A2 — 14-dars: how much/how many, too much/too many, (not) enough — miqdorni aniqlash

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 14-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

O'tgan darsda sanaladigan/sanalmaydigan otlar va asosiy miqdor so'zlarini (some/any/much/many) o'rgandingiz. Bu darsda miqdorni aniqroq ifodalashni o'rganasiz: how much / how many (qancha? nechta?), too much / too many / too (juda ko'p — kerakdan ortiq), (not) enough (yetarli / yetarli emas), va a bit, a couple of, several, so much.

There's too much salt and not enough sugar. (Tuz juda ko'p, shakar yetarli emas.) Are you old enough to drive? (Haydash uchun yoshing yetadimi?)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Shikoyat/baho: "It's too expensive." "There isn't enough time." "Too many meetings!"
• Ish: "We don't have enough developers." "There are too many bugs."
• Kundalik: "How much is it? Is it big enough?"
• too vs very farqi — o'zbeklar uchun eng nozik, eng muhim nuqtalardan.

Asosiy tushuncha — "kerakdan ortiq", "yetarli", "kam": miqdor uch nuqtada o'lchanadi. too much/many = juda ko'p (kerakdan ortiq — bu muammo). enough = aynan yetarli (yaxshi). not enough = kam (yetishmaydi). O'zbekcha "juda" (very) va "juda ko'p/ortiqcha" (too) ni ko'pincha bir xil aytamiz — lekin inglizchada too = salbiy (muammo), very = neytral (shunchaki yuqori daraja). Bu farqni ajratish — bu darsning yuragi.

O'xshatish: stakanni tasavvur qiling. enough — aynan to'g'ri to'ldi (yaxshi). too much — toshib ketdi (ortiqcha, muammo). not enough — yarmigacha ham yetmadi (kam). very full esa shunchaki "juda to'la" (muammo emas).

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-13 (countable/uncountable): much (sanalmaydigan), many (sanaladigan). Bugun too much/too many, how much/how many — shu farqga tayanadi.
• A2-13 (a few/a little): bir oz — bugun mustahkamlaymiz.
• A2-10 (a bit + comparative): a bit bigger — bugun a bit of (sanalmaydigan).
• A1-19 (very + sifat): very big — bugun too big bilan solishtiramiz 3.4-bob.
• Tez mashq: much yoki many? ___ time, ___ people, ___ money, ___ books (much, many, much, many).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. how much / how many — miqdor savollari

how much + sanalmaydigan ot:  How much time/money/water/sugar...?
how many + sanaladigan ot:     How many people/books/hours...?

How much time do we have?        — Qancha vaqtimiz bor?
How many people are coming?      — Nechta odam keladi?
How much does it cost? / How much is it?  — Qancha turadi?

how much = narx: How much is it? / How much does it cost? / How much do I owe you? — narx so'rashning asosiy yo'li. Javob: It's 20,000 so'm.

Javoblar (qisqa): How many? Three. / A lot. / Not many. / None. | How much? A little. / Too much. / Not much. / Enough.

3.2. a few / a little — "bir oz" (A2-13 mustahkamlash + chuqur)

a few + sanaladigan ko'plik:  a few friends, a few days, a few questions
a little + sanalmaydigan:      a little time, a little milk, a little help

Artiklli (ijobiy) vs artiklsiz (salbiy):

a few / a little   "bir oz, lekin BOR" (ijobiy bo'yoq)
few / little       "juda kam, deyarli YO'Q" (salbiy bo'yoq)

I have a few good friends. (yetarli, yaxshi)   vs  I have few friends. (kam, afsus)
There's a little hope. (umid bor)               vs  There's little hope. (umid deyarli yo'q)

Native qo'shimcha: only a few / only a little = "atigi bir oz" (kamlikni ta'kidlaydi): We have only a little time left.

