A2 — 30-dars (qo'shimcha): Indefinite pronouns (someone, anything, nothing) + one/ones + both/either/neither

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 30-dars (A2 to'ldirish)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda olmosh tizimini mutlaqo yakunlaymiz — uchta guruh: noaniq olmoshlar (indefinite pronouns) — someone, anything, nobody, everywhere; one/ones (otni takrorlamaslik uchun: the red one); va both/either/neither (ikki narsa haqida).

There's someone at the door. (Eshik oldida kimdir bor.) I didn't see anything. (Hech narsa ko'rmadim.) "Which shirt?" — "The blue one." I like both. (Ikkalasini ham yoqtiraman.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Kundalik nutqda har joyda: "Someone called you. Did anyone come? Nothing happened. Everyone's here."
• Takrorni kamaytirish: "Which one do you want — the big one or the small one?"
• Tanlov (ikki narsa): "Both are fine." "Neither of them came."
• O'zbeklar bu olmoshlarda ko'p qiynaladi (someone vs anyone, qo'sh inkor).

Asosiy tushuncha — "kim/nima/qayer" ni aniq aytmasdan: noaniq olmosh — odam/narsa/joyni aniq nomlamasdan ko'rsatadi. To'rt boshlanma: some- (ijobiy: someone), any- (inkor/savol: anyone), no- (inkor ma'no: no one), every- (hammasi: everyone); va uch oxir: -one/-body (odam), -thing (narsa), -where (joy). 4×3 = 12 olmosh, lekin tizim oddiy.

O'xshatish: noaniq olmosh — "qorong'idagi soya": someone (kimdir bor — kim noma'lum), anyone (kimdir bormi? / hech kim), no one (hech kim), everyone (hammasi). one/ones — "nusxa belgisi": otni qayta aytmay, "o'sha narsadan biri" deyish.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-13 (some/any): some milk, any questions — bugun someone/anyone (compound).
• A2-16, 24 (olmoshlar): ega/object/egalik/o'zlik — bugun noaniq + one/ones.
• A1-9 (ko'plik): one (birlik) / ones (ko'plik).
• Tez mashq: some yoki any? "I have ___ questions" (some), "I don't have ___ money" (any). Bugun: someone/anyone.

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Noaniq olmoshlar — to'liq tizim (4 × 3 jadval)

someone = somebody (farqsiz); anyone = anybody; no one = nobody; everyone = everybody. no one — ikki so'z; nobody — bitta.

3.2. some- (ijobiy gap, taklif/iltimos)

someone/something/somewhere — ijobiy gapda:
  Someone is knocking at the door.   — Kimdir eshikni taqillatyapti.
  I need something to eat.            — Yegani biror narsa kerak.
  Let's go somewhere quiet.           — Biror tinch joyga boraylik.

Taklif/iltimosda (savolda ham some-, "ha" kutamiz):

Would you like something to drink?   — Biror narsa ichasizmi?
Can someone help me?                  — Kimdir yordam bera oladimi?

3.3. any- (inkor va savol)

anyone/anything/anywhere — inkor va savolda:
  I didn't see anyone.               — Hech kimni ko'rmadim.
  Is there anything in the box?       — Qutida biror narsa bormi?
  I can't find it anywhere.           — Uni hech qayerda topa olmayapman.

any = "qaysi bo'lsa ham" (ijobiyda): You can ask anyone. (istalgan kishidan); Take anything you like. (istalganini).

3.4. no- (inkor MA'NO, lekin fe'l IJOBIY) — qo'sh inkor YO'Q!

no one/nothing/nowhere o'zi inkor ma'noni beradi — fe'l ijobiy qoladi (don't bilan emas!):

Nobody came to the party.          — Hech kim bazmga kelmadi. (came — ijobiy)
Nothing happened.                   — Hech narsa bo'lmadi.
There's nowhere to sit.             — O'tiradigan joy yo'q.

