A2 — 16-dars: Object pronouns (me, you, him, her, it, us, them)

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 16-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

A1-4 da ega olmoshlari (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) ni o'rgandingiz — ular harakatni bajaradi. Bu darsda ularning juftligi — to'ldiruvchi olmoshlari (object pronouns): me, you, him, her, it, us, them — ularni o'rganasiz. Bular harakatni qabul qiladi (harakat ularga qaratilgan).

I love her. (Men uni sevaman.) She called me. (U menga qo'ng'iroq qildi.) Give it to them. (Ularga bering.) Come with us. (Biz bilan keling.)

Bu darsning yuragi shu: bir gapda ikkita olmosh bo'lishi mumkin — biri harakat qiluvchi (ega), ikkinchisi harakatni yeguvchi (to'ldiruvchi). Masalan "He sees me" — he qaraydigan, me qaralayotgan. Rollarni almashtirsak, shakl ham almashadi: "I see him". O'zbek tilida bu farq so'z oxiridagi qo'shimcha bilan beriladi (u uni), inglizchada esa butunlay boshqa so'z bilan (he him). Shuning uchun uni yod olib emas, tushunib o'zlashtirish kerak.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Deyarli har gapda kerak: kim kimga nima qildi — He told me. I'll help you. Call us.
• Predloglardan keyin: for him, with me, to them — doimiy.
• Tabiiy nutq: "Tell me about it." "It's up to you." "Leave me alone."

Asosiy tushuncha — kim qiladi / kimga qilinadi: ingliz tilidagi olmoshning shakli uning gapdagi roliga bog'liq. Ega (harakatni qiluvchi) I, he, she.... To'ldiruvchi (harakatni qabul qiluvchi, fe'l yoki predlogdan keyin) me, him, her.... Bir xil odam, lekin ikki shakl: I see him (men — ega, u — to'ldiruvchi) va He sees me (rollar almashdi). O'zbekcha buni qo'shimcha bilan beradi (men — meni, u — uni), inglizcha boshqa so'z bilan.

O'xshatish: olmoshlar — bir tanganing ikki tomoni. I/me — bitta odam, lekin: I — "tashlovchi" (harakat mendan chiqadi), me — "qabul qiluvchi" (harakat menga tegadi). I throw him catches; he throws me catch (men ushlayman). Rol o'zgarsa, shakl o'zgaradi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-4 (ega olmoshlari): I, you, he, she, it, we, they — bugun ularning to'ldiruvchi juftini qo'shamiz.
• A1-10 (egalik): my, your, his... — uchinchi ustun (quyida jadval).
• A1-18 (predloglar): with, for, to, at — bulardan keyin doim object pronoun 3.3-bob.
• Tez mashq: ega olmoshlarini ayting: ___ am, ___ is, ___ are (I, he/she/it, you/we/they).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. To'liq olmosh jadvali (uch ustun)

Diqqat: you va it — ega va to'ldiruvchida bir xil (o'zgarmaydi). Qolganlari o'zgaradi: Ime, hehim, sheher, weus, theythem.

3.2. 1-HOLAT: fe'ldan keyin (to'g'ri to'ldiruvchi — direct object)

Harakat kimga/nimaga qaratilgan bo'lsa — fe'ldan keyin object pronoun:

ega + fe'l + OBJECT pronoun
  I    love  her.        — Men uni sevaman.
  She  called me.         — U menga qo'ng'iroq qildi.
  We   helped them.       — Biz ularga yordam berdik.
  Do you know him?        — Uni tanaysizmi?

Eng ko'p xato: She called I () She called me (). Fe'ldan keyin doim object (me, him...), ega (I, he...) emas.

