A2 — 27-dars (qo'shimcha): Harakat predloglari (into, across, through, towards...)

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 27-dars (A2 to'ldirish)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

A1-18 da joy predloglari (in, on, at — narsa qayerda turibdi) ni o'rgandingiz. Bu darsda ularning juftligi — harakat predloglari (prepositions of movement) ni o'rganasiz: harakat qaysi yo'nalishda ekanini bildiruvchilar — into (ichiga), across (ko'ndalang), through (ichidan), towards (tomonga), along (bo'ylab).

He walked into the room, across the floor, and out of the door. (U xonaga kirdi, polni kesib o'tdi va eshikdan chiqdi.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Yo'l ko'rsatish: "Go through the park, across the bridge, and along the river."
• Harakatni tasvirlash: "The cat jumped onto the table." "We drove towards the city."
• Phrasal verbs bilan: come across (duch kelmoq), go through (boshidan kechirmoq).
• Aniq, jonli til: statik (in/on) emas, harakatli (into/onto).

Asosiy tushuncha — turish va harakat: joy predlogi (in, on, at) — narsa qayerda (statik, fotosurat): He is in the room. Harakat predlogi (into, onto, to) — qayoqga/qaydan (harakat, video): He went into the room. Eng nozik juft: in (ichida — turish) / into (ichiga — harakat). O'zbekcha "-ga/-dan" qo'shimchasi bularni beradi; inglizcha — alohida so'z.

O'xshatish: joy predlogi — to'xtagan mashina (in the garage). Harakat predlogi — yo'ldagi mashina: into (garajga kiryapti), out of (chiqyapti), across (ko'prikdan o'tyapti), towards (shaharga qarab). Yo'nalishni ko'rsatadi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-18 (joy/yo'nalish predloglari): in, on, at, to, from, into — bugun harakatni to'liq.
• A1-21 (buyruq — yo'l): Go straight, turn left — bugun predloglar bilan boyitamiz.
• A2-20 (phrasal verbs): get into/out of, go through — harakat predloglari shularda.
• Tez mashq: turish yoki harakat? "He is ___ the room" (in) / "He went ___ the room" (into).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Asosiy harakat predloglari (jadval)

3.2. in vs into, on vs onto (turish vs harakat — eng muhim juft)

in (ichida — TURISH):   The keys are IN the box.       (joy)
into (ichiga — HARAKAT): I put the keys INTO the box.    (yo'nalish)

on (ustida — TURISH):    The cat is ON the table.        (joy)
onto (ustiga — HARAKAT): The cat jumped ONTO the table.   (yo'nalish)

Diqqat: go in / go on ham (kundalik nutqda) ishlatiladi, lekin harakatda aniqroq — into/onto. out of (ichidan): get out of the car. off (ustidan): take it off the shelf.

3.3. across vs through — sirt vs ichi (eng ko'p chalkashlik)

across = SIRT bo'ylab, ochiq joy (ikki o'lchamli):
  walk across the road / the bridge / the field / the room
through = ICHIDAN, o'ralgan/3 o'lchamli joy (kirib, chiqib):
  walk through the forest / the tunnel / the door / the crowd

We walked across the park. (ochiq maydon — sirt)
We walked through the forest. (daraxtlar orasidan — ichi)

Test: ochiq, yassi sirt (yo'l, maydon, ko'prik) across; o'ralgan, ichi bor (o'rmon, tunnel, eshik, olomon) through.

3.4. to vs towards — yetib borish vs qarab borish

to = MANZILGA (yetib boradi):    I walked to the door (and reached it).
towards = TOMONGA (qarab, yetishi shart emas): I walked towards the door.

She ran to the station. (bekatga yetdi)
She ran towards the station. (bekat tomonga — yetgani noma'lum)

3.5. over / under / past / along / around

over (ustidan oshib):   The dog jumped over the fence. — It panjaradan sakrab oshdi.
under (tagidan):         The ball rolled under the car. — To'p mashina tagiga kirdi.
past (yonidan o'tib):    Go past the bank and turn left. — Bank yonidan o'tib...
along (bo'ylab):         We walked along the beach. — Plyaj bo'ylab yurdik.
around (atrofida):       The Earth goes around the Sun. — Yer Quyosh atrofida aylanadi.