ENG ko'p xato — qo'sh inkor: "I didn't see nobody" () ingliz tilida ikki inkor noto'g'ri! Ikki yo'l:

text

 I didn't see anybody.  (don't + any-)
 I saw nobody.           (ijobiy fe'l + no-)
 I didn't see nobody.    (qo'sh inkor — XATO!)

O'zbekcha "hech kimni ko'rmadim" — ikki inkor (hech + ma); inglizcha bitta inkor.

3.5. every- (hammasi)

Everyone is here.                   — Hamma shu yerda.
Everything is ready.                 — Hammasi tayyor.
I've looked everywhere.              — Hamma joyni qaradim.

3.6. Fe'l BIRLIK! (everyone IS, nobody KNOWS)

Barcha noaniq olmoshlar birlik fe'l oladi (ko'plik ko'rinsa ham!):

 Everyone IS here.         Everyone are here.
 Nobody KNOWS the answer.   Nobody know.
 Something IS wrong.        Everything LOOKS fine.

everyone/everybody — "hamma" (ko'p odam) bo'lsa ham, grammatik jihatdan birlik is, knows, has.

3.7. someone + they/their (singular "they")

Jinsi noma'lum odam haqida he/she o'rniga they/their ishlatiladi (zamonaviy, neytral):

Someone left their bag here.        — Kimdir sumkasini bu yerda qoldirdi.
If anyone calls, tell them I'm out.  — Kimdir qo'ng'iroq qilsa, yo'qman deng.

3.7b. Sifat KEYIN keladi (something new, anywhere nice)

Oddiy otda sifat oldin keladi (a new car), lekin noaniq olmoshda sifat olmoshdan KEYIN turadi. Bu o'zbeklar uchun ajablanarli, chunki o'zbekchada aniqlovchi doim otdan oldin ("yangi narsa", "qiziq joy"), inglizchada esa aksincha:

I want something new.          — Yangi biror narsa xohlayman.  (something + new)
Let's go somewhere quiet.       — Biror tinch joyga boraylik.  (somewhere + quiet)
Is there anything interesting?  — Biror qiziq narsa bormi?      (anything + interesting)
There's nothing wrong.          — Hech qanday xato yo'q.        (nothing + wrong)
Tell me something funny.        — Menga biror kulgili narsa ayting.

Xato: "I want new something" () — ingliz tilida bunday emas. Doim something new, someone important, anywhere cheap. Tartibni yodda saqlang: olmosh sifat.

3.8. one / ones — otni takrorlamaslik

one (birlik sanaladigan) / ones (ko'plik) — otni qayta aytmaslik uchun:

"Which shirt do you want?" — "The blue one."  (one = shirt)
"Which shoes?" — "The red ones."               (ones = shoes)
I don't like this pen. Can I have a different one? — Boshqasini olsam?
These apples are bad. The ones in the fridge are better. — Muzlatkichdagilari yaxshiroq.

Qachon ishlatiladi: this/that/which/the + sifat bilan:

this one, that one, which one, the big one, a new one, the ones on the table

Diqqat: one/ones faqat sanaladigan ot uchun. Sanalmaydigan ot (water, money) bilan ishlatilmaydi: "Which water?" — "The cold one" () "the cold water" (). a/an bilan — "one": "I need a pen. Do you have one?" (one = a pen). Bu yerda one = "bitta (shunday narsa)".

3.9. both / either / neither — IKKI narsa haqida

Both restaurants are great.         — Ikki restoran ham zo'r.
You can take either bus.            — Istagan avtobusga chiqsangiz bo'ladi (biri yoki).
Neither answer is correct.          — Na bu, na u javob to'g'ri.

of bilan (the/them oldidan):

both of them / both of the books    — ikkalasi / ikki kitobning ikkalasi
either of them                       — ikkisidan biri
neither of them came.                — ikkisi ham kelmadi.

