A2 — 17-dars: Modal fe'llar — should (maslahat), must / have to (majburiyat)

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 17-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda maslahat berish va majburiyatni ifodalashni o'rganasiz — uchta muhim modal: should (maslahat — "…sangiz yaxshi"), must va have to (majburiyat — "…shim shart"). Va eng nozik nuqta: must bilan have to farqi, hamda mustn't bilan don't have to ning butunlay teskari ma'nosi.

You should see a doctor. (Shifokorga borsangiz yaxshi.) I have to work tomorrow. (Ertaga ishlashim kerak.) You mustn't be late. (Kechikmang — ta'qiqlangan!) You don't have to come. (Kelishingiz shart emas.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Maslahat: "You should rest." "You shouldn't worry." — do'st, hamkasb bilan doim.
• Qoidalar/majburiyat: "You must wear a mask." "I have to finish this by Friday."
• Ish (intervyu/jamoa): "We have to test the code." "You should always document it."
• mustn't / don't have to farqi — eng ko'p chalkashadigan, lekin hayotiy muhim.

Asosiy tushuncha — kuch darajasi: bu modallar bosim/zaruriyat darajasini ko'rsatadi. should — yumshoq (maslahat, tavsiya — "yaxshi bo'lardi"). must / have to — kuchli (majburiyat — "shart"). mustn't — ta'qiq ("mumkin emas"). don't have to — erkinlik ("shart emas, lekin mumkin"). Bu to'rt darajani ajratish — bu darsning yuragi.

O'xshatish: yo'l belgilari kabi. should — "tavsiya etiladi" (sekin yur). must/have to — "MAJBURIY" (qizil chiroq — to'xta). mustn't — "TAQIQLANGAN" (kirish mumkin emas). don't have to — "ixtiyoriy" (xohlasangiz burasiz, xohlamasangiz yo'q).

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-20 (can — modal): can + sof fe'l, -s yo'q, do/does kerakmas. should/must ham xuddi shunday modal!
• A2-8 (will — modal): will + V1. Bugun yana modallar.
• A2-12 (always/should): You should always test… — ravish o'rni.
• Tez mashq: modal can: He ___ swim (can — modal). Bugun: He should rest. He must go.

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. should — maslahat / tavsiya

should — modal: should + sof fe'l (V1), barcha shaxsga bir xil, -s yo'q, do/does kerakmas:

ega + should + V1
  You should drink more water.   — Ko'proq suv ichsangiz yaxshi.
  He should apologize.            — U uzr so'rasa yaxshi.

Inkor — shouldn't (should not):

You shouldn't smoke.            — Chekmasligingiz kerak.
We shouldn't be late.           — Kechikmasligimiz kerak.

Savol — Should + ega + V1? (maslahat so'rash):

Should I call her?             — Unga qo'ng'iroq qilsam-mikan?
What should I do?              — Nima qilsam ekan?

Ma'nolari: (1) maslahat: You should rest. (2) fikr/to'g'ri ish: People should be kind. (3) kutish/ehtimol: The bus should be here soon. (avtobus tez kelishi kerak).

ought to = should (biroz rasmiyroq, kam ishlatiladi): You ought to see a doctor. (= should). Inkorda kam: oughtn't to.

3.2. had better — kuchliroq maslahat / ogohlantirish (kirish)

had better ('d better) + V1 — "…sangiz yaxshi bo'ladi (aks holda muammo)" — should dan kuchliroq, ogohlantirish bilan:

You'd better hurry, or you'll miss the bus.  — Shoshilsangiz yaxshi, aks holda avtobusga kech qolasiz.
I'd better go now.                            — Endi ketganim ma'qul.
You'd better not be late.                      — Kechikmaganingiz ma'qul. (inkor: 'd better not)

Diqqat: had better — kelajak/hozir haqida (o'tmish emas); to yo'q (had better go, "had better to go" ).

