A2 — 25-dars (qo'shimcha): Fe'l + -ing / to-infinitive, va -ed/-ing sifatlar

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 25-dars (A2 to'ldirish)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda ikki muhim, bog'lik mavzuni o'rganasiz: (1) bir fe'ldan keyin ikkinchi fe'l qaysi shaklda keladi — -ing (enjoy doing) yoki to + fe'l (want to do); va (2) -ed / -ing sifatlar — bored (zerikkan) va boring (zerikarli) farqi.

I enjoy reading, but I want to learn faster. (O'qishni yaxshi ko'raman, lekin tezroq o'rganmoqchiman.) I'm bored because the film is boring. (Zerikyapman, chunki film zerikarli.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Har gapda: ikki fe'l birikkanda (I want to..., I enjoy..., I'm good at...) — to'g'ri shakl kerak.
• His-tuyg'uni to'g'ri aytish: "I'm bored" (zerikkan) vs "I'm boring" (men zerikarliman!) — bu katta farq, xato kulgili bo'ladi.
• Tabiiy nutq: "I'm looking forward to seeing you. I'm interested in learning. I feel like eating."

Asosiy tushuncha — ikki fe'l qoidasi: ingliz tilida fe'ldan keyin yana fe'l kelsa, ikkinchi fe'l sof emas — u yo -ing (gerund — fe'l-ot), yo to + fe'l (infinitive) bo'ladi. Qaysi biri — birinchi fe'lga bog'liq (yodlash kerak): enjoy -ing; want to. Va har predlogdan keyin — doim -ing (good at swimming). Ikkinchi mavzu: his-tuyg'u -ed (men: bored), sabab -ing (narsa: boring).

O'xshatish: birinchi fe'l — "boshliq", u ikkinchi fe'lga qanday "kiyim" kiyishni buyuradi: enjoy "-ing kiy" deydi, want "to kiy" deydi. Har boshliq o'z talabiga ega — yodlash kerak. -ed/-ing sifatlar esa: boring — manba (sovuq shamol), bored/cold — his (sovqotgan odam).

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-1 (-ing imlosi): makemaking, runrunning — gerund shu shaklda.
• A2-18 (want to / would like to): want to do — to-infinitive; bugun to'liq tizim.
• A2-20 (look forward to): look forward to seeing — predlog to + -ing!
• A1-19 (sifatlar): bugun -ed/-ing sifatlar.
• Tez mashq: I want ___ go (to). I enjoy ___ (read) (reading).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Tushuncha — gerund (-ing) va infinitive (to + fe'l)

GERUND (-ing):     fe'l  ot kabi: reading, swimming, eating
INFINITIVE (to + fe'l): to read, to swim, to eat

Bir fe'ldan keyin ikkinchi fe'l shu ikki shakldan birida bo'ladi (sof fe'l emas).

3.2. Fe'l + -ing (gerund) oladigan fe'llar

Bu fe'llardan keyin -ing:

enjoy, finish, mind, suggest, avoid, keep (on), practise, miss,
give up, can't help, can't stand, feel like, don't mind

I enjoy reading before bed.        — Yotishdan oldin o'qishni yoqtiraman.
Have you finished eating?           — Yeb bo'ldingizmi?
Do you mind waiting a minute?       — Bir daqiqa kutsangiz maylimi?
I can't stand waiting in queues.    — Navbatda kutishga chiday olmayman.
I feel like having a coffee.        — Kofe ichgim keldi.

Xato: "I enjoy to read" () "I enjoy reading" ().

3.3. Fe'l + to-infinitive oladigan fe'llar

Bu fe'llardan keyin to + fe'l:

want, need, would like, hope, plan, decide, promise, agree, offer,
refuse, learn, manage, afford, expect, seem, choose, pretend, forget (kelajak)

I want to improve my English.       — Inglizchamni yaxshilamoqchiman.
She decided to study abroad.         — U chet elda o'qishga qaror qildi.
We hope to see you soon.             — Tez orada ko'rishni umid qilamiz.
I can't afford to buy a new car.     — Yangi mashina olishga qurbim yetmaydi.