Bir odam — ikki rol (subject object): e'tibor bering, bitta gapda bir odam ega ham, to'ldiruvchi ham bo'lolmaydi — roli o'rniga qarab shakli o'zgaradi:

text

He sees me.   — U meni ko'radi.   (he = ega, me = to'ldiruvchi)
I see him.    — Men uni ko'raman.  (I = ega, him = to'ldiruvchi)

Xuddi shu ikki odam, lekin rollar almashdi — shakl ham almashdi. Hehim, Ime juftlarini yonma-yon eslab qoling. Gap boshida (fe'ldan oldin) ega shakli; fe'ldan keyin to'ldiruvchi shakli.

Mini-mashq (fe'ldan keyin): to'g'ri shaklni tanlang — 1) I know (he / him). 2) They saw (we / us). 3) Do you like (she / her)? Javob: 1) him · 2) us · 3) her. (Uchalasi ham fe'ldan keyin to'ldiruvchi shakl.)

3.3. 2-HOLAT: predlogdan keyin (DOIM object pronoun)

Har qanday predlogdan (with, for, to, at, about, from, of...) keyin doim object pronoun:

predlog + OBJECT pronoun
  with me, for him, to us, at them, about her, from you, without me

Come with me.              — Men bilan keling.
This present is for you.    — Bu sovg'a siz uchun.
She's talking to him.       — U u bilan gaplashyapti.
Don't laugh at me!          — Mendan kulmang!
Tell me about them.         — Ular haqida menga gapiring.

Eng ko'p xato: with I, for he, to we () with me, for him, to us (). Predlogdan keyin hech qachon ega olmoshi kelmaydi.

Nega o'zbek o'quvchi bu yerda adashadi? O'zbek tilida predlog oldindan emas, so'zning oxirida keladi (men + bilan = "men bilan", sen + uchun = "sen uchun") va u ega shaklini o'zgartirmaydi — "men bilan" (not "meni bilan"). Shuning uchun miya inglizchaga ham "with I" deb tarjima qilishga urinadi. Yodda tuting: inglizcha predlog (with, for, to, at, about, without, between...) dan keyin doim to'ldiruvchi shakl — with me, for you, to him, hech qachon with I, for he emas.

3.4. 3-HOLAT: ikki to'ldiruvchi — kimga + nimani (indirect + direct)

Ba'zi fe'llar ikki to'ldiruvchi oladi: kimga (odam — indirect) va nimani (narsa — direct). Ikki tartib mumkin:

(A) fe'l + KIMGA + NIMANI (to'siz):

I gave him a present.       — Men unga sovg'a berdim.
She told me a secret.        — U menga sir aytdi.
Can you send us the file?    — Bizga faylni yubora olasizmi?

(B) fe'l + NIMANI + to/for + KIMGA (to/for bilan):

I gave a present to him.     — Sovg'ani unga berdim.
She told a secret to me.      — Sirni menga aytdi.

Narsa ham olmosh bo'lsa — (B) tartib (to bilan): agar "nima" ham olmosh bo'lsa (it, them), odatda (B) ishlatiladi:

text

 Give it to me.         Give me it. (kam tabiiy)
 Send them to her.      Send her them. (g'alati)

Ya'ni "Give it to me" () — "Give to me it" ( tartibi noto'g'ri).

to yoki for? — fe'lga bog'liq:

• to bilan: give, send, show, lend, tell, offer, pass, bring, teach, write, sell, pay (Give it to me).
• for bilan: buy, make, get, cook, find, save, build (I bought it for you).

Oddiy qoida (esda saqlash oson):

• Odamga narsani berayotganingizda "kimga" ni to'g'ridan qo'ysangiz to/for kerak emas: Give me the book. (menga kitobni ber).
• Lekin narsani ham olmosh bilan aytsangiz (it, them) "to/for" bilan qo'ying va olmosh oxirda: Give it to me. (uni menga ber).
• Ya'ni: "Give me the book" / "Give it to me" — lekin "Give me it" tabiiy emas.

