A2 — 3-dars: Past Simple — to'g'ri fe'llar (-ed) va talaffuzi

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 3-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

O'tgan darsda to be ning o'tgan shaklini (was/were — "edi") o'rgandingiz. Bu — o'tmishdagi holat edi. Endi o'tmishdagi harakat ni aytishni o'rganasiz: I worked, she played, we watched ("ishladim, o'ynadi, ko'rdik").

Bu — Past Simple (o'tgan oddiy zamon) — har qanday o'tmish hikoyasining, har qanday "kecha nima qildim" javobining asosi. Bu darsda to'g'ri (regular) fe'llarni — ya'ni oxiriga oddiygina -ed qo'shiladigan fe'llarni o'rganamiz. Keyingi darsda noto'g'ri (irregular) fe'llar (gowent) keladi.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Kecha/o'tmish nima qilganingizni aytish: "I worked late yesterday." "We watched a film."
• Tajriba/CV (intervyu!): "I worked at a startup. I developed three apps. We launched the product in 2023."
• Hikoya qilish — har qanday voqeani aytish o'tgan zamonsiz mumkin emas.

Asosiy soddalik (xushxabar!): ingliz tilining o'tgan zamonida eng yoqimli narsa — fe'l shaxsga qarab O'ZGARMAYDI. Present Simple da he works (-s qo'shilardi, 14-dars), lekin Past Simple da hamma shaxs uchun bir xil: I worked, you worked, he worked, they worked. Bitta shakl — hammasiga! O'zbekchada esa shaxs qo'shimchasi o'zgaradi (ishla-dim, ishla-ding, ishla-di) — inglizcha bu yerda osonroq.

O'xshatish: -ed — bu fe'lning "vaqt mashinasi tugmasi". work (hozir) tugmani bos worked (o'tmish). Bitta qo'shimcha butun harakatni o'tmishga olib o'tadi.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• A2 2-dars (was/were): o'tmishdagi holat — I was tired, they were late. Bugun o'tmishdagi harakat (worked, played).
• A1 9-dars (-s/-es/-ies imlo): bugungi -ed imlosi shunga o'xshash mantiqqa ega (oxirgi harfga qarab).
• A1 14-dars: Present Simple work works. Solishtiring: Past Simple work worked (hamma shaxsga bir xil).
• Tez mashq: was yoki were? — I ___ at home, they ___ happy. (was/were).

3. Grammatika — chuqur tushuntirish

3.1. Asosiy qoida — fe'l + ed

To'g'ri fe'lni o'tgan zamonga qo'yish uchun oxiriga -ed qo'shasiz. Barcha shaxs uchun bir xil:

work  worked      play  played      watch  watched
start  started    open  opened      call  called
help  helped      finish  finished  want  wanted

Oltin qoida: ijobiy gapda -ed (yoki keyingi darsda irregular shakl). Fe'l hech qachon shaxsga qarab o'zgarmaydi: He worked (he workeds ).

3.2. -ED qo'shishning to'liq imlo qoidalari

(a) Oddiy holat — +ed:

work  worked    play  played    open  opened    rain  rained

(b) Oxiri "-e" bo'lsa — faqat +d:

like  liked     live  lived     use  used
dance  danced   close  closed   arrive  arrived

(c) Undosh + "-y" bo'lsa — y ied:

study  studied  try  tried      cry  cried
carry  carried  marry  married  copy  copied

Lekin unli + y bo'lsa — oddiy +ed (y saqlanadi):

play  played    enjoy  enjoyed   stay  stayed

(A1 9-darsdagi ko'plik qoidasiga o'xshaydi: citycities, lekin boyboys.)

(d) Bir bo'g'inli "undosh+unli+undosh" (CVC) — oxirgi undosh IKKILANADI, +ed:

stop  stopped   plan  planned   drop  dropped
beg  begged     rob  robbed     fit  fitted

Lekin w, x, y bilan tugasa — ikkilanmaydi:

fix  fixed      play  played    snow  snowed

(e) Ko'p bo'g'inli — urg'u OXIRGI bo'g'inda bo'lsa ikkilanadi:

preFER  preferred   perMIT  permitted   reGRET  regretted

Urg'u birinchi bo'g'inda bo'lsa — ikkilanmaydi:

OPen  opened    VISit  visited    LISten  listened    HAPpen  happened

AmE/BrE (-l): travel BrE travelled / AmE traveled; cancel BrE cancelled / AmE canceled. (1-darsdagi -ing qoidasi bilan bir xil mantiq.)

