A2 — MAXSUS DARS: Ijtimoiy ingliz — uzr so'rash, iltimos, taklif, rahmat

A2 — ELEMENTAR · Maxsus dars (funksional til) · social & polite English

1. Bu dars nima va nega muhim

Bu — funksional til darsi: kundalik muloyim muloqot — uzr so'rash (sorry/excuse me), iltimos (Can/Could you…?), taklif/ovoz berish (Shall I…? Would you like…?), minnatdorchilik (Thank you) va ularga javob berish. Bu — har kuni, har vaziyatda kerak bo'ladigan xushmuomalalik tili.

"Sorry I'm late." (Kechikkanim uchun uzr.) "Could you help me, please?" (Yordam bera olasizmi?) "Shall I open the window?" (Deraza ochaymi?) "Thanks a lot!" — "You're welcome." (Katta rahmat! — Arzimaydi.)

Real hayotda nega hal qiluvchi:

• Madaniyat: ingliz tilida muloyimlik juda muhim — please/sorry/thank you doim ishlatiladi.
• Munosabat: to'g'ri uzr/iltimos — yaxshi taassurot; qo'pol shakl — yomon.
• Kundalik: kechikish, yo'lda turish, yordam so'rash — har kuni.

Asosiy tushuncha — muloyimlik = uzunlik + ohang: ingliz tilida iltimos/uzr qancha uzunroq va bilvositaroq bo'lsa, shuncha muloyimroq: "Open the window" (buyruq, qo'pol) < "Can you open the window?" < "Could you open the window, please?" < "Would you mind opening the window?" (eng muloyim). Tayyor iboralarni butun blok sifatida yodlash foydali.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-20 (can — iltimos/taklif): Can you…? Can I…? — bugun kengaytma.
• A2-26 (could/may): Could you…? May I…? — muloyimroq.
• A2-18 (would like): Would you like…? — taklif.
• A2-9 (making plans): taklif/rad. Bugun — uzr/rahmat ham.
• Tez mashq: muloyimroq: "Help me" "___ you help me?" (Could).

3. Ijtimoiy ingliz — to'liq

3.1. Uzr so'rash (apologizing) — sorry vs excuse me

EXCUSE ME (OLDIN — e'tibor tortish / yo'l so'rash):
  Excuse me, where's the station?      — Kechirasiz, vokzal qayerda? (savol oldidan)
  Excuse me, can I get past?            — Kechirasiz, o'tib ketsam? (yo'lda)
SORRY (KEYIN — xato uchun kechirim):
  Sorry I'm late.                       — Kechikkanim uchun uzr.
  I'm so sorry. / I'm really sorry.     — Juda uzr so'rayman.
  Sorry to bother you, but...           — Bezovta qilganim uchun uzr, lekin…
  It's my fault.                         — Mening aybim.
  I apologize for the mistake.           — Xato uchun uzr so'rayman. (rasmiy)
  My apologies. / I apologise.           — Uzr so'rayman. (rasmiy — xat, ish, jamoat oldida)
  I do apologise for the delay.          — Kechikish uchun chin dildan uzr so'rayman.

Uzrning "kuchi" — qanchalik og'ir xato, shuncha kuchli ibora: o'zbek tilida "kechirasiz" bitta so'z bilan ko'p vaziyatga yetadi; ingliz tilida uzrning darajasi bor va vaziyatga qarab tanlanadi:

• Kichik narsa (yo'lda turtildingiz, yengil kechikish): Sorry. / Oops, sorry!
• O'rtacha (do'stingizni xafa qildingiz): I'm so sorry. / I'm really sorry about that.
• Jiddiy yoki rasmiy (ish joyi, mijoz, xat): I apologise. / My apologies. / I do apologise for… Kuchli iborani kichik narsaga ishlatish g'alati eshitiladi (haddan tashqari rasmiy), zaif iborani jiddiy xatoga ishlatish esa beparvo ko'rinadi. Shuning uchun ibora vaziyatga mos bo'lishi kerak.

