A1 — 20-dars: can / can't (qobiliyat, ruxsat, iltimos)

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 20-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda birinchi modal fe'l — can ni o'rganasiz: "qila olaman / qila olmayman". I can swim. He can't drive. Can you help me?

Real hayotda nega kerak: qobiliyatingizni aytish (intervyu: "I can write clean code. I can work in a team."), ruxsat so'rash ("Can I sit here?"), yordam so'rash/taklif ("Can you help me? Can I help you?"). Kundalik va professional muloqotning markaziy fe'li.

O'xshatish: can — bu "imkoniyat kaliti". Oddiy fe'l (swim, drive) "harakat", can esa o'sha harakatni bajara olish/olmaslikni bildiradi: swim (suzmoq) can swim (suza olmoq).

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 14-15-dars: Present Simple (do/does). Diqqat: can — modal, u do/does talab qilmaydi (o'ziga xos).
• 5-dars: to be (savol/inkor o'ziga xos) — can ham shunday "maxsus" fe'l.
• Tez mashq: Do you like tea? (oddiy fe'l) — bugun Can you swim? (modal) bilan solishtiramiz.

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. can nima — modal fe'l xususiyatlari

can — yordamchi (modal) fe'l. Uning maxsus xususiyatlari bor (oddiy fe'ldan farqli):

1. Undan keyin fe'l sof, to'siz (infinitive without "to"): can swim (can to swim ).
2. Hech qachon -s olmaydi: he can (he cans ).
3. Savol/inkor uchun do/does kerak emas — can o'zi harakat qiladi.

can + asosiy fe'l (sof)
  I can swim.   He can drive.   They can speak English.

3.2. Ma'nolari

3.3. Ijobiy — barcha shaxsga bir xil!

can hamma olmosh bilan bir xil (3-shaxsda ham o'zgarmaydi — bu oson!):

I can      we can
you can    they can
he can     she can    it can     (he cans  — -s YO'Q!)

I can speak English.    — Inglizcha gapira olaman.
She can drive a car.    — U mashina hayday oladi.
We can help you.        — Sizga yordam bera olamiz.

3.4. Inkor — can't (cannot)

can + not  cannot  can't  (qisqartma — eng ko'p ishlatiladi)

I can't swim.           — Suza olmayman.
He can't come today.    — U bugun kela olmaydi.
You can't park here.    — Bu yerga to'xtatib bo'lmaydi. (ruxsat yo'q)

Diqqat: cannot — bir so'z (can not emas, odatda). Qisqartma can't — kundalik nutqda.

3.5. Savol — Can ... ? (gap boshida)

Can gap boshiga chiqadi (do/does kerak emas):

Can + ega + fe'l ... ?
Can you swim?        — Suza olasizmi?
Can he drive?        — U hayday oladimi?
Can I sit here?      — Bu yerga o'tirsam bo'ladimi?

Qisqa javob:

Can you swim?    Yes, I can.  / No, I can't.
Can he help?     Yes, he can. / No, he can't.

3.6. could — birinchi tanishuv (o'tmish va muloyimlik)

could — can ning o'tmish shakli va muloyim varianti. A1 da faqat ikki ishlatilishini bilib qo'ying (chuqur A2 da keladi):

1. O'tmishdagi qobiliyat: When I was five, I could swim. (Besh yoshimda suza olardim.) He could read at four. (To'rt yoshida o'qiy olardi.) — o'tgan zamonda "-a olardim".
2. Muloyim iltimos: Could you help me? — Can you help me? ga qaraganda yumshoqroq, xushmuomalaroq. Notanish odamga yoki rasmiy vaziyatda could qulay: Could you open the window, please?

CAN  (hozir/oddiy):     Can you help me?
COULD (muloyimroq):     Could you help me?
COULD (o'tmish):        I could swim when I was five.

Diqqat: could ham modal — undan keyin fe'l sof (could swim, could to swim ), -s olmaydi (he could, he coulds ), inkori couldn't. can bilan bir xil "qoida" ishlaydi.

