A2 — 4-dars: Past Simple — noto'g'ri (irregular) fe'llar

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 4-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

O'tgan darsda to'g'ri fe'llarni (-ed: worked, played) o'rgandingiz. Endi eng muhim — noto'g'ri (irregular) fe'llarni o'rganamiz. Bular -ed olmaydi; ularning o'tgan zamon shakli boshqacha bo'ladi va yodlash kerak: go went, see saw, have had, make made.

Real hayotda nega kerak: bu darsning eng katta fakti — ingliz tilidagi eng ko'p ishlatiladigan fe'llar aynan NOTO'G'RI. Kundalik nutqning yarmidan ko'pi shu ~100 ta fe'l bilan quriladi: go, get, make, take, come, see, know, think, say, give, find, tell... Ularning o'tgan shaklini bilmasdan bironta o'tmish hikoyasini, intervyu javobini yoki kundalik suhbatni to'g'ri qura olmaysiz.

Fakt — nega ular "noto'g'ri"? Bu fe'llar aslida ingliz tilining eng qadimiy, eng asl (German tilidan) fe'llari. Qadimda ingliz tilida o'tgan zamon unli tovushni o'zgartirish orqali yasalardi (sing sang, ring rang) — bu "kuchli fe'llar" (strong verbs) deyiladi. Keyinroq -ed qoidasi paydo bo'ldi va yangi fe'llar shunga o'tdi, lekin eng ko'p ishlatiladigan eski fe'llar o'z eski shaklini saqlab qoldi. Shuning uchun "noto'g'ri" emas — ular shunchaki eski qoida bo'yicha. Va aynan eng ko'p ishlatilgani uchun saqlanib qolgan.

O'xshatish: to'g'ri fe'llar — bitta "vaqt mashinasi tugmasi" (-ed) bilan ishlaydi. Noto'g'ri fe'llar esa — har biri o'z maxsus kaliti bor (gowent, seesaw). Yomon xabar: yodlash kerak. Yaxshi xabar: ular guruhlarga bo'linadi (quyida) va ko'p uchragani uchun tez yodda qoladi.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• A2 3-dars (-ed): to'g'ri fe'llar — worked, studied, stopped; talaffuz /t//d//ɪd/.
• A2 3-dars (didn't/Did): inkor/savolda sof fe'l (didn't work). Bugun ham xuddi shunday — irregular shakl faqat ijobiyda!
• Tez mashq: Past Simple ga qo'ying: play ___, study ___, stop ___ (played, studied, stopped).

3. Grammatika — chuqur tushuntirish

3.1. Asosiy g'oya — uchta shakl

Har fe'lning uch asosiy shakli bor (V1, V2, V3):

To'g'ri fe'lda V2 = V3 = V1+ed (work–worked–worked). Noto'g'ri fe'lda esa ular har xil bo'lishi mumkin: go–went–gone, see–saw–seen.

Bugun asosan V2 (past simple) ga e'tibor beramiz — o'tgan zamon ijobiy gap uchun. Lekin jadvalda V3 ham beriladi (kelajakda, B1da kerak — hozirdan tanishib qo'ying).

3.2. Eng muhim qoida — irregular shakl FAQAT ijobiyda!

Bu — A2 ning eng ko'p xato qilinadigan nuqtasi. Noto'g'ri shakl (went, saw, had) faqat ijobiy gapda ishlatiladi. Inkor va savolda esa — 3-darsdagidek didn't / Did + SOF fe'l (V1):

IJOBIY:  I went to school.        (V2 — went)
INKOR:   I didn't go to school.   (didn't + V1 — go, "went" EMAS!)
SAVOL:   Did you go to school?    (Did + V1 — go)

DIQQAT: I didn't went (), Did you went? () — eng ko'p xato! O'tmish belgisi did(n't) da bor, shuning uchun asosiy fe'l sof (go) qoladi. Went faqat ijobiyda: I went (), I didn't go ().

3.2b. Vaqt belgilari — Past Simple qachon ishlatiladi

Noto'g'ri fe'lning o'tgan shakli, xuddi to'g'ri fe'l kabi, tugagan o'tmish haqida gapirganda kerak bo'ladi. Uni tanib olishga yordam beradigan vaqt belgilari (time markers) bor. Gapda quyidagi so'zlarni ko'rsangiz — deyarli har doim Past Simple (V2) ishlating:

yesterday                  — kecha
last night / week / month / year / Monday — o'tgan kecha / hafta / oy / yil / dushanba
... ago  (two days ago, an hour ago, a week ago) — ... oldin (ikki kun oldin, bir soat oldin)
in 2019 / in the past      — 2019-yilda / o'tmishda
when I was young / a child — yosh bo'lganimda / bola bo'lganimda
this morning (agar ertalab tugagan bo'lsa) — bugun ertalab

Bu belgilar odatda aniq, tugagan vaqtni bildiradi — mana shuning uchun Past Simple. Diqqat qiling: bu vaqt so'zlari o'zbekchada ham "kecha", "o'tgan hafta", "ikki kun oldin" kabi o'tmishni aniq ko'rsatadi, shuning uchun ularni sezish siz uchun qiyin emas.