Qaror daraxti (imloni tez tanlash): fe'lni ko'rganingizda ketma-ket so'rang:

1. Oxiri -e mi? faqat +d (like liked).
2. Oxiri undosh + y mi? y i + ed (study studied). Unli + y bo'lsa oddiy +ed (play played).
3. Bir bo'g'inli CVC (undosh-unli-undosh) mi va oxiri w/x/y emasmi? oxirgi undosh ikkilanadi (stop stopped).
4. Yuqoridagilarning hech biri emasmi? oddiygina +ed (work worked).

Mini-mashq (imlo): to'g'ri -ed shaklini yozing:

text

carry  ___    plan  ___    close  ___    stay  ___
visit  ___    hurry  ___   rub  ___      cook  ___

Javob: carried (undosh+yied) · planned (CVC ikkilanadi) · closed (oxiri e+d) · stayed (unli+y+ed) · visited (urg'u 1-bo'g'inda, ikkilanmaydi) · hurried (undosh+yied) · rubbed (CVC ikkilanadi) · cooked (oddiy +ed).

3.3. -ED ning UCH XIL talaffuzi (eng muhim talaffuz qoidasi!)

Bu — o'zbeklar deyarli hech qachon bilmaydigan, lekin native bo'lish uchun hal qiluvchi qoida. Yozuvda har doim "-ed", lekin o'qilishi UCH xil — fe'lning oxirgi tovushiga qarab:

/t/  : worked "wə:kt", stopped "stopt", watched "wocht", helped "helpt"
/d/  : played "pleyd", lived "livd", opened "oupənd", loved "lavd"
/ɪd/ : wanted "wontid", started "sta:tid", needed "ni:did", visited "vizitid"

Oltin qoida — eng oson yo'l: faqat /ɪd/ holatni yodlang — fe'l "t" yoki "d" tovushi bilan tugasa, -ed alohida bo'g'in "id" bo'lib qo'shiladi (wanted = "won-tid", 2 bo'g'in). Qolgan barcha holatda -ed alohida bo'g'in EMAS — shunchaki /t/ yoki /d/ tovushi qo'shiladi: worked = "wə:kt" (1 bo'g'in, "wor-ked" emas!).

Eng katta talaffuz xatosi: o'zbeklar -ed ni har doim "-ed/-id" deb alohida bo'g'in qilib o'qiydi: worked "vor-ked" (). Aslida bu "wə:kt" (bir bo'g'in!). Liked "laykt" ( "lay-ked"), played "pleyd" ( "pley-ed"). Faqat wanted/needed/started kabilarda "id" bo'g'ini bor.

Nima uchun aynan shunday? (jarangli/jarangsiz mantiq): bu tasodifiy emas — og'iz shunga majbur. Jarangsiz tovushdan (p, k, f, s...) keyin jarangsiz /t/ kelishi qulay (stopped = "stopt"). Jarangli tovush yoki unlidan keyin jarangli /d/ kelishi tabiiy (played = "pleyd"). t/d dan keyin esa yana bir t/d qo'shib bo'lmaydi — quloq eshitmaydi — shuning uchun oraga qisqa "i" unlisi kiradi va /ɪd/ alohida bo'g'in bo'ladi (wanted = "won-tid"). Barmog'ingizni bo'g'zingizga qo'yib ayting: played da bo'g'iz titraydi (/d/ jarangli), worked da titramaydi (/t/ jarangsiz).

Amaliy tekshiruv (o'zingiz sinang): fe'lning oxirgi tovushini ovoz chiqarib cho'zing. Agar u jarangsiz (havo — s, f, p...) bo'lsa /t/. Agar jarangli (ovoz — z, v, b, unli...) bo'lsa /d/. Agar "t" yoki "d" ning o'zi bo'lsa /ɪd/.