Xato: "I want go" ( to yo'q), "I want going" () "I want to go" ().

Qaysi fe'l qaysi shakl — yodlash asosi (o'zbek uchun eng qiyin joyi): o'zbek tilida bu farq YO'Q — biz "o'qishni yoqtiraman" ham, "o'qimoqchiman" ham deymiz, ikkalasida ham fe'l bir xil ko'rinishda ("o'qi-"). Shuning uchun qaysi ingliz fe'li -ing, qaysi biri to olishini quruq qoida bilan chiqarib bo'lmaydi — yodlash kerak. Lekin yodlashni yengillashtiradigan uchta ma'no-guruh bor:

• to oldinga qaragan, hali bo'lmagan ish (istak, reja, qaror, umid): want, need, hope, plan, decide, promise, agree, offer, learn, manage, expect. Ma'no jihatdan bularning hammasi "kelajakka intilish" — shuning uchun to (yo'nalish belgisi) mantiqli.
• -ing allaqachon boshlangan yoki tasavvurdagi jarayon (zavq, davom, to'xtatish, qochish): enjoy, finish, keep, stop, mind, avoid, miss, practise, can't stand, feel like. Bularda ish "shu yerda, jarayon" — shuning uchun ot kabi -ing.
• his/fikr fe'llari + to ko'p (seem, pretend, choose, refuse), predloglar esa doim -ing (pastda 3.6). Bu guruhlar 100% qat'iy emas, lekin yangi fe'l uchraganda "bu kelajakka intilishmi (to) yoki jarayon/zavqmi (-ing)?" deb o'zingizdan so'rash — to'g'ri taxminni beradi. Baribir eng ishonchli yo'l — fe'lni shakli bilan birga yodlash: quruq decide emas, decide to do; quruq enjoy emas, enjoy doing.

3.4. Fe'l + ikkalasi (ma'no deyarli BIR XIL)

like, love, hate, prefer, start, begin, continue — ikki shakl ham to'g'ri:

I like swimming. = I like to swim.       — Suzishni yoqtiraman.
It started raining. = It started to rain.  — Yomg'ir yog'a boshladi.

Nozik farq: -ing — umumiy zavq/jarayon (I like cooking — pishirishni sevaman); to — odat/tanlov (I like to keep my room tidy — xonamni toza tutishni afzal ko'raman). Boshlovchi uchun: ikkalasi ham OK.

3.5. Fe'l + ikkalasi — lekin MA'NO O'ZGARADI! (juda muhim)

Ba'zi fe'ldan keyin -ing va to — butunlay boshqa ma'no:

stop:

stop + -ing = o'sha ishni TO'XTATMOQ:  I stopped smoking. (chekishni tashladim)
stop + to + fe'l = … qilish uchun to'xtamoq: I stopped to smoke. (chekish uchun to'xtadim)

remember:

remember + -ing = o'tmishni eslamoq:  I remember locking the door. (qulflaganimni eslayman)
remember + to + fe'l = …ni unutmaslik (kelajak):  Remember to lock the door. (qulflashni unutmang)

forget:

forget + -ing = o'tmishni unutmoq:  I'll never forget meeting her. (uchrashganimni)
forget + to + fe'l = … qilishni unutmoq:  I forgot to call you. (qo'ng'iroq qilishni unutdim)

try:

try + -ing = sinab ko'rmoq (tajriba):  Try restarting the computer. (qayta yoqib ko'ring)
try + to + fe'l = harakat qilmoq:  I tried to open it, but I couldn't. (urindim)

3.6. PREDLOGDAN keyin — DOIM -ing (eng ko'p xato)

Har qanday predlogdan (at, in, of, for, about, before, after, without, instead of...) keyin fe'l -ing shaklda:

predlog + V-ing
  good at swimming        — suzishda yaxshi
  interested in learning  — o'rganishga qiziqadi
  before going / after eating  — borishdan oldin / yegandan keyin
  thank you for helping    — yordam berganingiz uchun rahmat
  instead of waiting       — kutish o'rniga
  without saying a word    — bir og'iz so'zsiz
  look forward to seeing you — sizni ko'rishni intizor kutyapman

Xato: "good at swim" (), "interested in to learn" () "good at swimming", "interested in learning" (). Predlogdan keyin har doim -ing! Diqqat — to: to ba'zan predlog ( -ing: look forward to seeing), ba'zan infinitive belgisi ( sof: want to see). look forward to, be used to, get used to — bularda to predlog -ing.