3.6. Harakat fe'llari + predlog (kollokatsiya)

Harakat predloglari harakat fe'llari bilan keladi:

go, come, walk, run, drive, fly, jump, climb, swim, move, travel, get
  get into/out of a car (kichik joy)   |   get on/off a bus/train (A1-18)
  climb up/over   |   run across/towards   |   drive through/past

get into/out of vs get on/off — transport turi bo'yicha (o'zbek uchun muhim). O'zbekchada "mashinaga chiqdim" ham, "avtobusga chiqdim" ham bir xil "chiqmoq". Inglizchada transport turiga qarab predlog o'zgaradi:

KICHIK, ichiga bukilib kiriladigan joy (mashina, taksi):
  get INTO the car   /   get OUT OF the taxi
KATTA, tik yurib chiqiladigan joy (avtobus, poyezd, samolyot, velosiped, ot):
  get ON the bus     /   get OFF the train

Qoida: ichiga o'tirib kiriladigan kichik joy into/out of (car, taxi). Ustiga/ichiga tik yuriladigan yoki minaladigan joy on/off (bus, train, plane, bike, horse). Xatolik: "I got in the bus" "I got on the bus" .

3.7. "to" tushadigan joylar (home, here, there)

A1-18 dagidek — home, here, there, abroad, upstairs/downstairs oldidan to YO'Q:

 go home, come here, go there, go abroad, go upstairs
 go to home, come to here

Sabab: home, here, there — bular allaqachon "yo'nalish" ma'nosini o'z ichiga oladi (o'zbekcha "uyga", "bu yerga" — qo'shimcha kerak emas). Shuning uchun to ortiqcha. Xuddi shunday: "I'm going home" (uyga ketyapman) — hech qachon "going to home" emas.

3.8. arrive at / arrive in — "yetib bormoq" (o'zbekning eng ko'p xatosi)

O'zbekchada "manzilga yetib bormoq" ni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tarjima qilib, ko'p o'quvchi "arrive to" deydi. Bu XATO. arrive hech qachon to bilan kelmaydi:

 arrive to the airport   /   arrive to Tashkent
 arrive AT the airport (kichik, aniq joy: bekat, aeroport, mehmonxona)
 arrive IN Tashkent (katta joy: shahar, mamlakat)

Qoida: arrive at + kichik/aniq nuqta (station, airport, hotel, the office). arrive in + katta hudud (city, country). Hech qachon arrive to emas! (Taqqoslang: get to, go to — bularda to to'g'ri, faqat arrive boshqacha.) Eslatma — home: arrive + home ham to'siz: "I arrived home late" (arrived at home kerak emas).

3.9. Yo'l ko'rsatish — harakat predloglari amalda (A1-21 bilan)

Yo'l tushuntirishda buyruq fe'li (go, turn, walk) + harakat predlogi birga ishlaydi:

Go straight (on).          — To'ppa-to'g'ri yuring.
Turn left / right.         — Chapga / o'ngga buriling.
Go along this road.        — Shu yo'l bo'ylab yuring.
Go past the bank.          — Bank yonidan o'ting.
Go across the square.      — Maydonni kesib o'ting.
Go through the gate.       — Darvozadan o'ting.
Go up/down the stairs.     — Zinadan tepaga/pastga yuring.
It's on your left/right.   — U chap/o'ng tomoningizda.

Diqqat: go straight = "to'g'riga yuring" (yo'nalish), lekin go straight to = "to'g'ri ...ga" (to'xtamay). turn dan keyin predlog kerak emas: turn left (), turn to left ().

4. Misollar (predlog bo'yicha)

The kids ran into the garden.            — Bolalar bog'ga yugurib kirdi.
He came out of the shop with a bag.       — U xalta bilan do'kondan chiqdi.
We drove through the city centre.         — Shahar markazidan o'tdik.
She walked across the street carefully.   — U ko'chani ehtiyotkorlik bilan kesib o'tdi.
The plane flew over the mountains.        — Samolyot tog'lar ustidan uchdi.
Walk along this road and turn at the lights. — Shu yo'l bo'ylab yuring va svetoforda buriling.
The dog jumped onto the sofa.             — It divanga sakrab chiqdi.
We travelled around Europe last summer.    — O'tgan yoz Yevropa bo'ylab sayohat qildik.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

into /ˈɪntə/ "intə" (tez nutqda "intu")     out of /ˈaʊt əv/ "autəv"
across /əˈkrɒs/ "əkros"   through /θruː/ "θru:" (th + "ough"  "u:"!)
towards /təˈwɔːdz/ "təwo:dz"   over /ˈəʊvə/ "ouvə"   along /əˈlɒŋ/ "əloŋ"

through tuzog'i: through = "θru:" (th tovushli + "ough" jim qism). though (ðou — "garchi") va thought (θo:t — o'yladi) bilan chalkashtirmang — uchchalasi "ough" turli o'qiladi.