Mini-mashq (talaffuz): quyidagi fe'llarni /t/, /d/ yoki /ɪd/ guruhiga ajrating (fe'lning oxirgi tovushiga qarang, harfiga emas):

text

asked, cleaned, painted, walked, moved, hated, cooked, phoned, waited, danced

Javob: /t/ asked, walked, cooked, danced · /d/ cleaned, moved, phoned · /ɪd/ painted, hated, waited. Diqqat: danced "da:nst" — oxiri "s" tovushi (jarangsiz), shuning uchun /t/, garchi yozuvda "ce" bo'lsa ham. Harfga emas, tovushga qarang.

3.4. Inkor — didn't + fe'lning ASOSIY shakli (eng muhim qoida!)

Bu — A2 ning eng ko'p xato qilinadigan grammatikasi. Inkor uchun did not (didn't) + fe'lning SOF shakli ishlatiladi. -ed YO'QOLADI!

did + not  didn't + fe'l (sof, infinitive)

I didn't work yesterday.        — Kecha ishlamadim.   (worked emas — work!)
She didn't play.                — U o'ynamadi.
We didn't watch the film.       — Filmni ko'rmadik.
They didn't like it.            — Ularga yoqmadi.

DIQQAT — qo'sh o'tmish YO'Q: I didn't worked () I didn't work (). O'tmish belgisi (did) allaqachon didn't da bor; asosiy fe'l sof qoladi. Bu xuddi 15-darsdagi doesn't work (works emas) mantig'i — faqat o'tgan zamonda.

3.5. Savol — Did + ega + fe'lning SOF shakli

Savolda ham did + ega + sof fe'l (-ed yo'qoladi):

Did + ega + fe'l (sof) ... ?

Did you work yesterday?       Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.   — Kecha ishladingizmi?
Did she call you?             Yes, she did. / No, she didn't. — U qo'ng'iroq qildimi?
Did they enjoy the party?     Yes, they did.                 — Bazm yoqdimi?

DIQQAT: Did you worked? () Did you work? (). Yana — did da o'tmish bor, fe'l sof.

3.6. Wh- savollar

So'roq so'z + did + ega + sof fe'l:

What did you do yesterday?    — Kecha nima qildingiz?
Where did she go?             — U qayoqqa bordi? (go — irregular, keyingi dars)
Why did they leave?           — Nega ketishdi?
When did you start?           — Qachon boshladingiz?
How did it happen?            — Bu qanday sodir bo'ldi?

Istisno — ega haqida savol (do/did yo'q): agar so'roq so'z (who/what) ega bo'lsa, did ishlatilmaydi, fe'l o'tgan shaklda qoladi (16-dars mantig'i):

text

Who called you?      — Kim qo'ng'iroq qildi? (Who did call )
What happened?       — Nima sodir bo'ldi?

3.7. Umumiy sxema (ijobiy / inkor / savol)

IJOBIY:  I worked.            (fe'l + ed)
INKOR:   I didn't work.       (didn't + SOF fe'l)
SAVOL:   Did you work?        (Did + ega + SOF fe'l)
JAVOB:   Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.

          -ed faqat IJOBIYda; inkor/savolda did(n't), fe'l sof 

3.8. O'tgan zamon vaqt so'zlari (2-darsdan + ko'proq)

yesterday, last night/week/month/year, ... ago (two days ago)
in 2020, this morning (o'tgan bo'lsa), the other day (yaqinda),
when I was young, at that time, then, earlier today

I finished the project last week.   — Loyihani o'tgan hafta tugatdim.
She called me an hour ago.          — U bir soat oldin qo'ng'iroq qildi.
We moved to Tashkent in 2019.       — 2019 da Toshkentga ko'chdik.

Vaqt so'zlarining nozikliklari (chuqurroq):

• ago — o'lchov so'zidan keyin keladi: two days ago, a week ago, ten years ago ("...oldin"). Ago two days (). O'zbekcha bilan tartib teskari: o'zbekchada "ikki kun oldin" (oldin oxirida), inglizchada ham two days ago (ago oxirida) — mos keladi, yodda tuting.
• in + yil / oy / mavsum: in 2019, in March, in summer ("...da"). Yilning oldida in, sanadan oldin on (on Monday), soatdan oldin at (at six) — bu A1 predloglar mantig'i.
• last ("o'tgan") — the siz: last week, last night, last year (the last week bu boshqa ma'no). this morning kun davomida hali o'tmasa hozirgi, o'tsa o'tgan zamon.
• Vaqt so'zi gap boshida ham, oxirida ham kelishi mumkin: Yesterday I worked late. = I worked late yesterday. Boshida kelsa, ko'pincha undan keyin vergul qo'yiladi.