3.7. -ing — gap EGASI yoki "ot" sifatida

Swimming is good for you.       — Suzish foydali. (ega — -ing)
Learning English takes time.     — Ingliz tilini o'rganish vaqt oladi.
My hobby is reading.             — Hobbim — o'qish.

3.8. to-infinitive — MAQSAD ("… uchun")

"Nima uchun?" ga javob — to + fe'l (= in order to):

I went to the shop to buy milk.  — Sut olish uchun do'konga bordim.
She's studying hard to pass the exam. — Imtihondan o'tish uchun qattiq o'qiyapti.

"for buy milk" () "to buy milk" (). Maqsad to + fe'l (for + -ing emas, harakat maqsadi uchun).

3.9. -ed / -ing SIFATLAR (bored vs boring) — eng kulgili xato

His-tuyg'u sifatlari ikki shaklda bo'ladi:

-ed sifat = HIS (odam qanday his qiladi):  bored, tired, interested, excited, scared
-ing sifat = MANBA (narsa qanday his uyg'otadi):  boring, tiring, interesting, exciting, scary

The lesson was boring, so I felt bored.   — Dars zerikarli edi, shuning uchun zerikdim.
I'm interested in history; it's interesting. — Tarixga qiziqaman; u qiziqarli.
The trip was tiring. Now I'm tired.        — Sayohat charchatdi. Endi charchaganman.

ENG kulgili xato: "I'm boring" — bu "men zerikarli odamman" degani (siz zavq bermaysiz)! "Zerikyapman" demoqchi bo'lsangiz: "I'm bored" (). Xuddi shunday: "I'm interesting" (men qiziqarli odamman) ≠ "I'm interested" (qiziqyapman). Odam -ed; narsa/voqea -ing.

His qayerdan keladi — ildizni tushunsangiz, xato qilmaysiz. Bu sifatlar aslida fe'ldan kelib chiqqan: bore fe'li = "zeriktirmoq". Undan ikki tomon chiqadi:

• -ing (boring**)** — ish kimni qiladigan tomon, ya'ni sabab/manba: film zeriktiradi film boring. (O'zbekcha "-adigan / -arli": zeriktiradigan, qiziqtiradigan.)
• -ed (bored**)** — ish kimga ta'sir qilgan tomon, ya'ni his egallagan odam: men zeriktirildim men bored. (O'zbekcha "-gan": zerikkan, charchagan, hayajonlangan.) Shuning uchun sinov oddiy: gapda narsa/voqea/ob-havo/kitob turgan bo'lsa -ing; odam (I, he, the students) turgan bo'lsa, odatda -ed. "The book is boring" (kitob — manba), "The students are bored" (o'quvchilar — his). Nega o'zbek uchun ayni shu xato ("I'm boring") tez-tez chiqadi? Chunki o'zbekcha "zerikyapman"da his fe'l bilan (zerik-yap-man), ingliz esa sifat bilan (I am + sifat) beradi; talaba sifat qidirganda birinchi ko'zga tushgan boringni oladi va odam bilan yanglish bog'laydi. Yodda tuting: odam haqida gapirganda, deyarli har doim -ed.

20-soniyalik mini-mashq (-ed/-ing): to'g'ri shaklni ayting — 1) The journey was very ___ (tire). 2) I'm ___ (excite) about the trip. 3) That's ___ (surprise) news! 4) After the exam, all of us felt ___ (relax). 5) Why do you look so ___ (worry)? Javob: 1) tiring (sayohat — manba) · 2) excited (men — his) · 3) surprising (yangilik — manba) · 4) relaxed (biz — his) · 5) worried (siz — his).