Juftlik bog'lovchilari:

both ... and ...:    Both Ali and Bek came.       — Ali ham, Bek ham keldi.
either ... or ...:   You can have either tea or coffee. — Yo choy, yo kofe.
neither ... nor ...: Neither Ali nor Bek came.    — Na Ali, na Bek keldi.

Diqqat: both/either/neither — faqat ikki narsa haqida (uch+ uchun all/any/none). neither o'zi inkor (don't bilan emas).

4. Misollar (holatlar bo'yicha)

Noaniq olmoshlar:

Someone is at the door — can you see who it is?  — Kimdir eshik oldida — kimligini ko'rasizmi?
I'm hungry. Is there anything to eat?            — Ochman. Yegani biror narsa bormi?
Nobody answered the phone.                        — Hech kim telefonga javob bermadi.
Everyone enjoyed the trip.                         — Hamma sayohatdan zavqlandi.
I've searched everywhere, but I can't find my keys. — Hamma joyni qidirdim, lekin kalitlarimni topolmayapman.

one/ones:

"Do you want the big suitcase or the small one?" — "The small one." — Kichigini.
I lost my umbrella, so I bought a new one.        — Soyabonimni yo'qotdim, yangisini oldim.

both/either/neither:

Both of my parents are teachers.                 — Ikkala ota-onam ham o'qituvchi.
"Tea or coffee?" — "Either is fine, thanks."      — Ikkalasi ham mayli.
Neither of us knew the way.                        — Ikkalamiz ham yo'lni bilmasdik.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

someone /ˈsʌmwʌn/ "samwan"   somebody /ˈsʌmbədi/ "sambədi"
anyone /ˈeniwʌn/ "eniwan"     nobody /ˈnəʊbədi/ "noubədi"
something /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/ "samθiŋ" (th!)   nothing /ˈnʌθɪŋ/ "naθiŋ" (th!)
both /bəʊθ/ "bouθ" (th!)
either /ˈaɪðə/ "ayðə" yoki /ˈiːðə/ "i:ðə"  (ikkala talaffuz to'g'ri)
neither /ˈnaɪðə/ "nayðə" yoki /ˈniːðə/ "ni:ðə"

either/neither: "ay-ðə" (ko'proq AmE) va "i:-ðə" (ko'proq BrE) — ikkala talaffuz ham to'g'ri, tanlang.

Topshiriq (shadowing): someone, anything, nobody, everywhere; the blue one, the red ones; both, either, neither ni ayting; something/nothing/both da "θ" ni mashq qiling. Youglish: "someone", "either".

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• Is there anything I can do? — "Yordam berolasim bormi?"
• Everyone's talking about it. — "Hamma shu haqida gapiryapti."
• There's nothing to worry about. — "Tashvishlanadigan narsa yo'q."
• somewhere around here — "shu atrofda qayerdadir".
• one way or another — "u yoki bu tarzda".
• Neither do I. / Me neither. — "Men ham (yo'q)."

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — yo'qolgan narsa (noaniq olmoshlar):

A: Have you seen my phone anywhere? I can't find it.   — Telefonimni biror joyda ko'rdingmi? Topolmayapman.
B: No, sorry. Did you leave it somewhere at work?       — Yo'q, kechir. Ishda biror joyda qoldirmadingmi?
A: Maybe. I've looked everywhere at home, but there's nothing. — Balki. Uyda hamma joyni qaradim, hech narsa yo'q.
B: Ask someone to call it. If it rings, you'll hear it.  — Kimdandir qo'ng'iroq qilishini so'ra. Jiringlasa, eshitasan.
A: Good idea. But nobody's around right now.             — Yaxshi fikr. Lekin hozir hech kim yo'q.
B: Here, use mine. Anything to help!                     — Mana, meningkini ishlat. Yordam bo'lsa bas!
A: Thanks! Oh — it's here, in my pocket. I had it the whole time! — Rahmat! Voy — mana, cho'ntagimda. Hamma vaqt menda ekan!

