A1 — 11-dars: this / that / these / those

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 11-dars

1. Dars nomi va maqsad

Bu darsda narsalarni ko'rsatishni o'rganasiz: this (bu, yaqin), that (anavi, uzoq), va ularning ko'pligi these / those. Bular — ko'rsatish olmoshlari (demonstratives). "Bu nima?", "Anavi kim?", "Bu kitoblar meniki" kabi kundalik gaplar uchun zarur.

Bu darsdan keyin siz yaqin va uzoq narsalarni, birlik va ko'plikda to'g'ri ko'rsata olasiz.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 10-dars: egalik — my/your/his/her..., Ali's car; his (erkak) vs her (ayol); its ≠ it's.
• Tez mashq: Madina and ___ book (her), Ali and ___ car (his).

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. To'rt so'z — yaqin/uzoq + birlik/ko'plik

        YAQIN          UZOQ
Birlik:  this           that
Ko'plik: these          those

• this /ðɪs/ — bu (yonimdagi bitta narsa)
• that /ðæt/ — anavi, u (uzoqdagi bitta narsa)
• these /ðiːz/ — bular (yonimdagi ko'p narsa)
• those /ðəʊz/ — anavilar (uzoqdagi ko'p narsa)

3.2. "this is / that is" — ko'rsatish

Narsani ko'rsatib aytish (to be bilan):

This is a book.       — Bu kitob.       (yaqin, birlik)
That is a car.        — Anavi mashina.   (uzoq, birlik)
These are books.      — Bular kitoblar.  (yaqin, ko'plik)
Those are cars.       — Anavilar mashinalar. (uzoq, ko'plik)

Diqqat: this/that + is (birlik); these/those + are (ko'plik). 9-darsdagi ko'plik (books) bilan birga ishlaydi.

Bu yerda mantiq oddiy: bitta narsani ko'rsatsangiz — birlik so'z (this/that) va is; bir nechta narsani ko'rsatsangiz — ko'plik so'z (these/those) va are. O'zbek tilida biz "bu kitob" va "bular kitoblar" deymiz — ot ham, ko'rsatish so'zi ham ko'plikka o'zgaradi. Ingliz tilida ham xuddi shunday: this book these books (ikkalasi ham o'zgaradi). Shuning uchun this books deb aytish xato bo'ladi — bu holda these books to'g'ri.

Qisqartma: This is This's (yozilmaydi, lekin that's keng ishlatiladi: That's a car). Ya'ni this is qisqarmaydi, ammo that is that's qisqaradi. Ko'plikda these are / those are ham qisqarmaydi (odatda to'liq aytiladi).

3.3. Sifat sifatida — otdan oldin

Bu so'zlar ot bilan ham keladi (otni aniqlaydi):

this book (bu kitob)      that car (anavi mashina)
these books (bu kitoblar)  those cars (anavi mashinalar)

I like this book.         — Men bu kitobni yoqtiraman.
Look at those birds!      — Anavi qushlarga qara!
This phone is mine.       — Bu telefon meniki.

Bu yerda muhim farqni tushunib oling. Bu to'rt so'z ikki xil vazifada keladi:

• Otdan oldin (sifat vazifasida): so'z otni aniqlaydi, otga "yopishadi". this book (bu kitob), those cars (anavi mashinalar). Bunda ot albatta bor.
• Yolg'iz o'zi (olmosh vazifasida): so'z otning o'rniga turadi, otni takrorlamaydi. I like this. (Men buni yoqtiraman) — bu yerda kitob deyilmagan, faqat "bu" deyilgan.

Solishtiring:

This book is new.    — Bu kitob yangi.        (this + ot = sifat)
This is new.         — Bu yangi.              (this yolg'iz = olmosh)
I want these shoes.  — Men bu tuflilarni xohlayman.  (these + ot)
I want these.        — Men bularni xohlayman.        (these yolg'iz)

O'zbek tilida ham xuddi shu farq bor: "bu kitob" (ot bilan) va "bu" (yolg'iz). Shuning uchun bu tushuncha siz uchun tanish. Ingliz tilida so'zning shakli o'zgarmaydi — this har ikki holatda ham this bo'lib qoladi, faqat vazifasi boshqacha.

3.4. Savol va javob

What's this?   — Bu nima?       It's a pen.    — Bu ruchka.
What's that?   — Anavi nima?    It's a tree.   — Bu daraxt.
Who's that?    — Anavi kim?     That's Ali.    — Bu Ali.
What are these? — Bular nima?   They're keys.  — Bular kalitlar.

Diqqat: javobda odatda it/they ishlatiladi: What's this? It's a pen. (this it).

3.5. Telefonda: This is... / Who's that?

Ingliz tilida telefonda gaplashganda ham this va that ishlatiladi, lekin bu yerda ular narsani emas, odamni ko'rsatadi:

Hello, this is Ali.   — Salom, bu Ali. (o'zingizni tanishtirasiz)
Who's that?           — Bu kim? (narigi tomondagi odam haqida so'raysiz)
Is that Madina?       — Bu Madinami?

O'zbeklar ko'pincha telefonda "Men Aliman" deb tarjima qilib, I am Ali deyishga moyil bo'ladi. Ingliz tilida esa telefonda o'zini tanishtirganda This is Ali deyiladi (nutqda "bu men, Ali" degan ma'noda). Narigi tomondagi kishini so'rasangiz — Who's that? (bu kim?), I am emas, chunki o'zingizga yaqin — this, narigi tomon — that mantiqiga mos keladi.