4. Misollar (holatlar bo'yicha)

Fe'l + -ing:

I don't mind helping you.        — Sizga yordam berishdan qochmayman.
He kept talking for an hour.      — U bir soat gapiraverdi.
I miss living near the sea.       — Dengiz yonida yashashni sog'indim.
I've given up eating sugar.       — Shakar yeyishni tashladim.
Would you mind closing the door?  — Eshikni yopsangiz maylimi?

Fe'l + to:

They agreed to meet at six.       — Soat 6 da uchrashishga rozi bo'ldi.
I'm learning to drive.            — Haydashni o'rganyapman.
Don't forget to bring your ID.    — Hujjatingizni olib kelishni unutmang.
He promised to help me.           — U menga yordam berishga va'da berdi.
We can't afford to waste time.    — Vaqtni behuda sarflashga qurbimiz yetmaydi.

20-soniyalik mini-mashq (-ing yoki to?): 1) I've decided ___ (change) my job. 2) Do you enjoy ___ (work) here? 3) She promised ___ (call) me. 4) Keep ___ (try) — you'll get it! 5) They can't afford ___ (buy) a house. Javob: 1) to change (decide to) · 2) working (enjoy -ing) · 3) to call (promise to) · 4) trying (keep -ing) · 5) to buy (afford to). Predlog + -ing:

She's good at solving problems.   — U muammo yechishda mohir.
Thanks for inviting me.           — Taklif qilganingiz uchun rahmat.

-ed/-ing sifat:

The news was shocking. Everyone was shocked. — Yangilik dahshatli edi. Hamma hayratda qoldi.
This book is so interesting!       — Bu kitob juda qiziqarli!

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) to-infinitive da to zaif /tə/:

want to  "wanna" (norasmiy)   need to  "ni:də"   have to  "hafta"
"I want to go"  "ay-wanə-gou"

(b) -ed sifatlar: bored /bɔːd/ "bo:d", tired /ˈtaɪəd/ "tayəd", interested /ˈɪntrəstɪd/ "intrəstid" (3 bo'g'in), excited /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ "iksaytid". (c) -ing sifatlar: boring "bo:riŋ", interesting "intrəstiŋ" (3 bo'g'in!), exciting "iksaytiŋ".

Topshiriq (shadowing): "I enjoy reading. I want to learn. I'm good at swimming. I'm bored — it's boring." ni ayting; bored/boring, interested/interesting juftlarini aniq ayting. Youglish: "I'm interested in", "looking forward to".

6. So'z boyligi (Anki) — fe'l shakllari va his sifatlari

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• I'm looking forward to seeing you. — "Sizni ko'rishni intizor kutyapman."
• I feel like + -ing — "…gim kelyapti" (I feel like going out).
• It's worth + -ing — "…ga arziydi" (It's worth trying).
• I can't help + -ing — "…masdan iloji yo'q" (I can't help laughing).
• be/get used to + -ing — "…ga o'rganib qolmoq".
• Thanks for + -ing — "…ganingiz uchun rahmat". Kollokatsiya: good at, interested in, keen on, fond of, tired of + -ing.

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — rejalar va his-tuyg'ular:

A: What do you feel like doing this weekend?       — Bu dam olishda nima qilging kelyapti?
B: I don't know. I'm a bit bored these days.        — Bilmadim. Shu kunlar biroz zerikyapman.
A: Same here. Work has been really tiring lately.    — Men ham. So'nggi paytda ish juda charchatyapti.
B: Why don't we try doing something new? I'm interested in learning to cook. — Yangi narsa qilib ko'rsak-chi? Ovqat pishirishni o'rganishga qiziqaman.
A: That sounds exciting! I'd love to join. I really enjoy cooking. — Bu qiziqarli eshitiladi! Qo'shilgim keladi. Pishirishni juda yoqtiraman.
B: Great. Let's plan to start on Saturday. And don't forget to bring an apron! — Zo'r. Shanbada boshlashni rejalashtiraylik. Va fartuk olib kelishni unutma!
A: Ha! I'm looking forward to it already.            — Ha! Allaqachon intizor kutyapman.

