A1 — 13-dars: Sana, hafta kunlari, oylar va vaqt

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 13-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda vaqtni aytishni o'rganasiz: hafta kunlari (Monday...), oylar (January...), sana (the 5th of June) va soat (What time is it? — It's half past three).

Real hayotda nega kerak: uchrashuv belgilash ("Let's meet on Monday at 3 o'clock"), ish jadvali, uchish/poyezd vaqti, dasturchi sifatida xalqaro jamoa bilan qo'ng'iroq vaqtini kelishish ("The standup is at 9 am your time"). Vaqtni aytolmasangiz, hech qanday reja tuzolmaysiz.

O'xshatish: vaqt iboralari — gapning "manzili" kabi. 12-darsda sonlarni o'rgandik (raqamlar); endi shu raqamlarni vaqt xaritasiga joylashtirsiz: kun, oy, soat.

Bu dars so'z boyligi + predlog darsi (grammatik jihatdan yengil), keyingi darsda esa birinchi katta zamon — Present Simple keladi. Vaqt iboralari aynan o'sha zamon bilan ishlatiladi (I get up at 7 every day).

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 12-dars: sonlar (one–twenty, twenty-one...), How much?, telefon raqami.
• Tez mashq: 15, 30, 40, 100 — inglizcha ayting (fifteen, thirty, forty, one hundred).
• Eslatma: -teen (13–19) vs -ty (o'nlik) urg'usi — vaqtda ham kerak bo'ladi (soat).

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. Hafta kunlari (days of the week)

Diqqat: hafta kunlari va oylar — har doim katta harf (atoqli ot kabi): Monday, monday emas. (8-darsdagi atoqli ot qoidasini eslang.) Native siri: Wednesday da birinchi "d" jim — "wenzdey" deyiladi, "wed-nes-dey" emas.

Nega katta harf muhim? Bu A1 darajadagi eng keng tarqalgan xatolardan biri. O'zbek tilida "dushanba", "yanvar" kichik harf bilan yoziladi, shuning uchun ko'p o'quvchi inglizchada ham beixtiyor monday, june deb yozadi. Inglizchada esa kun va oy nomlari — atoqli ot, gapning o'rtasida kelsa ham katta harf saqlanadi: I have a lesson on Monday. Bu qoida gapning boshi yoki o'rtasidan qat'i nazar amal qiladi.

Qisqartma shakllarni ham bilib qo'yish foydali (kalendar, jadval, chat yozishmalarida ko'p uchraydi):

Oy nomlari ham ko'pincha uch harf bilan qisqartiriladi: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec. (Diqqat: May qisqarmaydi — u allaqachon qisqa.) Qisqartmadan keyin ko'pincha nuqta qo'yiladi (AmE): Mon., Jan.

3.2. Oylar (months)

January (yanvar)    February (fevral)   March (mart)
April (aprel)       May (may)           June (iyun)
July (iyul)         August (avgust)     September (sentabr)
October (oktabr)    November (noyabr)   December (dekabr)

Oylar ham katta harf bilan.

3.3. Sana (dates) — tartib sonlar (ordinals)

Sanada tartib son ishlatiladi (1st, 2nd, 3rd...) — "birinchi, ikkinchi":

1st  first      2nd second    3rd third     4th  fourth
5th  fifth      6th sixth     7th seventh   ...
21st twenty-first   22nd twenty-second   30th thirtieth

Sanani aytish (ikki uslub):

BrE: the 5th of June  /  June the 5th
AmE: June 5th ("June fifth")

Oltin qoida: yozishda 5 June / June 5, lekin o'qishda har doim tartib son: "the fifth of June". Raqamni "five June" deb o'qimang.

"the" so'ziga e'tibor bering. BrE uslubida sanani o'qishda tartib son oldidan doim the keladi: the fifth, the twenty-first. Yozuvda esa the ni tashlab ketish mumkin (5 June), lekin o'qiganda baribir aytiladi. Bu o'zbeklar uchun notanish nuqta — o'zbekchada "beshinchi" oldidan artikl yo'q, shuning uchun the ni tushirib qoldirish oson bo'ladi. Mashq qiling: 1-may = the first of May, 22-avgust = the twenty-second of August.