3.7. Sxema (umumiy)

IJOBIY:  I/you/he/we/they  can   swim.
INKOR:   I/you/he/we/they  can't swim.
SAVOL:   Can  I/you/he...  swim?
JAVOB:   Yes, I can. / No, I can't.
         (do/does YO'Q, -s YO'Q, fe'l SOF)

4. Misollar

QOBILIYAT:
  I can swim, but I can't drive.   — Suza olaman, lekin hayday olmayman.
  She can speak three languages.   — U uch tilda gapira oladi.

RUXSAT / IMKONIYAT:
  You can use my phone.            — Telefonimdan foydalansangiz bo'ladi.
  We can start now.                — Hozir boshlasak bo'ladi.

ILTIMOS / TAKLIF:
  Can you help me, please?         — Iltimos, yordam bera olasizmi?
  Can I have a coffee, please?     — Bitta kofe bersangiz? (do'konda)
  Can I help you?                  — Yordam beraymi?

Diqqat — bir gapda ikkala ma'no: I can cook, but I can't bake. (Ovqat pishira olaman, lekin non yopa olmayman.) Ijobiy va inkorni bitta gapda taqqoslash — juda tabiiy tuzilma.

Mini-mashq (og'zaki): quyidagi ma'nolarni can bilan ayting va tarjimasini o'ylang: (1) qobiliyat — men shaxmat o'ynay olaman; (2) ruxsat so'rash — bu yerga o'tirsam bo'ladimi; (3) iltimos — eshikni ocha olasizmi. Javob: (1) I can play chess. (2) Can I sit here? (3) Can you open the door?

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• can ikki xil talaffuz:
  • Urg'usiz (ijobiy gapda) zaif /kən/ "kən": I can swim "ay kən swim".
  • Urg'uli (javob, ta'kid) /kæn/ "ken": Yes, I can "ken".
• can't /kɑːnt/ (BrE) "ka:nt" / /kænt/ (AmE) "kent".

Native siri — can vs can't: ijobiy can yutiladi (/kən/), inkor can't aniq, kuchli aytiladi (/kɑːnt/). Native nutqda farqni shu orqali ajratasiz: "I can swim" (kən, yengil) vs "I can't swim" (ka:nt, kuchli). Buni eshitishni mashq qiling — ko'pchilik shu yerda adashadi.

Topshiriq: I can swim / I can't swim ni ayting; can (zaif) va can't (kuchli) farqini his qiling.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali) — qobiliyat fe'llari

Kollokatsiya: can speak English/a language, can play football/the guitar, can drive a car, can ride a bike. Can I have...? (do'konda buyurtma — idiomatik), Can you...? (iltimos).

7. Dialog — qobiliyat va iltimos

Job interview:

A: Can you write code in JavaScript?   — JavaScript'da kod yoza olasizmi?
B: Yes, I can. I can also use TypeScript. — Ha. TypeScript ham ishlata olaman.
A: Can you work in a team?              — Jamoada ishlay olasizmi?
B: Of course I can. I can't work late every day, though. — Albatta. Lekin har kuni kech ishlay olmayman.
A: That's fine. Can you start on Monday? — Yaxshi. Dushanba boshlay olasizmi?
B: Yes, I can. Thank you!               — Ha. Rahmat!

Topshiriq: dialogdagi can/can't ni belgilang; o'z qobiliyatlaringiz bilan intervyu javobini qayta yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• can dan keyin "to": I can to swim. She can to drive. Sabab: o'zbekchada "-a olmoq" tuzilmasi; "to" qo'shib yuborish. I can swim. She can drive. (can + sof fe'l, to'siz).

• 3-shaxsda -s: He cans swim. She can drives. He can swim. She can drive. (can o'zgarmaydi, fe'l ham sof).

• do/does bilan: Do you can swim? He doesn't can drive. Can you swim? He can't drive. (can — modal, do/does kerakmas).

• can va can't talaffuzini ajratmaslik. can /kən/ (yengil), can't /kɑːnt/ (kuchli) — eshitib farqlang.

• Javobda asosiy fe'l: Can you swim? — Yes, I swim. Yes, I can. (modal qaytariladi).