Madaniy nozik farq — "sorry" ning ko'pligi: ingliz (ayniqsa britaniyalik) tilida sorry juda tez-tez, hatto o'z aybi bo'lmaganda ham aytiladi: kimdir sizni turtsa ham "Sorry!" deyishadi, do'konda o'tib ketish uchun "Sorry", biror narsani so'rashdan oldin "Sorry to bother you…". Bu — aybni tan olish emas, balki muloyimlik "moylagichi" (ijtimoiy silliqlik). O'zbekcha to'g'ridan-to'g'ri uslubda ("Nariroq turing", "Bu qancha?") bu "ortiqcha" tuyulishi mumkin, lekin inglizchada aynan shu qatlam odamni muloyim va yoqimtoy qilib ko'rsatadi. Shubhalanganda — ko'proq please/sorry/thank you ishlatgan afzal. excuse me vs sorry:

• Excuse me — oldin (e'tibor tortish, yo'l so'rash, savol berishdan oldin, hapshirish/yo'tal oldidan).
• Sorry — keyin (xato qilgach: kechikish, turtib yuborish, xafa qilish).

3.2. Uzrga javob berish (responding)

That's OK. / That's all right. / No problem.   — Hechqisi yo'q.
Don't worry about it. / Never mind.            — Tashvishlanmang. / Mayli.
It's fine. / Forget it.                         — Joyida. / Qo'ying.

3.3. Iltimos qilish (requests) — muloyimlik darajalari

ODDIY:  Can you help me?
MULOYIM:  Could you help me, please?
JUDA MULOYIM:  Would you mind helping me? (+ -ing!)
  Do you think you could...? / I was wondering if you could...

Could you pass the salt, please?      — Tuzni uzatsangiz?
Would you mind closing the door?       — Eshikni yopsangiz? (mind + -ing)
Can I borrow your pen?                 — Ruchkangizni olsam bo'ladimi?

Would you mind + -ing: "Would you mind waiting?" (Kutsangiz, xafa bo'lmaysizmi?). Javob: "No, not at all" (= mayli, kutaman!) yoki "Of course not." (Diqqat: "No" = rozilik bu yerda!)

Ruxsat so'rash (asking permission) — o'zim uchun ruxsat:

Can I...? (oddiy):        Can I sit here? / Can I use your phone?
Could I...? (muloyim):    Could I ask you something?
May I...? (rasmiy):       May I come in? / May I have your name, please?
Do you mind if I...?:     Do you mind if I open the window?
Would it be OK if I...?:  Would it be OK if I left early?

Do you mind if I…? — javobiga e'tibor: "Do you mind if I sit here?" (O'tirsam, xalaqit bermaydimi?). Rozilik = "No, go ahead" / "Not at all, please do" (= mayli, o'tiring!). Bu yerda ham "No" = rozilik, chunki savol "xalaqit beradimi" degani. Rad qilish esa muloyim shaklda: "Actually, I'd rather you didn't." (Rostini aytsam, aksincha bo'lganini afzal ko'rardim.)

Farqni sezing — iltimos (boshqa qilsin) vs ruxsat (o'zim qilay): Could you open the window? — men sizdan so'rayapman (iltimos). Could I open the window? / Do you mind if I open it? — men o'zimga ruxsat so'rayapman. Ega (you / I) funksiyani belgilaydi.

3.4. Taklif va ovoz berish (offers)

Shall I + V1? (yordam taklifi):  Shall I help you? / Shall I carry that?
Would you like + ot/to + V1?:    Would you like some tea? / Would you like to sit down?
Do you want me to...?:           Do you want me to call a taxi?
Can I get you anything?           — Sizga biror narsa keltiraymi?
Here, let me help you.            — Mana, yordam beray.

Shall I…? — "…aymi?" (o'zim qilishni taklif): "Shall I open the window?" (Deraza ochaymi?). Would you like…? — boshqaga taklif: "Would you like a coffee?"

3.5. Minnatdorchilik (thanking) va javob

RAHMAT:
  Thank you. / Thanks. / Thanks a lot. / Thank you so much.
  Thanks for your help. / I really appreciate it.
  That's very kind of you.               — Juda mehribonsiz.
JAVOB:
  You're welcome. / No problem. / Not at all.
  Don't mention it. / My pleasure. / Any time.
  No worries. (norasmiy)

Madaniyat: ingliz tilida thank you ga doim javob beriladi (you're welcome va h.k.) — jim qolish g'alati.