3.3. too much / too many / too — "juda ko'p / juda" (kerakdan ortiq)

too o'zi "kerakdan ortiq, muammoli" degani:

too + sifat/ravish:        too hot, too expensive, too fast, too slowly
too much + sanalmaydigan:  too much salt, too much traffic, too much work
too many + sanaladigan:    too many people, too many mistakes, too many emails

This coffee is too hot to drink.       — Bu kofe ichish uchun juda issiq.
You're driving too fast.                — Juda tez haydayapsiz.
There's too much sugar in this.         — Bunda juda ko'p shakar bor.
I made too many mistakes.               — Juda ko'p xato qildim.

too much / too many tanlash — o'sha eski qoida: aynan much/many dagidek. Sanab bo'lmaydigan narsa (suv, vaqt, ish, tuz, shovqin) too much. Sanab bo'ladigan ko'plik (odamlar, xatolar, xatlar, yig'ilishlar) too many. Faqat old tomonda "too" turadi va bari "kerakdan ortiq — muammo" degani:

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too much traffic / too much noise / too much salt   — sanalmaydigan
too many cars / too many emails / too many meetings   — sanaladigan

Tekshirish yo'li: narsani "1, 2, 3…" deb sanay olasizmi? Ha many, yo'q much. too much cars (), too many traffic ().

3.4. too vs very — ENG muhim farq (o'zbeklar uchun)

The bag is very heavy, but I can carry it.   — Sumka juda og'ir, lekin ko'tara olaman. (very — OK)
The bag is too heavy. I can't carry it.       — Sumka haddan og'ir. Ko'tara olmayman. (too — muammo)

Eng ko'p xato: o'zbekcha "juda xursandman" I'm too happy ( — "haddan xursand, yaramaydi" ma'nosi!). To'g'risi: I'm very happy (). too ni faqat muammo/salbiy bo'lganda ishlating; oddiy "juda" very.

Tez tekshiruv usuli: gapdan keyin "...lekin zarari yo'q" deyish mumkinmi? Agar ha bo'lsa — very. Agar "...shuning uchun bo'lmaydi/qila olmayman" ma'nosi chiqsa — too. It's very hot (issiq, lekin chidasa bo'ladi) It's too hot to sleep (shunchalik issiqki, uxlab bo'lmaydi). Bir tovoq osh oldingizga qo'yilsa: "This is very tasty" (juda mazali — maqtov), lekin "This is too salty" (haddan sho'r — yeb bo'lmaydi, muammo). Maqtov va tabrikda hamisha very: very good, very kind, very beautiful.

Yana bir nozik nuqta: o'zbekchada "juda ham" yoki "o'ta" deganda ham ko'pincha very kerak, too emas. "U o'ta mehribon" She's very kind (), She's too kind ( — "haddan mehribon, bu yomon" degani). too doim bir "ammo/muammo" soyasini olib keladi.

3.5. too ... to — "shunchalik ... ki, qila olmaydi"

too + sifat + to + fe'l = "juda ... bo'lgani uchun (qila olmaydi)":

I'm too tired to work.            — Ishlash uchun juda charchaganman. (= ishlay olmayman)
It's too expensive to buy.         — Sotib olish uchun juda qimmat.
He's too young to drive.           — Haydash uchun juda yosh.
The box was too heavy to lift.      — Quti ko'tarish uchun juda og'ir edi.

3.6. enough — "yetarli" (O'RIN qoidasi muhim!)

enough = "yetarli". Eng muhimi — o'rni:

enough + OT (ot OLDIDAN):           enough money, enough time, enough chairs
sifat/ravish + enough (KEYIN):      big enough, old enough, fast enough, well enough

We have enough time.              — Bizda yetarli vaqt bor. (ot oldidan)
The room is big enough.           — Xona yetarlicha katta. (sifat keyin)
He doesn't run fast enough.        — U yetarlicha tez yugurmaydi. (ravish keyin)

Eng ko'p xato: enough big () big enough (). Sifat/ravish bilan enough keyin keladi! Ot bilan esa oldin (enough money).

Nega tartib teskari? O'zbekchada "yetarli" so'zi doim narsadan oldin turadi: "yetarli pul", "yetarli katta". Shuning uchun miya enough big deb yozishga tortadi. Lekin inglizchada bir oddiy qoida bor: enough OTdan oldin, sifat/ravishdan keyin. Ya'ni: enough + ot (enough water, enough people, enough time), lekin sifat/ravish + enough (strong enough, warm enough, quickly enough). Bittagina qoida — ammo eng ko'p xato aynan shu yerda.

Mini-mashq (enough o'rni): to'g'ri joyga qo'ying — (a) warm / enough — xona iliqmi? warm enough; (b) enough / chairs — stullar yetarlimi? enough chairs; (c) fast / enough — U tez yugurmaydi doesn't run fast enough; (d) enough / practice — mashq yetarli emas not enough practice. Qoida: sifat/ravish bo'lsa keyin; ot bo'lsa oldin.