Topshiriq (shadowing): into, across, through, towards, along ni ayting; through = "θru:" ni mashq qiling. "Go through the park and across the bridge." ni ayting.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki) — harakat predloglari + phrasal verbs

Harakatli phrasal verbs / iboralar (chunks):

• come across (sth) — "tasodifan duch kelmoq" (I came across an old photo.).
• go through (sth) — "boshidan kechirmoq" (She's going through a hard time.).
• get into / get out of (a car) — mashinaga kirmoq / chiqmoq.
• get on / get off (a bus) — avtobusga chiqmoq / tushmoq.
• run into (sb) — "tasodifan uchratmoq".
• just around the corner — "juda yaqin / mana-mana".

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — yo'l ko'rsatish (harakat predloglari bilan):

A: Excuse me, how do I get to the museum?         — Kechirasiz, muzeyga qanday boraman?
B: Go along this street, then go past the bank.    — Shu ko'cha bo'ylab yuring, keyin bank yonidan o'ting.
A: OK, past the bank...                             — Mayli, bank yonidan...
B: Then turn right and walk across the square.      — Keyin o'ngga buriling va maydonni kesib o'ting.
A: Across the square. And then?                     — Maydonni kesib. Keyin?
B: Go through the gate, and the museum is right in front of you. — Darvozadan o'ting, muzey to'g'ringizda.
A: So along the street, past the bank, across the square, through the gate. Thank you! — Demak, ko'cha bo'ylab, bank yonidan, maydondan, darvozadan. Rahmat!
B: That's right. It's about five minutes' walk. You can't miss it. — To'g'ri. Besh daqiqacha yo'l. Topasiz, adashmaysiz.

O'qish matni — "A morning commute" (harakat tasviri):

Every morning, I leave my flat and walk down the stairs. — Har ertalab kvartiramdan chiqib, zinadan tushaman.
I go out of the building and walk towards the bus stop. — Binodan chiqib, bekat tomon yuraman.
I get on the bus, and it drives through the busy streets. — Avtobusga chiqaman, u gavjum ko'chalardan o'tadi.
We go over a long bridge, past the river, and around a big roundabout. — Uzun ko'prikdan o'tamiz, daryo yonidan, katta aylanma yo'l atrofidan.
I get off near the office and walk across a small park. — Ofis yonida tushaman va kichik parkni kesib o'taman.
Finally, I go into the building and up to the third floor. — Nihoyat, binoga kirib, uchinchi qavatga chiqaman.
The whole journey takes about forty minutes from home to work. — Uydan ishgacha butun yo'l qariyb qirq daqiqa oladi.

Topshiriq: matnda har harakat predlogini belgilang. So'ng o'z yo'lingizni (uydan biror joygacha) harakat predloglari bilan tasvirlang (6 gap).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• across / through aralashtirish: walk through the road, across the tunnel. walk across the road (ochiq sirt), through the tunnel (ichidan).

• in / into (harakatda): He went in the room (ba'zan OK, lekin harakatda aniq emas). He went into the room. (harakat into).

• to + home/here: go to home, come to here. go home, come here (to'siz).

• through talaffuzi: "θroug / θrou". through = "θru:" ("ough" "u:").

• towards / to: I ran towards the station and caught the train — "towards" yetganni bildirmaydi. Yetgan bo'lsa: to the station (yetdi); qarab borgan bo'lsa: towards (yo'nalish).

• arrive to: arrive to the airport, arrive to Tashkent (o'zbekcha "yetib bormoq" ta'siri). arrive at the airport (aniq joy), arrive in Tashkent (shahar), arrive home (to'siz).

• get in the bus / get on the car: transport turini chalkashtirish. get on the bus (katta — minaladi), get into the car (kichik — o'tiriladi).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. To'g'ri predlog (into/out of/across/through/along/over):

1. The thief climbed ___ the window. (ichiga)
2. We walked ___ the bridge to the other side. (ko'ndalang)
3. The train went ___ a long tunnel. (ichidan)
4. Let's walk ___ the river. (bo'ylab)
5. The cat jumped ___ the fence. (ustidan oshib)

Mashq 2. in yoki into? on yoki onto?

