu mening yangi telefonim.
It is a small, black, modern phone.    — U kichik, qora, zamonaviy telefon.
It is fast and easy to use.            — U tez va ishlatish oson.
It is not very expensive, but it is good. — U unchalik qimmat emas, lekin yaxshi.
My old phone was big and slow.         — Eski telefonim katta va sekin edi.
I am happy with my new one.            — Yangisidan mamnunman.

Topshiriq: matndagi sifatlarni toping; har birining o'rnini (otdan oldin / to be dan keyin) ayting. So'ng o'z telefoningiz yoki mashinangizni ta'riflang.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Sifatga -s qo'shish (ko'plikda): bigs houses, two news cars. Sabab: otga -s qo'shilgani uchun sifatga ham qo'shib yuborish. big houses, two new cars (sifat o'zgarmaydi).

• Sifatni otdan keyin: a car red, a house big. a red car, a big house (sifat otdan oldin).

• Sifat tartibini buzish: a red big car. a big red car (o'lcham rang; rang otga yaqin).

• interesting ni 4 bo'g'in qilish: "in-te-res-ting". "in-trə-stiŋ" (3 bo'g'in).

• very ni fe'l bilan: I very like it. I like it very much. / I really like it. (very sifat/ravish oldidan, fe'l emas).

• -ing / -ed sifatni chalkashtirish: I am boring (o'zi haqida gapirganda). Sabab: narsa uchun -ing, odam uchun -ed ekanini bilmaslik. I am bored (men zerikkanman) / The lesson is boring (dars zerikarli).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Sifatni to'g'ri joyga qo'ying: (big) a ___ house ___ (expensive) The car is ___. (new, two) I have ___ phones.

Mashq 2. Tartibga soling: (red / a / car / big) ___ (old / beautiful / a / house) ___ (black / small / a / phone) ___

Mashq 3. Qarama-qarshisini yozing: big ___, expensive ___, fast ___, good ___, easy ___

Mashq 4. To'g'rilang: two bigs houses, a car red, a red big car, I very like it., She is a friendly.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga: katta qizil mashina = ___ Telefon juda qimmat. = ___ Bu kichik oq it. = ___ Mening ikkita yangi kitobim bor. = ___

10. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

Maqsad: sifatlarni to'g'ri o'rin va tartibda ishlatib, narsa va odamlarni boy ta'riflay olish.

Vazifa:

1. Yozish: sevimli narsangizni (telefon, mashina, shahar) 6 ta gap bilan ta'riflang — kamida 2 marta ikki sifatni birga ishlating (a big modern city...) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. O'zingizni ta'riflash: o'zingizni 3 ta sifat bilan ta'riflang (I am hardworking, friendly and curious) — intervyu uchun mashq.
3. O'yin: men ot beraman (car, house, phone, city), siz unga 2-3 sifat qo'shib, to'g'ri tartibda ayting.

"Tayyor" mezonlari:

• Sifat otdan oldin yoki to be dan keyin to'g'ri.
• Sifatga -s qo'shilmagan (ko'plikda ham).
• Ikki sifat tartibi to'g'ri (o'lcham rang).
• Kuchaytiruvchi (very/really) to'g'ri ishlatilgan.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: a big house / The car is expensive. / I have two new phones. Mashq 2: a big red car / a beautiful old house / a small black phone. Mashq 3: small / cheap / slow / bad / difficult. Mashq 4: two big houses / a red car / a big red car / I really like it (I like it very much) / She is friendly. Mashq 5: a big red car / The phone is very expensive. / This is a small white dog. / I have two new books.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Sifat (adjective): narsani ta'riflaydi (big, new, beautiful)
  O'rni:   otdan OLDIN (a big house) | to be dan KEYIN (The house is big)
  O'zgarmaydi: ko'plikda ham (big houses, "bigs" emas)
  Tartib:  baho  o'lcham  yosh  shakl  rang  o'rin  material  ot
           (a big red car) — rang otga eng yaqin
  Kuchaytirish: very / really / quite / too + sifat

Asosiy nuqtalar:

• Sifat otdan oldin yoki to be dan keyin keladi.
• Sifat o'zgarmaydi (ko'plikda -s yo'q).
• Bir necha sifat: baho o'lcham yosh rang (rang otga yaqin).
• very/really sifatni kuchaytiradi (fe'lni emas).

Bog'lanish: sifatlar A2 da taqqoslash (comparatives: bigger, more expensive) va eng ustun (superlatives: the biggest) ga aylanadi; ravishlar (quickly) bilan farqlanadi; -ed/-ing sifatlar (interested/interesting, B1).

Keyingi dars — A1 — 20-dars: can / can't (qobiliyat, ruxsat, iltimos). Endi "qila olaman / qila olmayman" deyishni o'rganamiz: I can swim. Can you help me? — birinchi modal fe'l.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (Adjectives, Units 85–86); Cambridge Dictionary (adjective order); British Council LearnEnglish — "Adjectives: order".