3.7. enough ... to / not enough — "(yetarli emas)"

enough + (ot/sifat) + to + fe'l:
  I have enough money to buy it.     — Uni sotib olishga pulim yetadi.
  She's old enough to vote.           — U ovoz berishga yetarli yoshda.
not enough:
  There isn't enough time.            — Vaqt yetarli emas.
  This isn't good enough.             — Bu yetarlicha yaxshi emas.

too … to enough … to (bir tanganing ikki tomoni): ko'pincha bitta fikrni ikki xil aytish mumkin — biri too orqali (salbiy: bo'lmaydi), ikkinchisi enough orqali (yetmaydi). Bir xil ma'noni beradi:

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This shirt is too small to wear.   =  This shirt isn't big enough to wear.
  — Bu ko'ylak kiyish uchun juda kichik.  =  Bu ko'ylak kiyishga yetarlicha katta emas.
He's too young to drive.           =  He isn't old enough to drive.
  — U haydash uchun juda yosh.  =  U haydashga yetarli yoshda emas.
The tea is too hot to drink.       =  The tea isn't cool enough to drink.
  — Choy ichish uchun juda issiq.  =  Choy ichishga yetarlicha sovimagan.

Diqqat: too — musbat sifat bilan (too small, too young, too hot), not … enough — teskari sifat bilan (not big enough, not old enough, not cool enough). Ikkalasi ham "bu ish bo'lmaydi" degani.

3.8. a bit (of) / a couple of / several — boshqa miqdorlar

a bit + comparative:   a bit bigger, a bit later   (A2-10)
a bit of + sanalmaydigan: a bit of help, a bit of luck, a bit of time (= a little)
a couple of = 2 (ba'zan 2-3):  a couple of days, a couple of friends
several = "bir nechta" (3-7 atrofi, "a few" dan ko'proq): several people, several times

Can I have a bit of help?         — Bir oz yordam bersangiz?
I'll be there in a couple of days. — Bir-ikki kunda boraman.
I've told you several times.       — Sizga bir necha marta aytdim.

3.9. so much / so many / so — "shuncha ko'p" (his-tuyg'u, ta'kid)

so — kuchaytirish (his bilan), too dan farqli (so — neytral/ijobiy ta'kid bo'lishi mumkin):

so + sifat:              You're so kind! It's so hot!
so much + sanalmaydigan: There's so much to do!
so many + sanaladigan:   So many people came!

Thank you so much!                — Katta rahmat!
I have so much work this week.      — Bu hafta juda ko'p ishim bor.

so vs too: so much work (juda ko'p — his/ta'kid) vs too much work (kerakdan ortiq — muammo). so — hissiy ta'kid, too — ortiqchalik muammosi.

3.10. Miqdor spektri: all / most / some / no / none (qisqa)

all (hammasi) > most (ko'pchiligi) > some (ba'zilari) > a few/a little (bir oz) > no/none (hech)
  All my friends came.        — Hamma do'stlarim keldi.
  Most people agree.           — Ko'pchilik rozi.
  Some students were late.      — Ba'zi talabalar kech qoldi.
  No money / I have none.       — Hech pul yo'q / menda yo'q.

all/most/some + of the (aniq guruh): most of the students, some of the money. none — yolg'iz javob: "How many came?" — "None."

4. Misollar (holatlar bo'yicha)

how much / how many:

How much water do you drink a day?    — Kunda qancha suv ichasiz?
How many languages do you speak?       — Nechta tilda gapirasiz?

too / too much / too many:

It's too late to call him.             — Unga qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun juda kech.
There's too much noise in here.         — Bu yerda juda ko'p shovqin.
You ask too many questions!             — Juda ko'p savol berasiz!

enough:

Do we have enough chairs?              — Stullar yetarlimi?
You're not trying hard enough.          — Yetarlicha harakat qilmayapsiz.
I don't earn enough to save.            — Yig'ishga yetarlicha topmayman.

a bit / several / so much:

Can you speak a bit louder?            — Bir oz balandroq gapira olasizmi?
I've been there several times.          — U yerda bir necha marta bo'lganman.
There's so much to learn!               — O'rganadigan narsa juda ko'p!

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) enough /ɪˈnʌf/ "inaf" — "gh" = "f"! (eng qiyin):

enough  "i-NAF" (NOT "inog", NOT "inaugh"). gh tovushi  /f/.

(Xuddi tough "taf", rough "raf", laugh "laf" — ghf.)

(b) too /tuː/ "tu:", much /mʌtʃ/ "mach", couple /ˈkʌpl/ "kapl", several /ˈsevrəl/ "sevrəl".