• could ni ham xato qilish: Could you to help me? He could drives. Could you help me? He could drive. (could ham modal — sof fe'l, -s yo'q, to yo'q — can bilan bir xil qoida).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. can yoki can't (ma'noga qarab to'ldiring):

A fish ___ swim.        A cat ___ fly.
I ___ speak English (a little).   A baby ___ drive a car.

Mashq 2. Gap tuzing (can): (I / swim) ___ (she / drive / not) ___ (you / help me) savol: ___

Mashq 3. Savolga qisqa javob: Can you cook? (Yes) ___ Can he swim? (No) ___

Mashq 4. To'g'rilang: I can to swim., He cans drive., Do you can help me?, She can drives a car., Yes, I swim. (Can you swim? javobi)

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga: Suza olaman, lekin hayday olmayman. = ___ Yordam bera olasizmi? = ___ U inglizcha gapira oladi. = ___ Bu yerga o'tirsam bo'ladimi? = ___

Mashq 6. could bilan (muloyim iltimos yoki o'tmish qobiliyati): Eshikni ocha olasizmi? (muloyimroq) ___ Besh yoshimda suza olardim. ___

10. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

Maqsad: can/can't bilan qobiliyat, ruxsat va iltimosni xatosiz ifodalash.

Vazifa:

1. Yozish: o'zingiz qila oladigan 4 ish va qila olmaydigan 3 ishni yozing (I can cook. I can't drive. I can speak Uzbek and English...) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. Intervyu rol o'yini: "Intervyu" deb yozing — men Can you...? deb professional qobiliyatlar haqida so'rayman, siz Yes, I can / No, I can't bilan to'liq javob berasiz.
3. Iltimos mashqi: menga 4 ta xushmuomala iltimos/savol yozing (Can you...? Can I...?).

"Tayyor" mezonlari:

• can dan keyin fe'l sof (to'siz, -s'siz).
• can't inkor to'g'ri ishlatilgan.
• Savol Can ...? (do/does'siz) to'g'ri qurilgan.
• Qisqa javob Yes, I can / No, I can't to'g'ri.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: can / can't / can / can't. Mashq 2: I can swim. / She can't drive. / Can you help me? Mashq 3: Yes, I can. / No, he can't. Mashq 4: I can swim. / He can drive. / Can you help me? / She can drive a car. / Yes, I can. Mashq 5: I can swim, but I can't drive. / Can you help me? / She can speak English. / Can I sit here? Mashq 6: Could you open the door? / I could swim when I was five.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

can — modal fe'l (qobiliyat, ruxsat, iltimos, taklif)
  IJOBIY:  I/he/we can swim      (can + SOF fe'l, -s YO'Q)
  INKOR:   I/he/we can't swim    (cannot = can't)
  SAVOL:   Can you swim?          (do/does YO'Q)
  JAVOB:   Yes, I can / No, I can't
  Talaffuz: can /kən/ yengil | can't /kɑːnt/ kuchli
  could — o'tmish qobiliyat (I could swim) / muloyim iltimos (Could you...?)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

• can + sof fe'l (to'siz); can o'zgarmaydi (-s yo'q).
• Inkor can't, savol Can...? — do/does kerak emas.
• Ma'nolar: qobiliyat, imkoniyat, ruxsat, iltimos, taklif.
• can (/kən/) va can't (/kɑːnt/) talaffuzini ajrating.
• could — can ning o'tmishi (qobiliyat) va muloyim varianti (Could you...?); u ham modal (sof fe'l, -s yo'q).

Bog'lanish: can — birinchi modal; A2 da can't o'tmishi couldn't, should/must/have to (majburiyat), would like (xushmuomala istak) keladi; modal mantiq (sof fe'l, do'siz) butun kurs davomida.

Keyingi dars — A1 — 21-dars: Buyruq gaplar (imperatives). Endi buyruq, ko'rsatma va taklifni o'rganamiz: Open the door. Don't run. Let's go. — yo'l ko'rsatish, retsept, ogohlantirish uchun.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (can/could, Units 31–32); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "can / can't (ability, permission, requests)".