Joylashuv: vaqt belgisi ko'pincha gap oxirida turadi (I saw him yesterday), ba'zan boshida ham keladi (Last week, I went to Samarkand). ago esa har doim vaqt miqdoridan keyin keladi: two days ago ("ikki kun oldin"), "ago two days" emas.

Farqlash (B1 uchun ogohlantirish): yet, already, since, for, ever, just kabi so'zlar Past Simple emas, balki Present Perfect bilan ishlatiladi (bu B1 mavzusi). Hozircha shuni bilib qo'ying: agar aniq o'tmish vaqti (yesterday, last week) bo'lsa — V2 (past simple). Aniq vaqt bo'lmasa va "hozirgacha bo'lgan tajriba" bo'lsa — keyinroq Present Perfect ni o'rganasiz. A2 da esa asosan aniq o'tmish vaqtiga tayaning.

3.3. Guruh 1 — O'ZGARMAYDIGAN fe'llar (V1 = V2)

Bu fe'llarning o'tgan shakli bir xil — hech narsa o'zgarmaydi (oson!):

cut  cut       put  put       let  let       hit  hit
shut  shut     cost  cost     hurt  hurt     set  set
read  read     (lekin TALAFFUZ o'zgaradi! quyida)

I cut my finger yesterday.       — Kecha barmog'imni kesib oldim.
It cost $50.                     — U 50 dollar turdi.
She put the keys on the table.   — U kalitlarni stolga qo'ydi.

read tuzog'i: yozilishi bir xil (read), lekin talaffuz o'zgaradi: hozirgi read /riːd/ "ri:d", o'tgan read /red/ "red" (xuddi "red" rang kabi!). "I read /riːd/ every day, and yesterday I read /red/ a whole book." — bu yagona fe'l shunday.

3.4. Guruh 2 — Unli o'zgaradi (i a u va boshqalar)

Eng katta va eng "she'riy" guruh — o'rtadagi unli tovush o'zgaradi:

i a (V2):

sit  sat       drink  drank    swim  swam     begin  began
sing  sang     ring  rang      run  ran       give  gave

i a u (V2 V3 farqli):

begin  began ( begun)    swim  swam ( swum)    drink  drank ( drunk)
sing  sang ( sung)       ring  rang ( rung)

boshqa unli o'zgarishlar:

get  got       come  came     become  became   meet  met
win  won       lose  lost      shoot  shot      hold  held

3.5. Guruh 3 — "-ought / -aught" bilan tugaydi (/ɔːt/)

Bu guruh fe'llari o'tganda -ought yoki -aught ga aylanadi (hammasi "/ɔːt/" — "o:t" deb o'qiladi):

buy  bought      think  thought    bring  brought
catch  caught    teach  taught     fight  fought
seek  sought     (begin... yo'q)

I bought a new laptop.       — Yangi noutbuk sotib oldim.
She thought it was funny.    — U buni kulgili deb o'yladi.
He caught the ball.          — U to'pni ushlab oldi.

3.6. Guruh 4 — "-t" yoki "-d" tovushi qo'shiladi / o'zgaradi

feel  felt      keep  kept       sleep  slept     leave  left
mean  meant     (ment)            lose  lost       build  built
send  sent      spend  spent     lend  lent       sit  sat

I felt tired.            — Charchagan hissetdim.
We left early.           — Erta ketdik.
She spent a lot of money. — U ko'p pul sarfladi.

3.7. Guruh 5 — "-ew -own / -ought" va boshqa naqshlar

know  knew      grow  grew      throw  threw    fly  flew
draw  drew      (V3: known, grown, thrown, flown, drawn)

I knew the answer.       — Javobni bilardim.
The bird flew away.      — Qush uchib ketdi.