(c) a bit of "ə-bit-əv", a couple of "ə-kapl-əv".

Topshiriq (shadowing): enough ni "inaf" deb ayting; "too much", "not enough", "big enough", "a couple of" ni mashq qiling. tough/rough/enough/laugh — ghf to'plamini takrorlang. Youglish: "enough", "too much".

6. So'z boyligi (kengaytirilgan Anki) — miqdor

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• That's enough! — "Yetar!" (to'xtatish).
• more than enough — "yetarlidan ko'p".
• too good to be true — "ishonish qiyin darajada yaxshi" (shubha).
• enough is enough — "yetar, bo'ldi".
• a couple of … / in a bit — "bir-ikki … / ozdan keyin".
• Thanks so much! / so much for that — minnatdorchilik. Kollokatsiya: too much work/time/noise, not enough time/money/space, big/old/good enough.

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — shikoyat (juda ko'p / yetarli emas):

A: How's the new job going?                     — Yangi ish qanday ketyapti?
B: Honestly? There's too much work and not enough people. — Rostini aytsammi? Ish juda ko'p, odam yetarli emas.
A: That sounds stressful. Do you have enough time to finish everything? — Bu og'ir-ku. Hammasini tugatishga vaqting yetadimi?
B: Not really. There are too many meetings, so I never have enough time to focus. — Unchalik emas. Yig'ilishlar juda ko'p, shuning uchun diqqatga vaqtim hech yetmaydi.
A: Have you talked to your manager?              — Menejering bilan gaplashdingmi?
B: A couple of times. He says he'll hire a few more developers soon. — Bir-ikki marta. Tez orada yana bir nechta dasturchi yollayman deydi.
A: That's good. A bit of patience, and it'll get better. — Yaxshi. Bir oz sabr, yaxshilanadi.
B: I hope so. Right now it's a bit too much!      — Umid qilaman. Hozir biroz ortiqcha-da!

O'qish matni — "Balance" (miqdor so'zlari bilan):

A good life is all about balance.                — Yaxshi hayot — muvozanat haqida.
Too much work and not enough rest make us tired. — Juda ko'p ish va yetarsiz dam bizni charchatadi.
But too much rest and not enough work feel empty too. — Lekin juda ko'p dam va kam ish ham bo'sh tuyuladi.
We need enough sleep, a little exercise, and a few close friends. — Bizga yetarli uyqu, ozgina sport va bir nechta yaqin do'st kerak.
Most problems come from "too much" or "too little" of something. — Ko'p muammolar biror narsaning "juda ko'p" yoki "juda kam"ligidan keladi.
The secret is simple: not too much, not too little — just enough. — Sir oddiy: ne ortiq, ne kam — aynan yetarli.

Topshiriq: matnda too much / not enough / a few / enough ni belgilang. So'ng o'z hayotingizda nima "juda ko'p", nima "yetarli emas"ligini 6 gapda yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• too vs very (eng muhim): I'm too happy. The film was too good. (oddiy "juda" ma'nosida). Sabab: o'zbekcha "juda" ikkalasi uchun. I'm very happy. The film was very good. (too — faqat muammo/ortiqcha: too hot to drink).

• enough o'rni: enough big, enough old, enough fast. big enough, old enough, fast enough (sifat/ravish bilan enough keyin). Lekin enough money (ot oldin).

• too much/too many aralashtirish: too much people, too many work. too many people (sanaladigan), too much work (sanalmaydigan).

• how much/how many: How much books? How many time? How many books? How much time?

• enough talaffuzi: "inog / inaf?" enough = "inaf" (gh f).

• so vs too: I have so much work (muammo ma'nosida) yoki too much (his ma'nosida) — aralashtirish. so much (his/ta'kid: "shuncha ko'p!"), too much (muammo: "kerakdan ortiq").

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. how much yoki how many?

___ time? · ___ people? · ___ money? · ___ books? · ___ sugar? · ___ days?

Mashq 2. too, too much yoki too many?

1. It's ___ cold to swim.
2. There's ___ salt in the soup.
3. You make ___ mistakes.
4. The bag is ___ heavy.
5. I have ___ work today.

Mashq 3. enough — to'g'ri joyga qo'ying:

1. We don't have (enough / money).  ___
2. The room isn't (enough / big).  ___
3. Are you (enough / old) to drive?  ___
4. He doesn't earn (enough) to save.  ___

Mashq 4. too yoki very?