O'qish matni — "Choosing a laptop" (one/ones, both/either):

Last week I needed a new laptop, so I went to a shop. — O'tgan hafta yangi noutbuk kerak edi, do'konga bordim.
There were two good ones: a fast one and a cheaper one. — Ikkita yaxshisi bor edi: tezi va arzonrog'i.
Both were nice, but neither was perfect. — Ikkalasi ham yaxshi edi, lekin hech qaysi mukammal emasdi.
The fast one was too expensive, and the cheap one had a small screen. — Tezi juda qimmat, arzoni esa kichik ekranli edi.
The assistant said, "Either one is good for everyday use." — Sotuvchi dedi: "Kundalik ish uchun ikkalasi ham yaxshi."
In the end, I asked someone I trust, and they told me to get the cheaper one. — Oxir-oqibat, ishonchli odamdan so'radim, u arzonrog'ini olishni aytdi.
Now I'm happy — it does everything I need, and I saved some money. — Endi xursandman — kerak narsani hammasini qiladi, va biroz pul tejadim.

Topshiriq: matnda noaniq olmoshlar, one/ones, both/either/neither ni belgilang. So'ng biror tanlovingiz (ikki narsadan) haqida 5 gap yozing (both/either/neither + one bilan).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Qo'sh inkor: I didn't see nobody. I don't know nothing. Sabab: o'zbekcha "hech kimni ko'rmadim" — ikki inkor. I didn't see anybody / I saw nobody. I don't know anything / I know nothing. Eng ko'p xato!

• everyone + ko'plik fe'l: Everyone are happy. Nobody know. Everyone is happy. Nobody knows. (birlik fe'l).

• inkor/savolda some-: Did you see someone? I don't have something. Did you see anyone? I don't have anything. (inkor/savol any-).

• one/ones tushirish: "Which shirt?" — "The blue." "The blue one." (sifatdan keyin one).

• neither + inkor / ko'plik: Neither of them didn't come. Neither of them came. (neither o'zi inkor, fe'l ijobiy + birlik).

• both vs all (uchta+ uchun): Both of my three friends. both — faqat ikki; uchta+ all.

• sifat oldin qo'yish: I want new something. Let's go quiet somewhere. Sabab: o'zbekchada aniqlovchi otdan oldin ("yangi narsa"). I want something new. Let's go somewhere quiet. (sifat olmoshdan keyin).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. some-, any-, no- yoki every-?

1. ___ is knocking at the door. (kimdir — ijobiy)
2. I didn't tell ___ . (hech kim — inkor)
3. ___ is ready for the party. (hammasi)
4. Is there ___ in the fridge? (biror narsa — savol)
5. ___ happened — it was a quiet day. (hech narsa)

Mashq 2. Fe'lni to'g'ri shaklga (birlik!):

1. Everyone ___ (be) here.
2. Nobody ___ (know) the answer.
3. Something ___ (smell) good.

Mashq 3. one yoki ones?

1. "Which bag?" — "The black ___ ."
2. "Which shoes?" — "The new ___ ."
3. I need a pen. Do you have ___ ?

Mashq 4. both, either yoki neither?

1. ___ of my parents are doctors. (ikkalasi)
2. "Tea or coffee?" — "___ , thanks." (ikkisidan biri, farqi yo'q)
3. ___ answer was correct — they both failed. (na biri, na ikkinchisi)

Mashq 5. Xatoni to'g'rilang: I didn't see nobody., Everyone are happy., Did you see something?, Which one? — The blue., Neither of them didn't come.

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Eshik oldida kimdir bor. = ___
2. Hech narsa ko'rmadim. = ___
3. Hamma shu yerda. = ___
4. Qaysi biri? — Qizili. = ___
5. Ikkalasi ham yaxshi. = ___

Mashq 7 (sifat tartibi). So'zlarni to'g'ri tartibga soling:

1. (new / something) — I need ___ .
2. (quiet / somewhere) — Let's find ___ .
3. (interesting / anything) — Did you see ___ ?