Sanani to'liq (yil bilan) o'qish:

Yozilishi (BrE):  5 May 2026      o'qilishi: the fifth of May, twenty twenty-six
Yozilishi (AmE):  May 5, 2026     o'qilishi: May fifth, twenty twenty-six

Diqqat (BrE ≠ AmE tartibi): 05/06/2026 — Britaniyada bu 5-iyun (kun/oy/yil), Amerikada esa 6-may (oy/kun/yil). Shuning uchun xalqaro yozishmada oy nomini so'z bilan yozgan ma'qul (5 June 2026) — chalkashlik bo'lmaydi.

Ba'zi tartib sonlar imlosi (yodlash kerak): first (1st), second (2nd), third (3rd), fifth (5th — "five"dan "v""f" va "e" tushadi), eighth (8th — bitta "t"), ninth (9th — "e" tushadi), twelfth (12th), twentieth (20th — "y""ie"), thirty-first (31st).

3.4. Soat (time) — What time is it?

To'liq soat va yarim:

3:00  It's three o'clock.        — Soat uch.
3:30  It's half past three.      — Uch yarim. (yarim "o'tdi")
3:15  It's (a) quarter past three. — Uchdan o'n besh o'tdi.
3:45  It's (a) quarter to four.  — To'rtga o'n besh qoldi.

Daqiqalar — past (o'tdi) / to (qoldi):

3:10  ten past three     (uchdan o'n o'tdi)
3:20  twenty past three
3:40  twenty to four     (to'rtga yigirma qoldi)
3:50  ten to four

Eng oddiy usul (raqamlab — AmE): 3:45 "three forty-five", 7:20 "seven twenty". Bu zamonaviy va oson — boshda shuni ishlating.

Digital (raqamli) usul — batafsil. Telefon, soat va poyezd jadvallarida vaqt ko'pincha aynan shunday o'qiladi: birinchi soatni, keyin daqiqani aytasiz.

7:45    seven forty-five        (soat + daqiqa)
9:05    nine oh five            (05 — "oh five", noldan boshlangan daqiqa "oh")
10:30   ten thirty
6:00    six o'clock  YOKI  six           (rosa soatda "hundred" yo'q — bu harbiy uslub)

Diqqat: daqiqa 10 dan kichik bo'lsa (01–09), noldan boshlangan raqamni "oh" (o harfi) deb o'qing: 8:07 eight oh seven. Bu og'zaki nutqda juda keng ishlatiladi.

"To" usulini chuqurroq tushuntirish. Yarim soatdan keyin (31–59 daqiqa) inglizlar ko'pincha to ("keyingi soatga qoldi") deb aytadi. Bu o'zbekcha "beshtaga o'n besh kam", "beshga chorak qoldi" tarzidagi fikrlashga o'xshaydi:

4:40    twenty to five        (beshtaga yigirma qoldi)   — soat 5 GA emas, 4 dan
4:50    ten to five           (beshtaga o'n qoldi)
4:55    five to five          (beshtaga besh qoldi)

Eng keng xato: to dan oldin keyingi soat aytiladi, hozirgisi emas. 4:50 — bu "ten to five" (5 ga), "ten to four" emas. O'zbek o'quvchi ko'pincha shu joyda adashadi.

"am / pm" (kun qismini ko'rsatish). 12 soatlik tizimda ertalab va kechqurunni ajratish uchun am (yarim tundan tushgacha) va pm (tushdan yarim tungacha) qo'shiladi:

9 am     ertalab soat 9      (nine a.m.)
9 pm     kechqurun soat 9    (nine p.m.)
12 pm    tush payti (peshin)  |  12 am    yarim tun

Xalqaro jamoada qo'ng'iroq belgilaganda am/pm juda muhim: "The standup is at 9 am your time" — bu tong soat 9 ekanini aniq bildiradi.

Yarim soatgacha  PAST (o'tdi):  3:01–3:30
Yarim soatdan keyin  TO (qoldi): 3:31–3:59 (keyingi soatga)

3.5. Predloglar: at / on / in (vaqt bilan)

Vaqt iboralarida qaysi predlog — yodlang (18-darsda chuqur):

at 7 o'clock | on Monday | in the morning | in June | on Friday morning

Diqqat: in the morning/afternoon/evening, lekin at night (istisno). at the weekend (BrE) / on the weekend (AmE).