1. The coffee is ___ hot — I can't drink it.
2. She's ___ kind — everyone likes her.
3. It's ___ expensive, so I won't buy it.
4. I'm ___ happy for you! (tabrik)

Mashq 5. a few, a little, a bit of, a couple of yoki several?

1. Can I have ___ help? (ozgina, sanalmaydigan)
2. I'll be back in ___ days. (bir-ikki)
3. I've been there ___ times. (bir nechta)
4. Add ___ salt. (bir oz)

Mashq 6. Xatoni to'g'rilang: I'm too happy., enough big, too much people, How much books?, She's enough old., It's a very hot to go out.

Mashq 7. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Vaqt yetarli emas. = ___
2. Bu kofe ichish uchun juda issiq. = ___
3. Xona yetarlicha kattami? = ___
4. Qancha turadi? = ___
5. Juda ko'p yig'ilish bor. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — too / enough (shikoyat/baho): vaziyatga reaksiya:

(coffee — hot)         It's too hot. / It isn't cool enough.
(room — small)          ___
(I — tired — work)      I'm too tired to work.
(money — buy a car)     I don't have enough money to buy a car.

Drill B — too vs very (to'g'risini tanlang):

1. The film was ___ good. I loved it. (very/too)  ___
2. It's ___ hot to go out. (very/too)  ___
3. She's ___ kind to everyone. (very/too)  ___

Drill C — "how much/how many" savol + javob:

(time)    How much time do we have? — Not much.
(people)  How many people are coming? — ___

Model javoblar (Drill A): The room is too small / isn't big enough. / I'm too tired to work. / I don't have enough money to buy a car. So'ng o'zingizning hayotingizdan 4 ta "too / enough" gapi bilan ayting, "tekshir" deb yuboring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: How much time / How many people / How much money / How many books / How much sugar / How many days. Mashq 2: 1. too · 2. too much · 3. too many · 4. too · 5. too much. Mashq 3: 1. enough money · 2. big enough · 3. old enough · 4. enough. Mashq 4: 1. too · 2. very · 3. too · 4. very (so). Mashq 5: 1. a bit of · 2. a couple of · 3. several · 4. a little. Mashq 6: I'm very happy. / big enough / too many people / How many books? / She's old enough. / It's too hot to go out (yoki: It's very hot). Mashq 7: 1. There isn't enough time. · 2. This coffee is too hot to drink. · 3. Is the room big enough? · 4. How much is it? (How much does it cost?) · 5. There are too many meetings.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

how much (sanalmaydigan) / how many (sanaladigan)  — qancha/nechta; how much = narx
a few/a little (bir oz, ijobiy) vs few/little (kam)
too = kerakdan ortiq (MUAMMO):  too + sifat | too much (sanalmaydigan) | too many (sanaladigan)
  too ... to: too tired TO work | too vs VERY (very = neytral "juda")
enough = yetarli:  enough + OT (enough money) | sifat/ravish + enough (big enough)
  enough ... to: old enough TO drive | not enough = kam
a bit of (ozgina) | a couple of (1-2) | several (3-7) | so much/many (his ta'kidi)
all > most > some > a few > none
Talaffuz: enough = "inaf" (ghf)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. how much (sanalmaydigan/narx) / how many (sanaladigan).
2. too = kerakdan ortiq (muammo); very = neytral "juda" — aralashtirmang.
3. too much (sanalmaydigan) / too many (sanaladigan); too ... to.
4. enough: ot oldin (enough money), sifat keyin (big enough).
5. a bit of, a couple of, several, so much; enough = "inaf".

Bog'lanish: miqdor tizimi (some/any/much/many/too/enough) endi to'liq — bu A2 ning muhim bloki. B1 da too ... to / so ... that / such (15-A2 da kirish), enough/too murakkab tuzilmalarda kengayadi. very/too/so farqi C1 gacha noziklashadi.

Keyingi dars — A2 — MAXSUS DARS: "Shopping & money" (xarid va pul — funksional/lug'at). Grammatikadan tanaffus (A+B reja): xarid qilish, narx so'rash, do'kon/bozor tili, pul — real iboralar va keng lug'at bilan. Bugungi how much, too expensive, enough aynan shu yerda ishlaydi.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (enough Unit 102; too/enough; how much/many 87); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (too, enough, quantifiers); Cambridge Dictionary (too, enough, how much/many); British Council LearnEnglish — "too / enough", "quantifiers".