1. The keys are ___ my bag. (turish)
2. Put the keys ___ my bag. (harakat)
3. The book is ___ the shelf. (turish)
4. He climbed ___ the roof. (harakat)

Mashq 3. across yoki through?

1. walk ___ the park (ochiq)
2. walk ___ the forest (ichidan)
3. swim ___ the river (narigi tomonga)
4. drive ___ the city (ichidan)

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: go to home, walk through the road, He went in the room. (harakat), jump onto over the wall, come to here

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. U xonaga kirdi. = ___
2. Ko'chani kesib o'ting. = ___
3. O'rmondan o'tdik. = ___
4. Daryo bo'ylab yurdik. = ___
5. Bank yonidan o'ting. = ___

Mashq 6. Bo'sh joyni to'ldiring (at / in / on / into / out of — arrive va get uchun):

1. We arrived ___ the airport at 6 a.m. (aniq joy)
2. They arrived ___ London last night. (shahar)
3. She got ___ the taxi and closed the door. (kichik — o'tirdi)
4. He got ___ the bus at the last stop. (katta — tushdi)
5. I arrived ___ late yesterday. (uyga — to'siz)

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — harakat tasvirlang:

(walk / into / room)      I walked into the room.
(jump / over / wall)       ___
(drive / through / tunnel)  ___
(run / towards / door)      ___

Drill B — yo'l ko'rsating (predloglar bilan): "Go along..., past..., across..., through..." — uyingizdan do'kongacha 4 qadam. Drill C — in/into farqi:

"The cat is ___ the box." (turish) / "The cat jumped ___ the box." (harakat)

Model javoblar (Drill A): I jumped over the wall. / I drove through the tunnel. / I ran towards the door. So'ng o'z ertalabki yo'lingizni 5 ta harakat predlogi bilan tasvirlang va o'zingizni tekshirib ko'ring: har gapda fe'l (walk/drive/get...) + harakat predlogi (into/across/through...) bormi, joy predlogi (in/on/at) bilan aralashib ketmadimi?

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. into · 2. across · 3. through · 4. along · 5. over. Mashq 2: 1. in · 2. into · 3. on · 4. onto. Mashq 3: 1. across · 2. through · 3. across · 4. through. Mashq 4: go home / walk across the road / He went into the room. / jump over the wall / come here. Mashq 5: 1. He/She went into the room. · 2. Walk across the street. (Cross the street.) · 3. We went through the forest. · 4. We walked along the river. · 5. Go past the bank. Mashq 6: 1. at (arrive at the airport) · 2. in (arrive in London) · 3. into (got into the taxi) · 4. off (got off the bus) · 5. home (arrived home — to'siz).

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

HARAKAT predloglari (yo'nalish) ≠ JOY predloglari (turish):
  in (turish) / into (harakat) | on / onto | (out of, off — teskari)
  across = ochiq sirt (road, bridge) | through = ichidan (forest, tunnel, door)
  to = manzilga (yetadi) | towards = tomonga (qarab)
  over (ustidan oshib) | under (tagidan) | past (yonidan) | along (bo'ylab) | around (atrofida)
  go HOME/here/there (to'siz) | get into/out of (car), get on/off (bus)
  arrive AT (aniq joy) / IN (shahar) — arrive TO  | arrive home (to'siz)
  Talaffuz: through = "θru:" (oughu:)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. in/on (turish) vs into/onto (harakat).
2. across (ochiq sirt) vs through (ichidan/o'ralgan).
3. to (yetadi) vs towards (qarab).
4. over/under/past/along/around — yo'nalishlar.
5. go home/here (to'siz); through = "θru:".

Bog'lanish: harakat predloglari yo'l ko'rsatish (A2-29), phrasal verbs (come across, go through), hikoya/tasvirda doim kerak. B1 da fazaviy/mavhum ma'nolar (go through a phase) kengayadi.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 28-dars: Zero & First conditional (if it rains, I'll stay). Endi shart gaplarni o'rganamiz: doimiy haqiqat (If you heat ice, it melts) va real kelajak sharti (If it rains, I'll stay home) — "agar..." mantig'i.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (prepositions of movement, Units 126–127); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (prepositions: movement; across/through; to/towards); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Prepositions of movement".