Mini-mashq (ikki to'ldiruvchi): to'g'ri tartibni tanlang —

1. "Kitobni menga ber":   (a) Give me the book.   (b) Give the book me.
2. "Uni menga ber":        (a) Give me it.          (b) Give it to me.
3. "Bizga faylni yubor":   (a) Send us the file.    (b) Send the file us.

Javob: 1-(a) · 2-(b) · 3-(a). (Narsa olmosh bo'lganda — 2-savol — to bilan va oxirda: it to me.)

3.5. "X and me" yoki "X and I" — qaysi? (eng nozik, eng ko'p xato)

Ikki kishi bo'lganda (do'st va men), olmosh roli gapdagi o'rniga qarab tanlanadi:

• Ega o'rnida "… and I": My friend and I went out. (biz ega — I).
• To'ldiruvchi o'rnida "… and me": She invited my friend and me. (bizni taklif qildi — me).
• Predlogdan keyin "… and me": This is for my friend and me. (for + me).

 John and I are friends.        (ega  I)
 She saw John and me.            (to'ldiruvchi  me)
 between you and me              (predlog  me)

"Between you and I" — XATO (lekin keng tarqalgan): ko'p odam (native ham!) "between you and I" deydi — bu noto'g'ri! Predlog (between) dan keyin me kerak: "between you and me" (). Bu — "ortiqcha to'g'rilash" (hypercorrection) xatosi.

Tekshirish hiylasi: ikkinchi kishini olib tashlang. "She invited me" (, "She invited I" emas) demak "She invited John and me". "I went out" () "John and I went out".

3.6. "It's me" — fe'l to be dan keyin

Rasmiy grammatika be dan keyin ega talab qiladi (It is I), lekin zamonaviy, tabiiy ingliz tilida object ishlatiladi:

"Who is it?" — "It's me!"        — Kim u? — Bu men! (tabiiy)
"It's him."  "It was them."       — Bu u. / Bu ular edi.

"It is I" — juda rasmiy/eski. Kundalik nutqda "It's me" ().

3.7. than/as dan keyin (A2-10 bog'lanishi)

Taqqoslashda (than, as) dan keyin kundalik nutqda object keng ishlatiladi:

He's taller than me. (norasmiy, keng)  /  He's taller than I am. (rasmiy)
She runs as fast as me.                /  ... as fast as I do.

4. Misollar (holatlar bo'yicha)

FE'LDAN KEYIN:

I saw them at the park.        — Ularni parkda ko'rdim.
Can you help me?               — Menga yordam bera olasizmi?
She doesn't like him.          — U uni yoqtirmaydi.
We invited you.                — Sizni taklif qildik.

PREDLOGDAN KEYIN:

Come with us.                  — Biz bilan keling.
I did it for her.              — Buni u uchun qildim.
Listen to me.                  — Meni eshiting.
Are you talking about them?    — Ular haqida gapiryapsizmi?

IKKI TO'LDIRUVCHI:

He gave me his number.         — U menga raqamini berdi.
Send it to me, please.         — Uni menga yuboring.
I'll buy you a coffee.         — Sizga kofe olib beraman.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) Zaif shakllar (tez nutqda — h yutiladi):

him  /ɪm/ "im":   Tell him  "tell-im"  "tellim"
her  /ə/ "ə":     Give her  "giv-ə"  "givə"
them  /ðəm/ yoki /əm/ "əm":  Give them  "giv-əm"  "givvem"
us  /əs/:         Let us  Let's

(b) me /miː/ "mi:" (kuchli), you /juː/ "yu:" yoki /jə/ (zaif "yə").

Native siri: og'zaki nutqda him, her, them boshidagi "h/th" tez-tez yutiladi: "I saw him" "ay-so:-im"; "Give them to her" "giv-əm-tu-ə". Buni tanib oling (filmlar, qo'shiqlarda doim shunday).

Topshiriq (shadowing): "Call me. Help him. Tell her. With us. For them." ni ayting; him/her/them ni zaif (h yutib) tez ayting. Youglish: "tell him", "give it to me".

6. So'z boyligi (kengaytirilgan Anki) — olmoshlar + iboralar

Tayyor iboralar (chunks — har kuni ishlatiladi):

• It's up to you. — "O'zingga bog'liq / sen hal qil."
• Tell me about it! — "Aytmang-a!" (rozilik) / "Menga gapir."
• Give me a hand. — "Menga yordam ber."
• Leave me alone. — "Meni tinch qo'y."
• Between you and me… — "Oramizda qolsin…"
• Look at him/her! — "Unga qara!"
• Trust me. / Believe me. — "Menga ishon."
• Good for you! — "Senga qoyil!" Kollokatsiya: call me, help me, tell me, give me, show me, with me, for me, to me.

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — reja (olmoshlar bilan):

A: I saw Aziz yesterday. He asked about you.       — Kecha Azizni ko'rdim. Sen haqingda so'radi.
B: Really? What did he say to you?                  — Rostdanmi? U senga nima dedi?
A: He wants to invite us to his party. He told me to call you. — Bizni bazmiga taklif qilmoqchi. Senga qo'ng'iroq qilishimni aytdi.
B: Nice! When is it? Can you send me the details?   — Zo'r! Qachon? Menga tafsilotlarni yubora olasanmi?
A: Sure, I'll send them to you tonight. Are you free? — Albatta, bugun kechqurun yuboraman. Bo'shmisan?
B: I think so. It's up to me, right? Let's go together. — Shekilli. O'zimga bog'liq-ku? Birga boraylik.
A: Great, I'll pick you up at seven.                — Zo'r, seni yettida olib ketaman.

O'qish matni — "A good friend" (olmoshlar bilan):

My best friend is Bek. I've known him for ten years. — Eng yaqin do'stim Bek. Uni o'n yildan beri tanayman.
He always helps me when I need him.                  — Kerak bo'lganda u doim menga yordam beradi.
Last week, I had a problem, so I called him.          — O'tgan hafta muammom bor edi, shuning uchun unga qo'ng'iroq qildim.
He listened to me and gave me good advice.            — U meni tingladi va menga yaxshi maslahat berdi.
Between you and me, he's the most reliable person I know. — Oramizda qolsin, u men bilgan eng ishonchli odam.
I try to help him too — that's what friends do for each other. — Men ham unga yordam berishga harakat qilaman — do'stlar bir-biri uchun shunday qiladi.

Topshiriq: matnda har object pronoun (him, me, them...) ni belgilang — qaysi fe'l yoki predlogdan keyin? So'ng eng yaqin do'stingiz haqida 6 gap yozing (olmoshlar bilan).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Fe'ldan keyin ega olmoshi: She called I. They saw we. I helped he. Sabab: o'zbekcha qo'shimcha (-ni) o'rniga to'g'ridan ega shaklini olish. She called me. They saw us. I helped him. (fe'ldan keyin object).

• Predlogdan keyin ega olmoshi: with I, for he, to we, about they. with me, for him, to us, about them. (predlog object, har doim).

• "between you and I": (hypercorrection — keng tarqalgan). between you and me. (predlog me).

• Tartib (ikki to'ldiruvchi + olmosh): Give to me it. Give me it. Give it to me. (narsa olmosh bo'lsa to bilan).

• "It's I": (juda rasmiy/eski). It's me. (kundalik).

• to/for aralashtirish: I bought it to you. / Give it for me. I bought it for you (buy for); Give it to me (give to).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Ega olmoshini object'ga aylantiring:

I  ___, he  ___, she  ___, we  ___, they  ___, you  ___, it  ___

Mashq 2. To'g'ri olmoshni qo'ying:

1. Can you help ___ ? (men)
2. I saw ___ at the shop. (ular)
3. This gift is for ___ . (u — ayol)
4. Come with ___ . (biz)
5. I don't know ___ . (u — erkak)
6. She called ___ yesterday. (sen)

Mashq 3. Tartibni to'g'rilang (ikki to'ldiruvchi):

1. (gave / I / her / a book)  ___
2. (it / me / give / to)  ___
3. (you / I'll / send / them)  ___ (to bilan)

Mashq 4. "and I" yoki "and me"?