4. Misollar

This is my pen, and that is your pen.  — Bu mening ruchkam, anavi seniki.
These are my books. Those are her books. — Bular mening kitoblarim. Anavilar uniki.
Is this your bag?  — Yes, it is.        — Bu sening sumkangmi? — Ha.
Are those students?  — Yes, they are.   — Anavilar talabami? — Ha.
I want this, not that.                  — Men buni xohlayman, anavini emas.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• Hammasi /ð/ (tovushli th) bilan boshlanadi: this "ðis", that "ðet", these "ði:z", those "ðouz".
• this /ðɪs/ (qisqa i) vs these /ðiːz/ (cho'ziq i:) — farqi muhim! (birlik/ko'plik).
• that's /ðæts/ "ðets", those /ðəʊz/ "ðouz".

Ikkita nozik joyni alohida yodda tuting.

1. /ð/ tovushi (tovushli "th"). Bu tovush o'zbek tilida yo'q. Uni chiqarish uchun til uchini yuqori va pastki tishlar orasiga engil qo'yib, ovoz bilan "z"ga o'xshash tovush chiqaring — lekin "z" emas. Ko'p o'zbek o'quvchilari this ni "zis" yoki "dis" deb aytadi — ikkalasi ham noto'g'ri. Til tishlar orasida bo'lishi shart. Ingliz tilida ikki xil "th" bor: tovushli /ð/ (this, that, these, those, the) va tovushsiz /θ/ (think, three, thank). Bizning to'rt so'zimizning hammasi tovushli /ð/ bilan — ovoz bilan aytiladi, "s" yoki "f" kabi shivirlanmaydi.

2. Qisqa /ɪ/ va cho'ziq /iː/ — birlik/ko'plikni ajratadi. this /ðɪs/ da unli qisqa ("i" tez, o'zbekcha "ish" so'zidagi "i" kabi). these /ðiːz/ da unli cho'ziq ("i:" uzoq, "iy" ga yaqin). Bu farq juda muhim, chunki u birlik va ko'plikni farqlaydi: agar these ni qisqa aytsangiz, tinglovchi this deb tushunadi va "bitta" deb o'ylaydi. Shuning uchun ko'plikni aytayotganda unlini ataylab cho'zing.

Topshiriq: this–these (ðis–ði:z) va that–those (ðet–ðouz) juftlarini ayting; qisqa/cho'ziq farqni his qiling. Keyin this /θ yo'q, /ð bor/ — til tishlar orasida ekaniga e'tibor bering.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

7. Dialog

In a shop:

A: Excuse me, what's this?          — Kechirasiz, bu nima?
B: It's a watch.                    — Bu soat.
A: And what are those?              — Anavilar nima?
B: Those are phones.                — Anavilar telefonlar.
A: I like this watch. How much is it? — Bu soat menga yoqdi. Qancha turadi?
B: It's twenty dollars.             — Yigirma dollar. (sonlar — keyingi dars)
A: OK, I want this one, please.     — Mayli, men shuni xohlayman.

Topshiriq: atrofingizdagi narsalarni ko'rsatib ayting: This is a..., That is a..., These are...

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Birlik/ko'plikni aralashtirish: this books, these is. this book / these books; this is / these are.

• this is bilan ko'plik ot: This is books. These are books. (ko'plik these are).

• Yaqin/uzoqni almashtirish (kontekst). this (yonimda), that (narida).

• Javobda this ni qaytarish: What's this? — This is a pen. What's this? — It's a pen. (this it).

• these / this talaffuzini bir xil (qisqa) qilish. this /ɪ/ (qisqa), these /iː/ (cho'ziq).

• th ni "z" yoki "d" bilan almashtirish: zis, dis. this — til tishlar orasida, tovushli /ð/.

• Telefonda I am Ali deb tanishtirish. This is Ali. (telefonda o'zini tanishtirish).

Mini-mashq (tezkor). Quyidagilar to'g'rimi () yoki xato ()? Aqlan javob bering, keyin tekshiring: this books · these are pens · that car · those is old · this is my keys

Javob: this books ( these books) · these are pens · that car · those is old ( those are old) · this is my keys ( these are my keys).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. this/that/these/those — to'ldiring (ko'rsatma berilgan): ___ book (yaqin, birlik), ___ cars (uzoq, ko'plik), ___ pen (uzoq, birlik), ___ keys (yaqin, ko'plik)

Mashq 2. is yoki are? This ___ a pen. These ___ books. That ___ a car. Those ___ phones.

Mashq 3. Birlikni ko'plikka o'zgartiring: This is a book. ___ That is a car. ___ Is this a key? ___

Mashq 4. Savolga javob bering (it/they): What's this? (pen) ___ What are those? (birds) ___ Who's that? (Ali) ___

Mashq 5. To'g'rilang: This is books., these is my pen., What's this? This is a pen., those car

10. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

1. Yozish: atrofingizdagi 6 ta narsani ko'rsatib gap yozing (This is my phone. Those are books...) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. O'yin: men narsa va joyni aytaman (pen / near, cars / far, books / near), siz to'g'ri ko'rsatish bilan ayting (This is a pen, Those are cars...).

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: this book, those cars, that pen, these keys. Mashq 2: is / are / is / are. Mashq 3: These are books. / Those are cars. / Are these keys? Mashq 4: It's a pen. / They're birds. / That's Ali. Mashq 5: These are books. / This is my pen. / What's this? — It's a pen. / those cars.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

• this (bu, yaqin, birlik), that (anavi, uzoq, birlik), these (bular, yaqin, ko'plik), those (anavilar, uzoq, ko'plik).
• this/that + is; these/those + are.
• Sifat sifatida: this book, those cars.
• Javobda it/they: What's this? — It's a pen.

Keyingi dars — A1 — 12-dars: Sonlar, narx va telefon raqami. Endi sonlarni to'liq (0–100 va undan katta), narxni (How much? — twenty dollars) va telefon raqamini aytishni o'rganamiz — xarid, vaqt va kundalik hayot uchun zarur.