3.6. Boshqa muloyim iboralar

Iltimos kiritish:  Please / if you don't mind / if that's OK
Rozilik:  Of course. / Sure. / No problem. / Certainly. (rasmiy)
Muloyim rad:  I'm afraid I can't. / Sorry, I'd love to, but... / Maybe another time.
E'tibor:  After you. (Avval siz — eshikda) / Bless you! (hapshirganda)

Muloyim rad — nega "yumshoq"? o'zbekcha "yo'q" ni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aytish odatiy, lekin inglizcha taklifni rad qilishda quruq "No" qo'pol eshitiladi. Muloyim rad 3 bo'lakdan iborat: (1) minnatdorchilik/afsus — "Thank you, but…" / "I'd love to, but…"; (2) sabab — "I'm busy right now"; (3) eshik ochiq qoldirish — "Maybe another time." Masalan: "That's very kind, but I'm afraid I can't make it today. Maybe next week?"

3.7. Tabrik va yaxshi tilak (congratulations & good wishes)

Congratulations! / Congrats! (norasmiy)  — Tabriklayman!
Well done! / Good job! / Nice one!         — Barakalla! / Zo'r ish!
Happy birthday! / Many happy returns!      — Tug'ilgan kun muborak!
Good luck! / Best of luck!                 — Omad! / Muvaffaqiyat tilayman!
Congratulations on your wedding/new job!   — Nikohingiz/yangi ishingiz muborak!

Javob: tabrikka odatda "Thank you!" / "Thanks so much!" deb javob beriladi. "Congratulations" imlosi qiyin — bitta "r", ikkita "t" emas, oxiri -tions. "Good luck!" — imtihon, suhbat, sayohat oldidan aytiladi.

3.8. Hamdardlik bildirish (sympathy)

I'm sorry to hear that.                    — Buni eshitib, achindim. (yomon xabar)
That's a shame. / That's too bad.          — Achinarli. / Afsus.
Oh no, are you OK?                          — Voy, o'zingiz yaxshimisiz?
Get well soon!                              — Tezroq sog'ayib keting!
My condolences. / I'm so sorry for your loss. — Hamdardligimni bildiraman. (motam — rasmiy)

Bu yerda "sorry" = uzr EMAS: "I'm sorry to hear that" — bu uzr so'rash emas, balki hamdardlik (achinish). Kimdir "Kasal bo'ldim" yoki "Ishni yo'qotdim" desa, aybingiz yo'q — lekin baribir "I'm sorry" deyiladi (= "afsuski", "achinaman"). Ya'ni inglizcha sorry ikki xil ma'noda: (1) uzr (mening aybim), (2) hamdardlik (sizga achinaman). Kontekst farqni ko'rsatadi.

4. Misollar (funksiya bo'yicha)

uzr: Sorry, I didn't mean to. / Excuse me, is this seat free?
iltimos: Could you do me a favour? / Would you mind helping?
taklif: Shall I give you a hand? / Would you like a lift?
rahmat: Thanks so much, you're a lifesaver! — "You're welcome!"
rad: I'm afraid I'm busy right now. Sorry!
ruxsat: Do you mind if I join you? — "No, please do!"
tabrik: Congratulations on passing the exam! — "Thank you so much!"
hamdardlik: I'm sorry to hear you're not well. Get well soon!

Small talk (yengil suhbat) — muloyimlikning davomi: ingliz madaniyatida notanish yoki kam tanish odam bilan qisqa, xushmuomala suhbat normal hisoblanadi (navbatda, liftda, ish tanaffusida). Odatiy mavzular — ob-havo, yo'l, dam olish kunlari; shaxsiy/pul mavzulari yo'q. Tayyor iboralar:

text

Lovely weather today, isn't it?   — Bugun ob-havo zo'r, a?
How's it going? / How are things?  — Ishlar qalay?
Did you have a good weekend?       — Dam olish kuni yaxshi o'tdimi?
Have a nice day! / Take care!      — Yaxshi kun tilayman! / O'zingizni ehtiyot qiling!