3.8. Guruh 6 — Butunlay tartibsiz (eng muhim 4 ta — yodlash SHART)

Bu to'rtta eng ko'p ishlatiladigan, lekin hech naqshga tushmaydigan fe'l:

be    was / were   (2-dars)
go    went
do    did
have  had

Fakt — "went" qayerdan keldi? go ning o'tgan shakli went aslida boshqa fe'ldan olingan! Qadimda wend (yurmoq) degan fe'l bo'lgan va uning o'tgan shakli went edi. go ning eski o'tgan shakli (eode) yo'qoldi va o'rniga went "ko'chib o'tdi". Tilshunoslikda bu "suppletion" deyiladi — bir so'zning shakli butunlay boshqa so'zdan olinadi.

3.9. ENG KO'P ISHLATILADIGAN 50 IRREGULAR FE'L (asosiy to'plam — yodlash)

Bu jadval — A2 ning eng muhim yodlash materiali. Kuniga 8–10 tasini Ankiga kiritib yodlang. (V1 — sof, V2 — o'tgan, V3 — sifatdosh/Perfect uchun.)

Yodlash strategiyasi: hammasini bir kunda emas — guruhlar bo'yicha (3.3–3.8) va kuniga 8–10 ta. Har birini gapda ishlating ("Yesterday I went..., bought..., saw..."). Anki — eng yaxshi vosita.

4. Misollar (shakllar bo'yicha)

IJOBIY (V2 — irregular shakl):

I went to the gym yesterday.        — Kecha sportzalga bordim.
She made a delicious cake.          — U mazali tort yasadi.
We saw a great film.                — Zo'r film ko'rdik.
He bought a new phone.              — U yangi telefon sotib oldi.
They took the train.                — Ular poyezdda ketdi.
I had a busy day.                   — Band kunim bo'ldi.

INKOR (didn't + V1 — SOF!):

I didn't go out.                    — Tashqariga chiqmadim.   (go, went emas!)
She didn't make dinner.             — U kechki ovqat qilmadi.
We didn't see them.                 — Ularni ko'rmadik.
He didn't buy anything.             — U hech narsa sotib olmadi.

SAVOL + javob (Did + V1):

Did you go to work? — Yes, I did.        — Ishga bordingizmi? — Ha.
Did she make this? — No, she didn't.     — Buni u yasadimi? — Yo'q.
What did you do yesterday? — I saw friends. — Kecha nima qildingiz? — Do'stlar bilan ko'rishdim.
Where did he go? — He went home.         — U qayoqqa bordi? — Uyga bordi.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) read / read — yagona "ko'rinmas" o'zgarish:

hozirgi: read /riːd/ "ri:d"   |   o'tgan: read /red/ "red"

(b) -ought / -aught guruhi — hammasi /ɔːt/ "o:t":

bought "bo:t", thought "θo:t", caught "ko:t", taught "to:t", brought "bro:t"

Diqqat: "gh" jim! bought "bo:t" ("bou-git" emas).

(c) said — kutilmagan talaffuz:

say /seɪ/ "sey"    said /sed/ "sed" (NOT "seyd"!)

(d) Boshqa qiyinlar:

went "went", made "meyd", took "tuk", saw "so:", paid "peyd",
knew "nyu:", heard /hɜːd/ "hə:d" (NOT "hi:rd"!)

Native siri: o'tgan zamon hikoyasida fe'llar tez aytiladi va bog'lanadi: "I went to the shop and bought some bread" "ay went tə ðə shop ən bo:t səm bred". and "ən", to "tə" (weak forms, 18-dars). Ritmni his qiling.

Topshiriq (shadowing): went, saw, bought, thought, made, took, said, knew ni ayting. So'ng "What did you do yesterday? — I went out and saw a film." ni native tezlikda mashq qiling (Youglish: "I went", "I bought").

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali) — eng muhim irregular fe'llar (V1 V2)

Kollokatsiya/iboralar: have lunch/breakfast/a shower, make a mistake/a decision/dinner, take a taxi/a photo/a break, do homework/the shopping/a course. make va do farqi (B1da chuqur): make — yaratish (make a cake), do — bajarish (do work). Hozir butun ibora bo'lib yodlang.

7. Dialog va o'qish matni

Dialog — "How was your trip?" (sayohat haqida):

A: You were in Istanbul last week, right? How was it? — O'tgan hafta Istanbulda eding-a? Qanday o'tdi?
B: It was amazing! We saw so many beautiful places.  — Ajoyib o'tdi! Juda ko'p chiroyli joy ko'rdik.
A: Did you go to the Blue Mosque?                     — Ko'k masjidga bordingmi?
B: Yes, we did. We also took a boat trip on the Bosphorus. — Ha. Bosforda qayiq sayohatini ham qildik.
A: Nice! Did you buy anything?                        — Zo'r! Biror narsa sotib oldingmi?
B: I bought some gifts, but I didn't spend too much. — Biroz sovg'a oldim, lekin ko'p sarflamadim.
A: What did you eat there?                            — U yerda nima yeding?
B: We ate amazing food every day. I had the best kebab of my life! — Har kuni ajoyib ovqat yedik. Hayotimdagi eng zo'r kabobni yedim!