O'qish matni — "Why I love learning languages" (fe'l shakllari + sifatlar):

For me, learning a language is one of the most rewarding things you can do. — Men uchun til o'rganish — qilsa bo'ladigan eng samarali ishlardan biri.
At first, it can be confusing and even frustrating, but it gets easier. — Avval u chalkash, hatto asabni buzadigan bo'lishi mumkin, lekin osonlashadi.
I enjoy discovering new words and I love watching films without subtitles. — Yangi so'zlarni kashf qilishni yoqtiraman va subtitrsiz film ko'rishni sevaman.
I'm not very good at remembering grammar rules, so I avoid memorizing long lists. — Grammatika qoidalarini eslab qolishda unchalik mohir emasman, shuning uchun uzun ro'yxatlarni yodlashdan qochaman.
Instead, I try to use new words quickly, and I'm not afraid of making mistakes. — Buning o'rniga, yangi so'zlarni tez ishlatishga harakat qilaman va xato qilishdan qo'rqmayman.
The most exciting moment is when you suddenly understand a conversation. — Eng hayajonli lahza — birdan suhbatni tushunib qolganingda.
That feeling is amazing, and it makes all the hard work worth it. — Bu his ajoyib, va u barcha mehnatni arzigulik qiladi.

Topshiriq: matnda fe'l+-ing (enjoy doing), fe'l+to (try to), predlog+-ing (good at, afraid of), va -ed/-ing sifatlarni belgilang. So'ng "men nimani yoqtiraman / nimadan qo'rqaman" mavzusida 5 gap yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• "I'm boring" (zerikkan ma'nosida): "This party is bad, I'm boring." Sabab: -ed/-ing farqini bilmaslik. "I'm bored." (men zerikyapman). "I'm boring" = men zerikarli odamman! Eng muhim/kulgili xato!

• enjoy + to: I enjoy to read. I enjoy reading. (enjoy -ing).

• want + -ing / sof: I want going / I want go. I want to go. (want to).

• Predlogdan keyin sof/to: good at swim, interested in to learn. good at swimming, interested in learning. (predlog -ing).

• Maqsad uchun "for + -ing": I went to the shop for buy milk. ...to buy milk. (harakat maqsadi to + fe'l).

• remember/stop ni aralashtirish: I stopped to smoke (chekishni tashladim ma'nosida). I stopped smoking (tashladim) / I stopped to smoke (chekish uchun to'xtadim).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. -ing yoki to + fe'l?

1. I enjoy ___ (cook).
2. She wants ___ (travel) the world.
3. Do you mind ___ (open) the window?
4. We decided ___ (stay) home.
5. He finished ___ (work) at six.
6. I hope ___ (see) you soon.

Mashq 2. Predlogdan keyin (-ing):

1. She's good at ___ (draw).
2. Thank you for ___ (help).
3. I'm interested in ___ (learn) Spanish.
4. Before ___ (go) out, lock the door.

Mashq 3. -ed yoki -ing sifat?

1. The film was ___ (bore). I was ___ (bore).
2. The news is ___ (surprise). I'm ___ (surprise).
3. This work is ___ (tire). I feel ___ (tire).
4. Are you ___ (interest) in art? It's very ___ (interest).

Mashq 4. Ma'no farqi (o'zbekcha):

a) I remember meeting him.    b) Remember to meet him.
c) I stopped smoking.          d) I stopped to smoke.

Mashq 5. Xatoni to'g'rilang: I'm boring. (zerikkan), I enjoy to read., I want go home., good at swim, I went there for buy milk., It's a very interested book.