Nega bu eng keng xato? O'zbekchada bitta qo'shimcha — "-da" — hamma vaqt iborasiga yetadi: dushanbada, iyunda, soat 7da, ertalab. Inglizchada esa bir xil "-da" o'rniga uch xil predlog bo'linadi. Shuning uchun o'zbek o'quvchi ko'pincha tavakkaliga predlog qo'yadi. Yechim — mantiqni "kattalik" bo'yicha eslab qolish:

in    ENG KATTA/kengroq vaqt:  in June, in 2026, in summer, in the morning
on    O'RTA (aniq kun/sana):    on Monday, on 5 June, on my birthday
at    ENG KICHIK/aniq nuqta:    at 7 o'clock, at midnight, at 3:30

Ya'ni vaqt qanchalik "torroq/aniqroq" bo'lsa, predlog ham shunchalik "kichik" (in on at).

Ikkisi birlashsa, aniqrog'i g'olib. Agar kun bilan kun qismi qo'shilsa, natija kun (aniqroq) bo'lgani uchun on ishlatiladi:

in the morning   +   on Monday      on Monday morning   (on, in emas!)
on Friday evening,  on Sunday afternoon

Predlog TUSHIRILADIGAN holatlar (A1 uchun muhim). this, last, next, every, tomorrow, yesterday, today so'zlari oldidan predlog qo'yilmaydi:

 See you next week.       See you on next week.
 I work every Monday.     I work on every Monday.
 Let's meet tomorrow.     Let's meet at tomorrow.

4. Misollar

What day is it today?   — It's Wednesday.    — Bugun qaysi kun? — Chorshanba.
What's the date today?  — It's the 5th of June. — Bugun nechanchi sana? — 5-iyun.
What time is it?        — It's half past eight. — Soat necha? — Sakkiz yarim.
My birthday is on the 10th of May.   — Tug'ilgan kunim 10-mayda.
I have English on Monday at 9 o'clock. — Dushanba soat 9 da inglizchim bor.
The meeting is in the morning, at 10. — Uchrashuv ertalab, soat 10 da.

Savol shakllarini alohida eslab qoling (bularni yod olsangiz, kundalik suhbatda darhol ishlatasiz):

What day is it (today)?        — Bugun qaysi kun?        (kun so'raladi)
What's the date (today)?       — Bugun nechanchi sana?   (sana so'raladi)
What time is it?  /  What's the time?  — Soat necha?     (ikkalasi ham to'g'ri)
When's your birthday?          — Tug'ilgan kuningiz qachon?
When is the lesson / meeting?  — Dars / uchrashuv qachon?

Diqqat: What's the time? va What time is it? — ikkovi bir ma'no, faqat so'z tartibi farqli. Ikkalasi ham tabiiy. "How is the time?" deb aytmang — bu xato (o'zbekcha "vaqt qanday?" ta'siri).

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• Wednesday "wenzdey" (1-d jim), Tuesday "tyu:zdey", Thursday "θə:zdey" (th!).
• months /mʌnθs/ — qiyin tovush: "manθs" (th + s birga).
• o'clock "ə-klok", half "ha:f" (l jim), quarter "kwo:tə".
• Tartib son: fifth /fɪfθ/ "fifθ", twelfth /twelfθ/ — th oxirida.

Topshiriq: hafta kunlarini ketma-ket ayting (shadowing); quarter past, half past, quarter to iboralarini mashq qiling; tug'ilgan kuningizni inglizcha ayting.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

Kollokatsiya: have breakfast/lunch (nonushta/tushlik qilmoq), next/last week, at the weekend, on time (vaqtida), in time (ulgurib).

7. Dialog

Planning a meeting:

A: What day is the English lesson?   — Inglizcha darsi qaysi kun?
B: It's on Tuesday and Friday.        — Seshanba va juma kuni.
A: And what time?                     — Soat nechada?
B: At half past six in the evening.   — Kechqurun olti yarimda.
A: Great. Is the test on Friday, too? — Zo'r. Test ham juma kunimi?
B: No, the test is on the 20th of June, in the morning. — Yo'q, test 20-iyun, ertalab.
A: OK, see you on Tuesday!            — Mayli, seshanbada ko'rishamiz!

Topshiriq: dialogdagi har vaqt iborasini (at/on/in) belgilang; o'z jadvalingiz bilan qayta yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Kichik harf: monday, june. Sabab: o'zbekchada kun/oy kichik harf. Monday, June (har doim katta harf).

• Noto'g'ri predlog: in Monday, at June, on the morning. on Monday, in June, in the morning. Sabab: o'zbekcha "-da" hammaga bitta; inglizchada at/on/in bo'linadi.

• Sanani sanoq son bilan: five June, June five. the fifth of June / June the fifth (tartib son).