Bu iboralar haqiqiy savol emas — ijtimoiy salomlashish; javob qisqa va ijobiy bo'ladi: "Not bad, thanks. You?" O'zbekcha "Yaxshimisiz? — Yaxshi, o'zingiz?" ga o'xshaydi.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

excuse me /ɪkˈskjuːz miː/ "ikskyu:z-mi"   sorry /ˈsɒri/ "sori"
would you mind  "wud-yə-maynd" / "wuju-maynd"
"You're welcome"  "yo-welkəm"   "Don't mention it"  "dount-menshənit"

Native siri: excuse me — "ikSKYU:Z-mi". "Could you…" tez nutqda "kuju". sorry — BrE "SORi", AmE "SARi". Ohang muloyim, iltimosda ko'tariluvchi ().

Topshiriq (shadowing): "Excuse me. Sorry I'm late. Could you help me? Thank you so much. You're welcome." ni muloyim ohangda aytish — har iborani ohangi bilan birga yodlash.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Eng muhim chunks:

• Excuse me, … (oldin) / Sorry, … (keyin).
• Could you …, please? — iltimos.
• Would you mind …ing? — eng muloyim iltimos.
• Shall I …? — yordam taklifi.
• Thank you so much. — You're welcome.
• I'm afraid I can't. — muloyim rad.

7. To'liq dialoglar (input)

Dialog 1 — kundalik muloyimlik (aralash):

A: Excuse me, sorry to bother you. Could you help me with this bag? — Kechirasiz, bezovta qilganim uchun uzr. Bu sumkaga yordam bera olasizmi?
B: Of course! Shall I carry it for you? — Albatta! Sizga ko'tarib beraymi?
A: Oh, that's very kind of you. Thank you so much. — Juda mehribonsiz. Katta rahmat.
B: You're welcome. Where are you heading? — Arzimaydi. Qayoqqa ketyapsiz?
A: Just to the station. Sorry, am I keeping you? — Vokzalga. Kechirasiz, ushlab qolyapmanmi?
B: Not at all. I'm going that way too. — Umuman yo'q. Men ham o'sha tomonga.
A: Brilliant. I really appreciate it. — Zo'r. Chindan minnatdorman.
B: No problem at all. After you! — Hechqisi yo'q. Avval siz!

Dialog 2 — uzr (kechikish):

A: I'm so sorry I'm late! The traffic was terrible. — Kechikkanim uchun juda uzr! Tirbandlik dahshat edi.
B: Don't worry about it. You're here now. — Tashvishlanma. Endi keldingiz-ku.
A: It won't happen again, I promise. — Boshqa takrorlanmaydi, va'da beraman.
B: Honestly, it's fine. Would you like a coffee? — Rostdan, joyida. Kofe xohlaysizmi?
A: That would be lovely, thanks. — Juda yaxshi bo'lardi, rahmat.

Topshiriq: dialoglarda uzr/iltimos/taklif/rahmat iboralarini belgilash. So'ng quyidagi vaziyatlarga muloyim javob yozish: (1) kimnidir turtib yubordingiz, (2) yordam kerak, (3) kimdir sizga yordam berdi.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• sorry/excuse me chalkashish: "Sorry, where's the bank?" (savol oldidan). "Excuse me, where's the bank?" (oldin excuse me; xato keyin sorry).

• Would you mind + to: Would you mind to help? Would you mind helping? (mind + -ing!).

• "Would you mind?" javobini chalkashtirish: "Yes" deb rozilik bildirish. rozilik = "No, not at all" (Yo'q, mayli!). (Yes = "ha, xalaqit beradi"!)

• Thank you ga javob bermaslik / "please" deb javob: "You're welcome / No problem / My pleasure."

• "Give me…" (please'siz buyruq): Give me water. Could I have some water, please? (muloyim + please).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Sorry yoki Excuse me?

1. ___ , can you tell me the time? (oldin — savol)
2. ___ I'm late. (kechikkan)
3. ___ , can I get past? (yo'lda)
4. Oh, ___ ! I didn't see you. (turtib yubordingiz)

Mashq 2. Iltimosni muloyimroq qiling:

1. "Open the window."  "___ "
2. "Help me."  "___ "
3. "Wait."  "Would you mind ___ ?"