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. O'qishni yoqtiraman. = ___
2. Inglizchamni yaxshilamoqchiman. = ___
3. Suzishda yaxshiman. = ___
4. Zerikyapman, chunki film zerikarli. = ___
5. Sizni ko'rishni intizor kutyapman. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — fe'l shakli (-ing/to):

(enjoy / read)    I enjoy reading.
(want / learn)     I want to learn.
(good at / cook)    I'm good at cooking.
(decide / leave)    ___
(look forward to / see you)  ___

Drill B — his bildiring (-ed/-ing):

"This lesson is interesting."  "Yes, I'm interested."
"The trip was tiring."          "Yes, I'm ___ ."
"The film is boring."           "Yes, I'm ___ ."

Drill C — o'zingiz haqingizda:

"I enjoy ___ ." "I want to ___ ." "I'm good at ___ ." "I'm interested in ___ ."
"I'm afraid of ___ ." "I'm tired of ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill A): I decided to leave. / I'm looking forward to seeing you. So'ng o'zingiz haqingizda 5 ta gap (yoqtirishlaringiz, rejalaringiz, mahoratingiz) tuzing va ularni ovoz chiqarib ayting; har bir gapda fe'l shakli (-ing/to) va, iloji bo'lsa, bitta -ed/-ing sifat bo'lsin.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. cooking · 2. to travel · 3. opening · 4. to stay · 5. working · 6. to see. Mashq 2: 1. drawing · 2. helping · 3. learning · 4. going. Mashq 3: 1. boring / bored · 2. surprising / surprised · 3. tiring / tired · 4. interested / interesting. Mashq 4: a) Uni uchratganimni eslayman (o'tmish). · b) Uni uchratishni (kelajakda) unutmang. · c) Chekishni tashladim. · d) Chekish uchun to'xtadim. Mashq 5: I'm bored. / I enjoy reading. / I want to go home. / good at swimming. / I went there to buy milk. / It's a very interesting book. Mashq 6: 1. I enjoy reading. (I like reading.) · 2. I want to improve my English. · 3. I'm good at swimming. · 4. I'm bored because the film is boring. · 5. I'm looking forward to seeing you.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

FE'L + -ing: enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, keep, can't stand, feel like, miss
FE'L + to: want, need, decide, hope, plan, promise, learn, manage, agree, offer
FE'L + ikkalasi: like, love, hate, start, begin (ma'no ~ bir xil)
MA'NO O'ZGARADI: stop -ing (tashlamoq) / stop to (… uchun to'xtamoq)
   remember/forget -ing (o'tmish) / to (kelajak vazifa)
PREDLOG + -ing (DOIM): good at swimming, interested in learning, look forward to seeing
Maqsad: to + fe'l (to buy milk, NOT "for buy")
-ed/-ing SIFAT: bored (his — odam) / boring (manba — narsa)
   "I'm bored" (zerikkan) ≠ "I'm boring" (zerikarli odamman!)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. enjoy/finish/mind -ing; want/need/decide to.
2. stop/remember/forget — -ing/to bilan ma'no o'zgaradi.
3. Predlogdan keyin doim -ing (good at swimming).
4. Maqsad to + fe'l (to buy).
5. -ed = his (bored), -ing = manba (boring); "I'm bored" ≠ "I'm boring".

Bog'lanish: gerund/infinitive — B1-13 da to'liq, chuqurroq (ko'proq fe'l, nozik farqlar) qaytadi; -ed/-ing sifatlar — fe'lning V3 (past participle) bilan bog'liq (B1 passive, perfect). Bu — tabiiy, xatosiz nutqning muhim qismi.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 26-dars: could / may / used to (qobiliyat, ruxsat, o'tmish odati). Modallarni to'ldiramiz: I could swim when I was five (o'tmish qobiliyati), Could you help me? (xushmuomala iltimos), May I come in? (ruxsat), I used to play football (o'tmish odati).

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (verb + -ing/to, Units 53–57; -ed/-ing adjectives Unit 97); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (gerunds and infinitives; -ed/-ing adjectives); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Verbs followed by '-ing' or infinitive", "-ed/-ing adjectives".