O'qish matni — "My first day at work" (intervyu/hikoya):

I still remember my first day at my new job.   — Yangi ishimdagi birinchi kunni hali eslayman.
I woke up early and felt very nervous.          — Erta uyg'ondim va juda hayajonlandim.
I took the bus and got there 20 minutes early.  — Avtobusda ketdim va 20 daqiqa erta yetib bordim.
My manager met me at the door and gave me a tour. — Menejerim meni eshik oldida kutib oldi va aylantirdi.
I met the team, and everyone was friendly.      — Jamoa bilan tanishdim, hamma do'stona edi.
At first, I didn't understand everything,        — Avval hammasini tushunmadim,
but I asked questions and slowly learned.        — lekin savol berdim va asta-sekin o'rgandim.
I made a few mistakes, but nobody got angry.     — Bir necha xato qildim, lekin hech kim jahli chiqmadi.
By the end of the day, I felt much better. It was a good start. — Kun oxiriga borib, ancha yaxshi hissetdim. Yaxshi boshlanish bo'ldi.

Topshiriq: matnda har irregular fe'lni (woke, felt, took, got, met, gave...) toping va uning V1 (sof) shaklini ayting. So'ng o'z birinchi ish/maktab kuningiz haqida shu uslubda 6–8 gap yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Irregular fe'lga -ed qo'shish: goed, buyed, comed, maked, seed, thinked. Sabab: to'g'ri qoidani (–ed) hammaga qo'llash. went, bought, came, made, saw, thought. (yodlash kerak — qoida yo'q).

• Inkor/savolda irregular shakl: I didn't went. Did you saw it? Sabab: o'tmishni ikki marta belgilash. I didn't go. Did you see it? (did(n't) + SOF fe'l). Eng ko'p xato!

• V2 va V3 ni aralashtirish: I have went. I seen it. I done it. (Perfect) Past simple: I went, I saw, I did. Perfect (B1): I have gone, I have seen. Hozir V2 (went) ni ishlating.

• said talaffuzi: "seyd". said "sed". Va read (o'tgan) "red".

• was/were + V2: I was went. She was bought. I went. She bought. (was/were faqat holat uchun — 2-dars; harakat V2).

• "ate" talaffuzi/shakli: eated, eat (o'tgan uchun). ate "et" (BrE) / "eyt" (AmE).

• "ago" o'rnini adashtirish: ago two days, ago a week (o'zbekcha "oldin"ni oldinga qo'yish). Sabab: o'zbekchada "ikki kun oldin" — "oldin" oxirida, lekin gapning tarkibida boshqacha his qilinadi. two days ago, a week ago — ago har doim vaqt miqdoridan keyin.

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. V2 (o'tgan shakl) ni yozing:

go  ___    see  ___    have  ___    make  ___    buy  ___
take  ___  come  ___   know  ___    think  ___   give  ___
get  ___   eat  ___    say  ___     find  ___    read  ___

Mashq 2. Fe'lni to'g'ri shaklga qo'ying (ijobiy gap):

1. Yesterday I ___ (go) to the cinema.
2. She ___ (buy) a new dress last week.
3. We ___ (have) a great time.
4. He ___ (make) a mistake.
5. They ___ (see) the show.

Mashq 3. Inkorga aylantiring (didn't + SOF fe'l):

I went out.  ___
She made dinner.  ___
We saw them.  ___
He bought it.  ___

Mashq 4. Savol tuzing + qisqa javob:

(you / go / to work)  ___ ? — Yes, ___.
(she / buy / the ticket)  ___ ? — No, ___.
(what / you / eat)  ___ ?

Mashq 5. To'g'rilang: I goed home., Did you went out?, She didn't bought it., I have saw it., He buyed a car., I was went there.

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Kecha do'stlarim bilan ko'rishdim. = ___
2. U yangi noutbuk sotib oldi. = ___
3. Tashqariga chiqmadim. = ___
4. Ishga bordingizmi? = ___
5. Band kunim bo'ldi. = ___
6. Nima yedingiz? = ___

Mashq 7. Kecha (yoki o'tgan dam olish) haqida 8 gaplik hikoya yozing — kamida 6 ta irregular fe'l ishlating (went, saw, had, made, took, bought...).