Mashq 3. Funksiyaga mos javob:

1. "Thank you!"  "___" (rahmatga javob)
2. "Sorry I'm late."  "___" (uzrga javob)
3. "Would you mind waiting?" (rozilik)  "___"

Mashq 4. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Kechikkanim uchun uzr. = ___
2. Yordam bera olasizmi? = ___
3. Deraza ochaymi? = ___
4. Katta rahmat. — Arzimaydi. = ___
5. Kechirasiz, vokzal qayerda? = ___

Mashq 5. Funksiyani toping (uzr / ruxsat / tabrik / hamdardlik):

1. "May I come in?"                      ___
2. "Congratulations on your new job!"    ___
3. "I'm sorry to hear you're ill."       ___
4. "It's my fault, I do apologise."      ___

Mashq 6 (rol o'yin). Har vaziyatga mos ibora ayting:

1. Do'stingiz imtihondan o'tdi.           ___
2. Xamkasbingiz kasal ekan.                ___
3. Kimningdir joyiga o'tirmoqchisiz.       ___
4. Rasmiy xatda kechikish uchun uzr.       ___

10. Production drill

Drill A — muloyim iltimos:

Vaziyat  iltimos:
1. (ruchka kerak)  "Could you ___ ?"
2. (o'tib ketish)  "Excuse me, ___ ?"

Drill B — taklif:

"Shall I ___ ?" (yordam) / "Would you like ___ ?" (taklif)

Drill C — to'liq muloyim almashinuv: Kimdir sizga yordam berdi — uzr (bezovta qilganga), rahmat, va javobni aytish.

Model: Sorry to bother you — could you help me? … Thank you so much, that's very kind! You're welcome. So'ng 5 muloyim gap (uzr/iltimos/taklif/rahmat) tuzib, ularni ovoz chiqarib mashq qilish.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. Excuse me · 2. Sorry · 3. Excuse me · 4. sorry. Mashq 2: 1. Could you open the window, please? · 2. Could you help me, please? · 3. Would you mind waiting? Mashq 3: 1. You're welcome / No problem. · 2. That's OK / Don't worry. · 3. No, not at all. Mashq 4: 1. Sorry I'm late. · 2. Could you help me, please? · 3. Shall I open the window? · 4. Thank you so much. — You're welcome. · 5. Excuse me, where's the station? Mashq 5: 1. ruxsat so'rash · 2. tabrik · 3. hamdardlik · 4. uzr. Mashq 6 (namuna javob): 1. Congratulations! / Well done! · 2. I'm sorry to hear that. Get well soon! · 3. Do you mind if I sit here? / Is this seat free? · 4. Please accept my apologies for the delay. / I do apologise for the delay.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

EXCUSE ME (oldin: savol/yo'l) vs SORRY (keyin: xato uchun)
ILTIMOS (muloyimlik darajasi): Can you < Could you < Would you mind + -ING
TAKLIF: Shall I...? (o'zim) | Would you like...? (boshqaga) | Do you want me to...?
RAHMAT: Thank you / I appreciate it  javob: You're welcome / My pleasure / No problem
UZRGA JAVOB: That's OK / Don't worry / Never mind
RUXSAT: Do you mind if I...? / May I...? (rozilik = "No, go ahead")
TABRIK: Congratulations! / Well done! / Good luck!
HAMDARDLIK: I'm sorry to hear that / Get well soon
RAD (muloyim): I'm afraid I can't / Sorry, I'd love to, but...
 Would you mind + -ING (rozilik = "No, not at all"); excuse me ≠ sorry; sorry = uzr YOKI hamdardlik

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Excuse me (oldin) vs Sorry (keyin).
2. Iltimos: Can < Could < Would you mind + -ing.
3. Shall I…? (taklif) / Would you like…?.
4. Thank you ga doim javob.
5. Would you mind…? rozilik = "No, not at all".

Bog'lanish: ijtimoiy/muloyim ingliz — barcha funksional darslarni (A2-9, 15, 29, 35, 36) bog'laydigan "yelim". Bu — CEFR auditida topilgan funksional bo'shliq. A2 ning oxirgi to'ldirish darsi. Endi A2 chindan to'liq.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 16b-dars: Reporting verbs (suggest/advise/promise/offer + pattern). Reported speech'ni say/tell'dan tashqari fe'llar bilan kengaytirish.

Manba

Cambridge English (A2 — functional: social English, politeness); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (requests, offers, apologies, politeness); British Council LearnEnglish — "Apologising", "Making requests", "Offers".