1. John and ___ are brothers. (ega)
2. She invited my sister and ___ . (to'ldiruvchi)
3. This is between you and ___ . (predlog)
4. ___ and my friend went out. (ega  "My friend and I")

Mashq 5. Xatoni to'g'rilang: She called I., Come with we., Give to me it., between you and I, I bought it to you., for he

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Menga yordam bera olasizmi? = ___
2. Men bilan keling. = ___
3. Uni (erkak) tanaysizmi? = ___
4. Uni (narsa) menga yuboring. = ___
5. Bu sovg'a siz uchun. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — ega to'ldiruvchi (almashtirish): otni olmoshga:

I saw John.         I saw him.
She called Maria.    ___
We invited the boys.  ___
I gave the book to Sara.  I gave it to her.

Drill B — predlog + olmosh:

(with / I)    with me
(for / they)  ___    (to / she)  ___    (about / he)  ___

Drill C — gap tuzing (ikki to'ldiruvchi):

(give / he / a gift)      I gave him a gift. / I gave a gift to him.
(send / they / the file)   ___
(buy / you / a coffee)     ___ (for bilan)

Model javoblar (Drill A): She called her. / We invited them. / ... So'ng o'zingizning 4 ta gapingiz (kimga nima qildingiz) bilan ayting, "tekshir" deb yuboring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: me, him, her, us, them, you, it. Mashq 2: 1. me · 2. them · 3. her · 4. us · 5. him · 6. you. Mashq 3: 1. I gave her a book. · 2. Give it to me. · 3. I'll send them to you. Mashq 4: 1. I · 2. me · 3. me · 4. My friend and I. Mashq 5: She called me. / Come with us. / Give it to me. / between you and me. / I bought it for you. / for him. Mashq 6: 1. Can you help me? · 2. Come with me. · 3. Do you know him? · 4. Send it to me. · 5. This gift is for you.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Object pronouns: me · you · him · her · it · us · them
  (ega  object): Ime, hehim, sheher, weus, theythem (you/it o'zgarmas)
  FE'LDAN KEYIN:    She called me. I love her.
  PREDLOGDAN KEYIN: with me, for him, to us (DOIM object!)
  IKKI TO'LDIRUVCHI: give him a book / give a book to him
     narsa olmosh bo'lsa  "Give it to me" (NOT "Give me it")
     to: give/send/tell/show | for: buy/make/get
  "John and I" (ega) | "John and me" (object/predlog) | between you and me (NOT and I)
  "It's me" (kundalik) | than me (norasmiy)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Ega (I, he...) harakatni qiladi; object (me, him...) qabul qiladi.
2. Fe'ldan keyin va predlogdan keyin doim object (help me, with us).
3. Ikki to'ldiruvchi: give him a book / give it to me (narsa olmosh to bilan).
4. John and I (ega) vs John and me (object); between you and me.
5. It's me (kundalik); than me (norasmiy).

Bog'lanish: olmosh tizimi (ega + object + egalik) endi to'liq. Object pronoun B1 da relative clauses (the man (who) I saw), reflexive (myself), gerund (after meeting them) larda doim kerak. Predlog + object — butun til bo'ylab.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 17-dars: Modal fe'llar — should (maslahat), must / have to (majburiyat). Endi maslahat berish va majburiyatni o'rganamiz: You should rest. I must go. I have to work. — va must bilan have to nozik farqi.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (pronouns: I/me, he/him..., Unit 82); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (personal pronouns; between you and me); Cambridge Dictionary (object pronouns); British Council LearnEnglish — "Personal pronouns".