Mashq 8. Vaqt belgisini qo'shib, gapni to'ldiring (V2 shakl bilan):

1. I ___ (see) her ___ (kecha).
2. We ___ (go) to Bukhara ___ (o'tgan yil).
3. He ___ (buy) this phone two weeks ___ (oldin).
4. They ___ (have) a party ___ (o'tgan shanba).

10. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

Maqsad: noto'g'ri fe'llarni o'tgan zamonda (ijobiy V2; inkor/savol — didn't/Did + sof) to'g'ri ishlata olish.

Vazifa:

1. Kechagi hikoya: kecha nima qildingiz — 8–10 gap, kamida 6 ta irregular fe'l bilan, va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. Inkor: kecha qilmagan 4 ta ish (I didn't go..., I didn't see... — sof fe'l!).
3. Yodlash o'yini: men 10 ta V1 fe'l beraman (go, see, buy...), siz V2 sini darrov aytasiz; xato qilganini birga takrorlaymiz.
4. Sayohat rol o'yini: "O'tgan sayohatim haqida so'ra" deb yozing — men Where did you go? What did you see/eat/buy? deb so'rayman.

"Tayyor" mezonlari:

• Ijobiyda to'g'ri V2 (went, saw, bought — goed emas).
• Inkor/savolda didn't/Did + SOF fe'l (didn't go, Did you see).
• V2 va V3 aralashmagan (I went, I have went emas).
• Kamida 6 xil irregular fe'l ishlatilgan.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: went, saw, had, made, bought, took, came, knew, thought, gave, got, ate, said, found, read. Mashq 2: 1. went · 2. bought · 3. had · 4. made · 5. saw. Mashq 3: I didn't go out. / She didn't make dinner. / We didn't see them. / He didn't buy it. Mashq 4: Did you go to work? — Yes, I did. / Did she buy the ticket? — No, she didn't. / What did you eat? Mashq 5: I went home. / Did you go out? / She didn't buy it. / I saw it. (yoki: I have seen it.) / He bought a car. / I went there. Mashq 6: 1. I met my friends yesterday. (I saw my friends) · 2. He bought a new laptop. · 3. I didn't go out. · 4. Did you go to work? · 5. I had a busy day. · 6. What did you eat? Mashq 8: 1. I saw her yesterday. · 2. We went to Bukhara last year. · 3. He bought this phone two weeks ago. · 4. They had a party last Saturday.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Past Simple — NOTO'G'RI (irregular) fe'llar (V2 — yodlash kerak)
  IJOBIY:  I went / saw / bought / made     (V2 — irregular shakl)
  INKOR:   I didn't go / see / buy           (didn't + SOF V1 — irregular EMAS!)
  SAVOL:   Did you go / see / buy?           (Did + SOF V1)
  Guruhlar: o'zgarmas (cut/cut) | unli (sit/sat) | -ought (buy/bought)
            | -t (feel/felt) | tartibsiz (go/went, do/did, have/had)
  Talaffuz: readred, saidsed, boughtbo:t, knewnyu:, heardhə:d
  3 shakl: V1 (go) — V2 (went, o'tgan) — V3 (gone, Perfect uchun, B1)
  Vaqt belgilari: yesterday, last week, ... ago, in 2019, when I was young

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Eng ko'p ishlatiladigan fe'llar noto'g'ri — V2 ni yodlash kerak (guruhlar bilan oson).
2. Irregular shakl (went) faqat ijobiyda; inkor/savol — didn't/Did + sof fe'l (eng muhim!).
3. Guruhlar: o'zgarmas, unli o'zgarishi, -ought/-aught, -t, tartibsiz.
4. Talaffuz tuzoglari: read"red", said"sed", bought"bo:t".
5. V1–V2–V3 farqi (V3 — Perfect uchun, B1da).

Bog'lanish: irregular fe'llar — keyingi barcha zamonlarda kerak. V3 (past participle) B1 da Present Perfect (I have seen) va passiv (It was made) ning yuragi bo'ladi — shuning uchun jadvalda V3 ni ham berdik. Keyingi dars Past Simple ning inkor/savolini (didn't/did) chuqurroq mustahkamlaydi.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 5-dars: Past Simple — inkor (didn't) va savol (did), to'liq mustahkamlash. To'g'ri va noto'g'ri fe'llar bilan inkor/savolni to'liq avtomatlashtiramiz va o'tgan zamon hikoya ko'nikmasini mashq qilamiz.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (Past simple, Unit 12; irregular verbs Appendix 1); Cambridge Dictionary (irregular verbs list); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (irregular verbs, strong verbs); British Council LearnEnglish — "Past simple — irregular verbs".