• Soatda past/to ni chalkashtirish: quarter past four (3:45 uchun). 3:45 = quarter to four (keyingi soatga qoldi).

• o'clock ni daqiqa bilan: half past three o'clock. o'clock faqat rosa soatda: three o'clock; half past three (o'clocksiz).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Soatni so'z bilan yozing: 3:00, 4:30, 6:15, 9:45, 7:20

Mashq 2. at / on / in? ___ Monday, ___ June, ___ 7 o'clock, ___ the morning, ___ 2026, ___ my birthday, ___ night

Mashq 3. To'g'rilang: I have a class in Monday., My birthday is on June five., It's half past three o'clock., See you on the morning.

Mashq 4. Savolga javob bering (o'zingiz haqingizda): What day is it today? — ___ What time is it now? — ___ When is your birthday? — ___

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga: Bugun chorshanba. = ___ Soat sakkiz yarim. = ___ Dushanba kuni darsim bor. = ___ Tug'ilgan kunim 10-mayda. = ___

Mashq 6. Digital vaqtni ikki xil (soat+daqiqa VA past/to) o'qing: 7:15, 9:05, 4:40, 10:30, 6:50

Mashq 7. Sanani BrE uslubida to'liq o'qing (the + tartib son): 1 May, 3 June, 21 August, 12 December, 31 January

10. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

Maqsad: vaqt iboralari (kun, soat, sana, at/on/in) bilan o'z jadvalingizni ravon ayta olish.

Vazifa:

1. Yozish: haftalik jadvalingizni 6 ta gap bilan yozing — qaysi kun, soat nechada nima qilasiz (I have English on Monday at 6 o'clock. I work in the morning...) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. Rol o'yini: "Uchrashuv belgilaymiz" deb yozing — men siz bilan qo'ng'iroq vaqtini kelishaman (What day? What time?), siz javob berasiz va tasdiqlaysiz.

"Tayyor" mezonlari:

• Kamida 3 xil kun ishlatilgan (katta harf bilan).
• at (soat), on (kun), in (kun qismi) — uchchasi to'g'ri.
• Kamida bitta soat half past yoki quarter bilan aytilgan.
• Sana tartib son bilan (the 10th of May).

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: three o'clock / half past four / quarter past six / quarter to ten / seven twenty (yoki twenty past seven). Mashq 2: on Monday, in June, at 7 o'clock, in the morning, in 2026, on my birthday, at night. Mashq 3: I have a class on Monday. / My birthday is on the fifth of June (June the fifth). / It's half past three. / See you in the morning. Mashq 4: (namuna) It's Wednesday. / It's half past nine. / My birthday is on the 10th of May. Mashq 5: It's Wednesday today. / It's half past eight. / I have a lesson on Monday. / My birthday is on the 10th of May. Mashq 6: seven fifteen / quarter past seven · nine oh five / five past nine · four forty / twenty to five · ten thirty / half past ten · six fifty / ten to seven. Mashq 7: the first of May · the third of June · the twenty-first of August · the twelfth of December · the thirty-first of January.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Kunlar/oylar:  KATTA harf (Monday, June)
Sana:          tartib son — the 5th of June / June 5th
Soat:          o'clock (3:00) | half past (3:30) | quarter past/to (3:15 / 3:45)
               past = yarimgacha (o'tdi), to = yarimdan keyin (qoldi)
Predlog:       at SOAT | on KUN/SANA | in OY/YIL/FASL/kun qismi  (at night — istisno)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

• Hafta kunlari va oylar — har doim katta harf.
• Sana — tartib son bilan o'qiladi (the fifth, not five).
• Soat: past (o'tdi) / to (qoldi); oddiy usul — raqamlab (seven twenty).
• Vaqt predloglari: at (soat), on (kun/sana), in (oy/yil/fasl).

Bog'lanish: vaqt iboralari keyingi darslarda doim kerak — Present Simple (14-dars: I get up at 7), takror ravishlari (A2: every Monday), o'tgan zamon (A2: yesterday, last week).

Keyingi dars — A1 — 14-dars: Present Simple (kundalik ish va doimiy haqiqat). Endi birinchi katta zamon! Kundalik harakatlar (I work, he works), doimiy haqiqat (The sun rises in the east) — va o'zbeklar uchun qiyin nuqta: he/she/it ga -s qo'shish.

Manba

Cambridge Dictionary (talaffuz, sana/vaqt), Oxford Learner's Dictionaries, British Council LearnEnglish — "Telling the time", "Prepositions of time: at, on, in".