Muhim (o'zbek xatosi — barcha shaxsda bir xil): o'zbekchada fe'l shaxsga qarab o'zgargani uchun (ishla-dim, ishla-ding, ishla-di, ishla-dik), o'zbeklar inglizchada ham fe'lni o'zgartirishga urinadi: I workeddim, he workeds (). Yodda tuting — -ed hamma shaxsda o'zgarmaydi: I/you/he/she/we/they worked — bitta shakl. Shaxsni faqat ega (I, he, they) ko'rsatadi, fe'l emas.

4. Misollar (shakllar bo'yicha)

IJOBIY:

I watched a film last night.        — Kecha film ko'rdim.
She studied all weekend.            — U butun dam olish kuni o'qidi.
We arrived late.                    — Kech keldik.
They enjoyed the trip.              — Sayohat ularga yoqdi.
He worked from home yesterday.      — U kecha uydan ishladi.

INKOR:

I didn't watch TV yesterday.        — Kecha televizor ko'rmadim.
She didn't study for the test.      — U testga tayyorlanmadi.
We didn't stay long.                — Uzoq qolmadik.
It didn't rain.                     — Yomg'ir yog'madi.

SAVOL + javob:

Did you finish the work? — Yes, I did.        — Ishni tugatdingizmi? — Ha.
Did she like the gift? — No, she didn't.      — Sovg'a yoqdimi? — Yo'q.
What did you do at the weekend? — I relaxed.  — Dam olishda nima qildingiz? — Dam oldim.
When did they arrive? — They arrived at six.  — Qachon kelishdi? — Soat 6 da.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) -ed ning uch tovushi (3.3 — eng muhim):

/t/  : worked, stopped, watched, helped, finished, laughed, asked, looked
/d/  : played, lived, opened, called, loved, used, arrived, enjoyed
/ɪd/ : wanted, needed, started, decided, visited, waited, ended

Mashq: har guruhdan 3 ta so'zni ayting; /ɪd/ da qo'shimcha bo'g'in borligini, qolganida yo'qligini his qiling.

(b) didn't: /ˈdɪdnt/ "didnt" — t yutilishi mumkin: "didn" (tez nutqda).

(c) Eng ko'p xato — bo'g'in qo'shib yuborish:

 "lay-ked"   "laykt" (liked — 1 bo'g'in)
 "vor-ked"   "wə:kt" (worked — 1 bo'g'in)
 "pley-ed"   "pleyd" (played — 1 bo'g'in)
 "won-tid"  (wanted — 2 bo'g'in, chunki t bilan tugaydi)

Native siri: native nutqda -ed deyarli sezilmaydi — u shunchaki oxirgi tovushga "yopishadi". "I worked late" "ay wə:kt leyt" (tez, /t/ yutiladi). Buni ortiqcha ta'kidlamang. Faqat wanted/needed kabilarda aniq "id" bor.

Topshiriq (shadowing): worked, played, wanted — uch xil tovushni ayting. So'ng "What did you do yesterday? — I watched a film and studied English." ni native ohangda mashq qiling (Youglish: "what did you do yesterday").

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali) — keng ishlatiladigan to'g'ri fe'llar

Kollokatsiya/iboralar: decide to do (qilishni qaror qilmoq), try to do (urinmoq), want to do (xohlamoq), start doing/to do (boshlamoq), enjoy doing (zavqlanmoq). Bu "fe'l + to/-ing" tuzilmasi B1 da chuqur (gerund/infinitive).

7. Dialog va o'qish matni

Dialog — "How was your weekend?" (dushanba ertalab):

A: Hi! Did you have a good weekend?       — Salom! Dam olish yaxshi o'tdimi?
B: Yes! On Saturday I stayed home and studied English. — Ha! Shanba uyda qolib, inglizcha o'qidim.
A: Nice. And on Sunday?                    — Yaxshi. Yakshanba-chi?
B: I visited my grandparents. We talked a lot and watched an old film. — Bobomnikiga bordim. Ko'p gaplashdik, eski film ko'rdik.
A: Did you enjoy it?                       — Yoqdimi?
B: Yes, I really enjoyed it. But I didn't relax much — I worked on my project too. — Ha, juda yoqdi. Lekin uncha dam olmadim — loyiham ustida ham ishladim.
A: You work too much! Did you finish it?   — Juda ko'p ishlaysan! Tugatdingmi?
B: Almost. I finished the design but I didn't start the code yet. — Deyarli. Dizaynni tugatdim, lekin kodni hali boshlamadim.

O'qish matni — "How I learned to code" (intervyu hikoyasi):

I started learning to code three years ago.   — Uch yil oldin kod yozishni o'rgana boshladim.
At first, it wasn't easy. I studied every evening after work. — Avval oson emas edi. Ishdan keyin har kechqurun o'qidim.
I watched tutorials, practised a lot, and asked many questions online. — Darslik ko'rdim, ko'p mashq qildim, onlayn ko'p savol berdim.
I failed many times, but I never stopped.     — Ko'p marta muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradim, lekin hech to'xtamadim.
After a year, I created my first real project. — Bir yildan keyin birinchi haqiqiy loyihamni yaratdim.
It changed my life — I finally landed a remote job. — Bu hayotimni o'zgartdi — nihoyat masofaviy ish topdim.

Topshiriq: matnda har -ed fe'lni toping va uning tovushini (/t/, /d/, /ɪd/) ayting. So'ng o'zingiz biror narsani qanday o'rganganingiz haqida shu uslubda 6 gap yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Inkor/savolda -ed saqlash: I didn't worked. Did you played? Sabab: o'tmish ikki marta belgilanyapti. I didn't work. Did you play? (did(n't) da o'tmish bor, fe'l sof). Eng ko'p xato!

• -ed ni alohida bo'g'in qilib o'qish: worked "vor-ked", liked "lay-ked". Sabab: yozuvga qarab o'qish (har "ed" ni bo'g'in deb o'ylash). worked "wə:kt", liked "laykt" (1 bo'g'in). Faqat wanted/needed da "id".

• -ed imlosi: studyed, stoped, likedlikeed. studied (yied), stopped (p ikkilanadi), liked (e bor faqat +d).

• was/were + harakat fe'li: I was worked. She was went. Sabab: 2-darsdagi was/were ni harakat bilan aralashtirish. I worked. She went. (was/were faqat holat uchun; harakat -ed/irregular).

• O'tgan vaqt so'zi bilan hozirgi zamon: Yesterday I work late. Yesterday I worked late. (yesterday o'tgan zamon).

• didn't dan keyin to be: I didn't was there. I wasn't there. (was/were o'z inkoriga ega — wasn't; didn't faqat oddiy fe'l bilan).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Fe'lni Past Simple (-ed) ga qo'ying (imloga e'tibor):

I ___ (work) hard.        She ___ (study) all night.
They ___ (play) chess.    He ___ (stop) the car.
We ___ (watch) a film.    It ___ (rain) yesterday.
I ___ (try) my best.      She ___ (live) in London.

Mashq 2. -ed tovushi (/t/, /d/ yoki /ɪd/)?

worked = ___   played = ___   wanted = ___
liked = ___    opened = ___   started = ___
watched = ___  lived = ___    needed = ___

Mashq 3. Inkorga aylantiring (didn't + sof fe'l):

I worked yesterday.  ___
She watched the film.  ___
They enjoyed it.  ___

Mashq 4. Savol tuzing + qisqa javob:

(you / finish / the work)  ___ ? — Yes, ___.
(she / call / you)  ___ ? — No, ___.
(what / you / do / yesterday)  ___ ?

Mashq 5. To'g'rilang: I didn't worked., Did you played?, She studyed hard., Yesterday I work late., I was watched TV.

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Kecha kech ishladim. = ___
2. U testga tayyorlanmadi. = ___
3. Filmni ko'rdingizmi? = ___
4. Kecha nima qildingiz? = ___
5. Yomg'ir yog'madi. = ___
6. Uch yil oldin o'rgana boshladim. = ___

Mashq 7. Kecha kuningiz haqida 6 gap yozing (faqat to'g'ri fe'llar bilan: worked, watched, studied, played, cooked, talked, walked, relaxed...).

10. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

Maqsad: Past Simple (-ed) ni ijobiy, inkor va savol shakllarida, to'g'ri talaffuz bilan ishlata olish.

Vazifa:

1. Kechagi kun: kecha nima qilganingizni 8 gapda yozing (faqat to'g'ri fe'llar) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. Inkor: kecha qilmagan 4 ta ishingizni yozing (I didn't..., We didn't...).
3. Talaffuz: 6 ta -ed fe'l tanlang, har birini tovushi (/t//d//ɪd/) bilan belgilab yozing.
4. Rol o'yini: "Dam olishim haqida so'ra" deb yozing — men Did you...? What did you do? deb so'rayman, siz javob berasiz.

"Tayyor" mezonlari:

• Ijobiyda -ed (yoki to'g'ri imlo: studied, stopped).
• Inkor/savolda didn't/Did + sof fe'l (-ed yo'q).
• -ed tovushi to'g'ri belgilangan (/t//d//ɪd/).
• O'tgan vaqt so'zi (yesterday, ago, last...) ishlatilgan.
• was/were (holat) va -ed (harakat) aralashmagan.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: worked / studied / played / stopped / watched / rained / tried / lived. Mashq 2: worked /t/, played /d/, wanted /ɪd/, liked /t/, opened /d/, started /ɪd/, watched /t/, lived /d/, needed /ɪd/. Mashq 3: I didn't work yesterday. / She didn't watch the film. / They didn't enjoy it. Mashq 4: Did you finish the work? — Yes, I did. / Did she call you? — No, she didn't. / What did you do yesterday? Mashq 5: I didn't work. / Did you play? / She studied hard. / Yesterday I worked late. / I watched TV. Mashq 6: 1. I worked late yesterday. · 2. She didn't study for the test. · 3. Did you watch the film? · 4. What did you do yesterday? · 5. It didn't rain. · 6. I started learning three years ago.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Past Simple — to'g'ri fe'llar (-ed) — barcha shaxsga bir xil
  IJOBIY:  I worked / she played      (fe'l + ed)
  INKOR:   I didn't work              (didn't + SOF fe'l — -ed YO'Q)
  SAVOL:   Did you work?              (Did + ega + SOF fe'l)
  JAVOB:   Yes, I did / No, I didn't
  Imlo: +ed | -e+d (liked) | undosh+yied (studied) | CVC ikkilanadi (stopped)
  -ed TOVUSHI (3 xil):
    /t/  tovushsiz undoshdan keyin (worked, stopped, watched)
    /d/  tovushli/unlidan keyin (played, lived, opened)
    /ɪd/ t/d dan keyin — qo'shimcha bo'g'in (wanted, needed, started)
  Vaqt so'zlari: yesterday, last week, ... ago, in 2020

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. To'g'ri fe'l o'tganda +ed (hamma shaxsga bir xil).
2. Inkor/savol: didn't / Did + SOF fe'l (-ed yo'qoladi — eng muhim!).
3. -ed uch xil o'qiladi: /t/, /d/, /ɪd/ (faqat t/d dan keyin alohida bo'g'in).
4. Imlo: e+d, undosh+yied, CVC ikkilanadi.
5. was/were (holat) ≠ -ed (harakat).

Bog'lanish: Past Simple — butun o'tgan zamon hikoyasining yuragi. Keyingi dars noto'g'ri (irregular) fe'llar (gowent, seesaw) ni beradi — ular -ed olmaydi, yodlash kerak. A2-6 da was/were + V-ing (Past Continuous) bilan birlashib, to'liq o'tgan hikoya qurasiz. -ed shakli B1 da Present Perfect (have worked) va passiv (was made) uchun ham ishlatiladi.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 4-dars: Past Simple — noto'g'ri (irregular) fe'llar. go went, see saw, have had, make made — ingliz tilidagi eng ko'p ishlatiladigan fe'llar aynan noto'g'ri! Birinchi muhim to'plamni yodlaymiz.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (Past simple, Units 11–13); Cambridge Dictionary (past simple, -ed pronunciation); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (past tense, -ed spelling/pronunciation); British Council LearnEnglish — "Past simple".