Mashq 8 (no- not any-). Bir xil ma'noni ikkinchi yo'l bilan ayting:

1. I saw nobody.        = I didn't see ___ .
2. I didn't say anything. = I said ___ .
3. There's nowhere to go. = There isn't ___ to go.

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — some/any/no/every: gap to'ldiring:

"___ called you." (kimdir)  Someone called you.
"I can't find it ___ ." (hech qayerda)  ___
"___ is possible." (hammasi)  ___

Drill B — one/ones (tanlov):

"Which jacket — the black one or the grey one?"  "The ___ ."
"Which apples?"  "The ___ on the table."

Drill C — both/either/neither:

(two films / both good)      Both films are good.
(tea/coffee — farqi yo'q)     ___ is fine.
(two answers — ikkisi xato)    ___ is correct.

Model javoblar (Drill A): I can't find it anywhere. / Everything is possible. So'ng o'zingiz haqingizda noaniq olmoshlar bilan 4 gap tuzing va ovoz chiqarib ayting.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. Someone · 2. anyone (anybody) · 3. Everyone · 4. anything · 5. Nothing. Mashq 2: 1. is · 2. knows · 3. smells. Mashq 3: 1. one · 2. ones · 3. one. Mashq 4: 1. Both · 2. Either · 3. Neither. Mashq 5: I didn't see anybody. (I saw nobody.) / Everyone is happy. / Did you see anything? / Which one? — The blue one. / Neither of them came. Mashq 6: 1. There's someone at the door. · 2. I didn't see anything. (I saw nothing.) · 3. Everyone is here. · 4. Which one? — The red one. · 5. Both are good. Mashq 7: 1. something new · 2. somewhere quiet · 3. anything interesting. Mashq 8: 1. anybody (anyone) · 2. nothing · 3. anywhere.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

NOANIQ OLMOSHLAR (4×3):
  some- (ijobiy): someone, something, somewhere
  any- (inkor/savol): anyone, anything, anywhere
  no- (inkor MA'NO, fe'l ijobiy!): no one, nothing, nowhere
  every- (hammasi): everyone, everything, everywhere
   FE'L BIRLIK: Everyone IS, Nobody KNOWS
   QO'SH INKOR YO'Q: "didn't see anybody" / "saw nobody" (NOT "didn't see nobody")
   SIFAT KEYIN: something new, somewhere quiet (olmosh  sifat)
ONE/ONES: takror o'rniga (the blue one, the red ones) — faqat sanaladigan
BOTH (ikkalasi, ko'plik) / EITHER (biri, birlik) / NEITHER (hech qaysi, inkor, birlik) — IKKI narsa
  both...and | either...or | neither...nor

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. some- (ijobiy), any- (inkor/savol), no- (inkor ma'no), every- (hammasi).
2. Fe'l birlik (everyone is); qo'sh inkor yo'q (didn't see anybody).
3. one/ones — otni takrorlamaslik (the blue one).
4. both (ikkalasi) / either (biri) / neither (hech qaysi) — ikki narsa.
5. neither o'zi inkor; both — ko'plik fe'l.

Bog'lanish: noaniq olmoshlar va one/ones — kundalik nutqning ajralmas qismi; B1 da anybody else, somewhere nice (sifat bilan), all/none of kengayadi. Olmosh tizimi endi butunlay to'liq.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 31-dars: "What ... like?" va odam/narsani tasvirlash. A1-A2 ning oxirgi mavzusi: tasvir so'rash (What's he like? What does she look like?) va odamlarni ta'riflash (tashqi ko'rinish + xarakter) — tall with dark hair, friendly and funny.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (something/anybody/nowhere, Units 79–80; one/ones; both/either/neither, Units 89–90); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (indefinite pronouns; one/ones; both/either/neither); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish.