A2 — 10-dars: Comparatives (taqqoslash — bigger, more beautiful, than)

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 10-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda ikki narsa yoki odamni solishtirishni o'rganasiz — comparatives (qiyosiy daraja): taller (balandroq), more expensive (qimmatroq), better (yaxshiroq) + than (… dan). My phone is better than yours. (Telefonim siznikidan yaxshiroq — bu yerda yours = sizniki.)

Solishtirish — kundalik nutqning markazida: qaysi narsa yaxshiroq/arzonroq/tezroq, qaysi joy kattaroq, kim balandroq. Bu darsda ikkita "asbob"ni olasiz: -er/more … than (farq) va as … as (tenglik).

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Tanlov/xarid: "This laptop is faster but more expensive than that one."
• Fikr bildirish: "I think Python is easier than C++."
• O'zi haqida (intervyu): "I'm more confident now than I was a year ago."
• Taqqoslash — fikrlashning asosi: dunyoni biz doim solishtiramiz.

Asosiy tushuncha — uzunlik qoidasi: ingliz tilida sifatni qiyosiy darajaga qo'yish uning bo'g'inlar soniga bog'liq. Qisqa sifat (1 bo'g'in) -er qo'shadi (tall taller). Uzun sifat (3+ bo'g'in) oldiga more qo'yadi (beautiful more beautiful). Bu — o'zbekchadagi bitta "-roq" (balandroq, chiroyliroq) o'rniga ikki xil tizim. Eng katta xato — ikkalasini birga ishlatish (more taller ).

O'xshatish: sifat — yukchi. Qisqa sifat (tall, big) yengil — o'zi bilan -er "ryukzag"ini ko'taradi (taller). Uzun sifat (beautiful, expensive) og'ir — unga more "yordamchi" kerak (more beautiful). Bittaga ikki yordamchi (more taller) — bu xato, ortiqcha.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-19 (sifatlar): big, expensive, beautiful, good, bad + sifat otdan oldin / to be dan keyin. Bugun ularni solishtiramiz.
• A1-19 (sifat tartibi): rang, o'lcham... — bugun bo'g'in soni muhim.
• A2-9: funksional til (taqqoslab tanlov: "This one's better").
• Tez mashq: qarama-qarshisini ayting: big ?, expensive ?, good ? (small, cheap, bad). Bularning hammasi bugun -er/more oladi.

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Asosiy tuzilma: comparative + than

A + to be + [sifat-comparative] + than + B
  My car is faster than your car.
  This is more expensive than that.

than — "… dan" (solishtirish so'zi). U doim ikki narsani bog'laydi.

3.2. QOIDA 1 — bir bo'g'inli sifat: + -er

tall  taller     old  older     cheap  cheaper     fast  faster
small  smaller   young  younger short  shorter     long  longer

Imlo nozikliklari:

• Oxiri -e faqat +r: nice nicer, large larger, late later, safe safer.
• CVC (undosh+unli+undosh) oxirgi undosh ikkilanadi + er: big bigger, hot hotter, thin thinner, fat fatter, sad sadder. (Lekin w bilan tugasa ikkilanmaydi: new newer, slow slower.)

3.3. QOIDA 2 — ikki bo'g'inli, "-y" bilan tugaydi: y -ier

happy  happier    easy  easier      busy  busier
early  earlier    pretty  prettier  funny  funnier
heavy  heavier    friendly  friendlier

(A1-9 dagi city cities mantig'i: undosh + y ier.)

3.4. QOIDA 3 — ikki bo'g'inli (boshqa) va uzun sifatlar: more + sifat

Ko'pchilik ikki bo'g'inli (-y siz) va barcha 3+ bo'g'inli sifatlar more oladi:

modern  more modern        careful  more careful
famous  more famous         useful  more useful
beautiful  more beautiful   expensive  more expensive
important  more important   interesting  more interesting
difficult  more difficult   comfortable  more comfortable

3.5. QOIDA 4 — IKKALASI mumkin (ba'zi ikki bo'g'inli)

Ba'zi ikki bo'g'inli sifatlar ikki xil ham bo'ladi (ikkalasi to'g'ri):

common  commoner / more common      quiet  quieter / more quiet
clever  cleverer / more clever       simple  simpler / more simple
narrow  narrower / more narrow       gentle  gentler / more gentle

Boshlovchi uchun: shubha bo'lsa more ishlating — deyarli har doim qabul qilinadi.

3.6. QOIDA 5 — NOTO'G'RI (irregular) shakllar — yodlash SHART

good  better      bad  worse        far  farther / further
little  less      much/many  more   well  better   badly  worse
old  older / elder  (elder — faqat oila: my elder brother)

This is better than that.        — Bu undan yaxshiroq.
The traffic is worse today.       — Bugun tirbandlik battarroq.
I have less time now.             — Endi vaqtim kamroq.

farther vs further: farther — faqat masofa (ten miles farther). further — masofa va mavhum ma'no (further information = qo'shimcha ma'lumot, further questions). Shubhada — further (kengroq ishlatiladi). elder vs older: elder/eldest — faqat oila a'zolari oldidan (my elder sister); than bilan ishlatilmaydi (She is elder than me older than me). Umumiy holatda doim older.

3.7. Darajani kuchaytirish/yumshatish: much, far, a bit, slightly

Comparative oldidan qancha farq borligini bildiruvchi so'zlar:

much / far / a lot + comparative   KATTA farq:  much bigger, far better, a lot more expensive
a bit / a little / slightly + comparative  KICHIK farq: a bit taller, slightly more expensive

This phone is much better than my old one.   — Bu telefon eskisidan ancha yaxshiroq.
She's a bit older than me.                    — U mendan biroz kattaroq.
Today is far colder than yesterday.           — Bugun kechagidan ancha sovuqroq.

Diqqat: very comparative bilan ishlatilmaydi: very bigger () much bigger (). very faqat oddiy sifat bilan (very big).

3.8. as … as — TENGLIK (va not as … as — tengsizlik)

Ikki narsa teng bo'lsa — as + sifat (oddiy!) + as:

A + to be + as + sifat + as + B
  He is as tall as his father.       — U otasidek baland (teng).
  This is as expensive as that.       — Bu xuddi undek qimmat.

not as … as = "… qadar emas" (kamroq):

This phone isn't as expensive as that one.   — Bu telefon unchalik qimmat emas (= arzonroq).
I'm not as fast as you.                       — Men sendek tez emasman (= sekinroq).

Diqqat: as … as orasida sifat oddiy shaklda (comparative emas!): as tall as (), as taller as (). Va not as … as = less … than: "not as expensive as" = "less expensive than".

as much/many … as (miqdor): I don't have as much time as you. / She has as many books as me.

3.9. less … than — "kamroq" (more ning teskarisi)

This is less expensive than that.    — Bu undan kamroq qimmat (= arzonroq).
I'm less confident than I was.        — Men oldingidan kamroq ishonchliman.

less — uzun sifatlar bilan tabiiyroq. Qisqa sifatda odatda qarama-qarshi so'z ishlatiladi: less big o'rniga smaller.

3.9b. the same as / different from / similar to — "bir xil / farqli / o'xshash"

as … as tenglikni sifat orqali beradi; quyidagi tayyor iboralar esa ikki narsani butunlay solishtiradi (ot bilan):

A + to be + the same as + B       bir xil
A + to be + different from + B     farqli
A + to be + similar to + B         o'xshash

My phone is the same as yours.        — Telefonim sizniki bilan bir xil.
This colour is different from that.    — Bu rang undan farqli.
Her idea is similar to mine.           — Uning fikri menikiga o'xshash.

Diqqat — predlogni yodlang: the same as ( the same with/like), different from (BrE ba'zan different to; AmE different than — lekin A2 uchun from ishonchli), similar to ( similar with). Bular sobit birikma — predlogi bilan yodlanadi. the same … as (orasida ot): the same size as, the same age as, the same price as — He is the same age as me. (U men bilan tengdosh.)

3.10. comparative + and + comparative — "tobora …roq"

Asta-sekin o'sib borishini bildiradi:

It's getting colder and colder.           — Tobora sovub boryapti.
Prices are getting higher and higher.     — Narxlar tobora oshyapti.
English is becoming more and more important. — Inglizcha tobora muhimroq bo'lyapti.

(Uzun sifat: more and more + sifat.)

3.11. the + comparative, the + comparative — "qancha …, shuncha …"

Ikki narsaning parallel o'sishi:

The more you practise, the better you get.   — Qancha mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshilanasiz.
The older I get, the wiser I become.          — Qancha kattalashsam, shuncha donoroq bo'laman.
The sooner, the better.                       — Qancha tez bo'lsa, shuncha yaxshi.

3.12. RAVISHLARNI taqqoslash (adverbs)

Sifat emas, harakatni solishtirsangiz (qanday qilingan):

fast  faster (He runs faster.)         hard  harder (work harder)
early  earlier      late  later
-ly ravishlar  more: carefully  more carefully, slowly  more slowly, quickly  more quickly
yaxshi: well  better      yomon: badly  worse

Could you speak more slowly, please?   — Sekinroq gapira olasizmi?
He works harder than anyone.            — U hammadan ko'proq ishlaydi.
She did better than expected.           — U kutilgandan yaxshiroq qildi.

4. Misollar (holatlar bo'yicha)

QISQA SIFAT (-er than):

Tashkent is bigger than Bukhara.        — Toshkent Buxorodan kattaroq.
This box is heavier than that one.       — Bu quti undan og'irroq.
Winter is colder than autumn.            — Qish kuzdan sovuqroq.

UZUN SIFAT (more … than):

This job is more interesting than my last one. — Bu ish oldingisidan qiziqarliroq.
Health is more important than money.      — Sog'liq puldan muhimroq.

IRREGULAR:

Your idea is better than mine.            — Sizning fikringiz menikidan yaxshiroq.
The film was worse than the book.         — Film kitobdan yomonroq edi.

as … as / not as … as:

He's as clever as his sister.             — U opasidek aqlli.
This isn't as hard as I thought.          — Bu men o'ylaganchalik qiyin emas.

KUCHAYTIRISH:

It's much hotter today.                   — Bugun ancha issiqroq.
She's slightly taller than me.            — U mendan biroz balandroq.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) -er oxiri schwa /ə/ (urg'usiz):

taller "to:lə", bigger "bigə", older "ouldə", faster "fa:stə", better "betə"

"-er" hech qachon "-er" deb kuchli aytilmaydi — yengil "ə".

(b) than — zaif shakl /ðən/: taller than me "to:lə-ðən-mi" (than yutiladi). th tovushli (ð).

(c) as … as: birinchi as zaif /əz/, ikkinchisi biroz kuchliroq: as tall as "əz-to:l-əz".

(d) more /mɔː/ "mo:", worse /wɜːs/ "wə:s" (NOT "vors"!), better /ˈbetə/ (intervokal t AmE "bedər").

Topshiriq (shadowing): "bigger than", "more expensive than", "better than", "as good as" ni ayting; than va as ni zaif (yutib) ayting. Youglish: "better than", "as good as".

6. So'z boyligi (kengaytirilgan Anki) — sifat juftlari + taqqoslash iboralari

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• the same as — "… bilan bir xil" (This is the same as that.).
• different from — "… dan farqli" (Mine is different from yours.).
• similar to — "… ga o'xshash".
• better than nothing — "yo'qdan ko'ra yaxshi".
• the sooner the better — "qancha tez, shuncha yaxshi".
• more or less — "taxminan, ozmi-ko'pmi".
• much/far better — "ancha yaxshiroq"; a bit worse — "biroz yomonroq". Kollokatsiya: much better, far worse, slightly bigger, getting harder, more and more, better than ever.

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — telefon tanlash (do'konda):

A: I can't decide between these two phones.            — Bu ikki telefon orasida qaror qila olmayapman.
B: Well, this one is more expensive, but it's also much faster. — Bu qimmatroq, lekin ancha tezroq ham.
A: Is the camera better?                                — Kamerasi yaxshiroqmi?
B: Yes, a bit better. But the other one has a bigger screen and a longer battery life. — Ha, biroz yaxshiroq. Lekin anavinikida kattaroq ekran va uzunroq batareya.
A: Hmm. The cheaper one isn't as fast, but it's good enough for me. — Hmm. Arzonrogi unchalik tez emas, lekin menga yetarli.
B: Honestly, for everyday use, the difference isn't as big as people think. — Rostini aytsam, kundalik ishlatish uchun farq odamlar o'ylaganchalik katta emas.
A: OK, I'll take the cheaper one. The more I think, the clearer it gets! — Mayli, arzonrogini olaman. Qancha o'ylasam, shuncha aniqroq bo'lyapti!

O'qish matni — "Two cities" (taqqoslash):

I have lived in two cities: Bukhara and Tashkent. They are very different. — Men ikki shaharda yashaganman: Buxoro va Toshkent. Ular juda farqli.
Tashkent is much bigger and busier than Bukhara.    — Toshkent Buxorodan ancha katta va sershovqinroq.
Life there is faster, and everything is more expensive. — U yerda hayot tezroq va hamma narsa qimmatroq.
Bukhara is smaller and quieter, and for me it's more beautiful. — Buxoro kichikroq va tinchroq, men uchun esa chiroyliroq.
The people in Bukhara are not as busy, so they seem friendlier. — Buxorodagi odamlar unchalik band emas, shuning uchun do'stonaroq ko'rinadi.
Tashkent has more opportunities, but Bukhara feels more like home. — Toshkentda imkoniyatlar ko'proq, lekin Buxoro ko'proq uydek tuyuladi.
Neither is better — they're just different.          — Birortasi yaxshiroq emas — shunchaki farqli.

Topshiriq: matnda har comparative va as…as ni belgilang. So'ng ikki narsani (ikki shahar, ikki telefon, ikki ish) solishtirib 8 gap yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• DOUBLE comparative (more + -er): more bigger, more taller, more better. Sabab: o'zbekcha "-roq" bitta, lekin ikkala tizimni qo'shib yuborish. bigger, taller, better. (more YOKI -er — ikkalasi emas). Eng ko'p xato!

• Uzun sifatga -er: beautifuler, expensiveer, importanter. more beautiful, more expensive, more important.

• than ni tushirish yoki noto'g'ri: bigger that / bigger then. bigger than. (than — solishtirish; then — keyin; that — anavi).

• as … as orasida comparative: as taller as / as more expensive as. as tall as, as expensive as. (oddiy sifat).

• very + comparative: very better, very bigger. much better, much bigger. (very — faqat oddiy sifat bilan).

• Irregular o'rniga oddiy: gooder, badder, worser, more better. better, worse.

• than dan keyin — me/I: ikkalasi ham bo'ladi: taller than me (norasmiy, keng) / taller than I am (rasmiy). taller than I (yolg'iz) — kam.

• than o'rniga from / as: bigger from you, better as this. Sabab: o'zbekchada "…dan kattaroq" — chiqish kelishigi ("-dan"). Uni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri from deb tarjima qilish yoki as bilan aralashtirish. Solishtiruv (farq) bilan doim than. bigger than you, better than this. (from faqat different from da; as faqat as … as tenglikda).

• as … as o'rniga like: He is tall like his father (tenglikni aytmoqchi bo'lsangiz). He is as tall as his father. (like — "…ga o'xshab", teng darajani aniq bermaydi; aniq tenglik uchun as … as).

• -y ni "y" bilan qoldirish: happyer, easyer. (o'zbekcha "y" o'zgarmagandek). happier, easier (undosh + y ier).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Comparative shaklini yozing:

tall  ___     big  ___      happy  ___     expensive  ___
good  ___     bad  ___      easy  ___      careful  ___
hot  ___      far  ___      important  ___  nice  ___

Mashq 2. Gapni to'ldiring (comparative + than):

1. A car is ___ (fast) than a bicycle.
2. This book is ___ (interesting) than that one.
3. My new job is ___ (good) than my old one.
4. Today is ___ (hot) than yesterday.
5. Health is ___ (important) than money.

Mashq 3. as … as yoki not as … as bilan:

1. He is ___ tall ___ his brother. (teng)
2. This phone ___ (not) expensive ___ that one. (arzonroq)
3. The test wasn't ___ hard ___ I expected.

Mashq 4. Kuchaytiruvchi qo'shing (much / a bit):

1. This is ___ better. (katta farq)
2. She's ___ older than me. (kichik farq)

Mashq 5. Xatoni to'g'rilang: She is more taller than me., This is gooder than that., It's more cheap than I thought., He is as faster as you., Today is very colder than yesterday., bigger that yours, My car is faster from yours., This is the same with that., easyer

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Telefonim siznikidan yaxshiroq. = ___
2. Toshkent Buxorodan kattaroq. = ___
3. Bu men o'ylaganchalik qiyin emas. = ___
4. Bugun ancha sovuqroq. = ___
5. Qancha mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshilanasiz. = ___

Mashq 7 (production): o'zingiz va do'stingizni (yoki ikki narsani) 5 ta jihatdan solishtiring (I'm taller than..., He's better at...).

Mashq 8. To'g'ri iborani tanlang (the same as / different from / similar to):

1. My phone is ___ yours — they're identical. (bir xil)
2. British English is a bit ___ American English. (farqli)
3. Her voice is ___ her sister's. (o'xshash)

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — solishtirish (comparative + than): ikki narsa beriladi, gap tuzing:

(Tashkent / Bukhara — big)    Tashkent is bigger than Bukhara.
(gold / silver — expensive)    ___
(summer / winter — hot)        ___
(my phone / your phone — good)  ___

Drill B — tenglik (as … as): teng narsalar:

(this bag / that bag — heavy)   This bag is as heavy as that one.
(I / my brother — tall)          ___

Drill C — kuchaytirish: much/a bit qo'shib, farqni ifodalang:

(this car — fast — katta farq)   This car is much faster.
(she — old — kichik farq)         She's a bit older.

Model javoblar (Drill A): Gold is more expensive than silver. / Summer is hotter than winter. / My phone is better than your phone. So'ng o'zingizning 4 ta solishtiruvi bilan ayting/yozing, "tekshir" deb yuboring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: taller / bigger / happier / more expensive / better / worse / easier / more careful / hotter / farther (further) / more important / nicer. Mashq 2: 1. faster · 2. more interesting · 3. better · 4. hotter · 5. more important. Mashq 3: 1. as tall as · 2. isn't as expensive as · 3. as hard as. Mashq 4: 1. much better · 2. a bit older. Mashq 5: She is taller than me. / This is better than that. / It's cheaper than I thought. / He is as fast as you. / Today is much colder than yesterday. / bigger than yours. / My car is faster than yours. / This is the same as that. / easier. Mashq 6: 1. My phone is better than yours. · 2. Tashkent is bigger than Bukhara. · 3. This isn't as hard as I thought. · 4. It's much colder today. · 5. The more you practise, the better you get. Mashq 8: 1. the same as · 2. different from · 3. similar to.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Comparative — ikki narsani solishtirish (+ than)
  1 bo'g'in:        + -er    (talltaller, bigbigger, nicenicer)
  2 bo'g'in -y:     y-ier   (happyhappier, easyeasier)
  uzun (2-3+):      more +   (more expensive, more important)
  IRREGULAR:        goodbetter, badworse, farfurther, littleless
  than = "…dan"  |  as…as = tenglik  |  not as…as = less…than
  Kuchaytirish: much/far/a bit/slightly + comparative (very EMAS!)
  more and more (tobora) | the more…, the better… (qancha…, shuncha…)
  Iboralar: the same AS | different FROM | similar TO (predlogi bilan yodlang)
  XATO: more bigger  | beautifuler  | very bigger  | as taller as  | bigger from 

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Qisqa sifat -er; uzun sifat more; ikkalasi birga emas (more bigger ).
2. than = "…dan"; irregular: better, worse, further, less.
3. as…as (teng), not as…as (kamroq).
4. much/a bit + comparative (very emas).
5. more and more, the more…, the better….

Bog'lanish: comparative — qiyoslash tizimining yarmi. Keyingi dars superlatives (eng — the biggest, the most expensive) ni beradi — uchta+ narsadan "eng"ini. Comparative qoidalari (qisqa-est, uzunmost) deyarli bir xil. B1 da taqqoslash murakkablashadi (twice as…as, the same as).

Keyingi dars — A2 — 11-dars: Superlatives (eng — the biggest, the most beautiful). Endi ikki emas, ko'pdan bittasi — "eng baland, eng yaxshi, dunyodagi eng …": the tallest, the best, the most expensive.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (comparatives, Units 105–107; as…as Unit 108); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (comparison; comparative and superlative adjectives); Cambridge Dictionary (comparatives); British Council LearnEnglish — "Comparative adjectives".