3.3. must — kuchli majburiyat (ichki / so'zlovchi hokimiyati)

must — modal (must + V1); kuchli zaruriyat, qoida, ichki majburiyat:

I must finish this today.       — Buni bugun tugatishim shart.
You must wear a seatbelt.        — Xavfsizlik kamarini taqish shart.
Passengers must not smoke.       — Yo'lovchilar chekmasligi shart.

must — qachon: (1) so'zlovchining o'z hissi/qarori: I must call my mum (o'zimga zarur deyman). (2) yozma qoidalar, ko'rsatmalar: Visitors must sign in. (3) kuchli tavsiya: You must see this film! (juda tavsiya).

Inkor — mustn't (must not) = TA'QIQ:

You mustn't park here.          — Bu yerga to'xtasa BO'LMAYDI. (ta'qiq)
You mustn't tell anyone.         — Hech kimga aytmasligingiz shart.
Children mustn't play with fire. — Bolalar olov bilan o'ynamasligi shart.

mustn't = "mumkin emas, ta'qiqlangan" (don't have to EMAS — 3.6 ga qarang).

3.4. have to / has to — majburiyat (tashqi: qoida, vaziyat)

have to — modal emas, oddiy fe'l kabi ishlaydi (do/does oladi!). Tashqi majburiyat — qoida, vaziyat, boshqalar talabi:

ega + have to / has to + V1
  I have to work tomorrow.       — Ertaga ishlashim kerak. (ish talabi)
  She has to wear a uniform.      — U forma kiyishi kerak. (qoida)
  We have to be there by 9.       — Soat 9 gacha yetib borishimiz kerak.

Inkor — don't/doesn't have to (do bilan!):

I don't have to work on Sunday.  — Yakshanba ishlashim shart EMAS. (erkinlik)
She doesn't have to come.         — U kelishi shart emas.

Savol — Do/Does + ega + have to?

Do I have to pay now?           — Hozir to'lashim kerakmi?
Does he have to wait?            — U kutishi kerakmi?

Diqqat — have to oddiy fe'l: must dan farqli, have to do/does oladi (inkor/savolda): Do you have to…? (), Must you…? (kam, rasmiy). 3-shaxs: has to.

"Tashqi majburiyat" nima degani: have to da majburiyatni tashqi kuch yuklaydi — qonun, ish qoidasi, jadval, boshqa odam. So'zlovchi buni o'zi tanlamaydi, shunchaki holat shunday. Solishtiring: I have to wear a helmet (qonun majbur qiladi — men xohlaganim yo'q) vs I must call her (o'zim ichimdan zarur deb his qilyapman). Shuning uchun ish/o'qish tavsifida — deyarli doim have to: I have to clock in at 9. She has to travel a lot for work.

have got to (norasmiy): I've got to go = I have to go (og'zaki: "I gotta go").

3.5. mustn't VS don't have to — BUTUNLAY TESKARI (eng muhim!)

Bu — A2 ning eng muhim, eng ko'p chalkashadigan farqi:

You mustn't tell her. (aytma! — ta'qiq)
You don't have to tell her. (aytmasang ham bo'ladi — ixtiyoriy)

Eng katta xato: mustn't va don't have to ni bir xil deb o'ylash. Aslida teskari! mustn't = "qilma (taqiqlangan)"; don't have to = "qilmasang ham bo'ladi (erkin)".

Nega bu chalkashadi? O'zbek tilida ikkalasiga ham "…ma" ohangi tuyuladi. Lekin ingliz tilida ma'no bir-biriga qarama-qarshi: mustn't eshikni yopadi (yo'l yo'q), don't have to esa eshikni ochiq qoldiradi (xohlasangiz — mayli). Bir soddaroq tekshiruv: gapni "…qilsangiz, muammo bo'ladimi?" deb sinab ko'ring. Muammo bo'lsa — mustn't; muammo bo'lmasa — don't have to.

You mustn't be late.        — Kechiksangiz, muammo (jazo/qoidabuzarlik).  TA'QIQ
You don't have to be early.  — Erta kelsangiz ham, kelmasangiz ham — muammo yo'q.  ERKINLIK

Mini-mashq — mustn't yoki don't have to?

1. This is a secret. You ___ tell anyone.
2. The entrance is free. You ___ pay.
3. It's a red light. You ___ cross now.
4. We have plenty of time. We ___ hurry.

Javoblar: 1. mustn't (sir — aytib bo'lmaydi) · 2. don't have to (bepul — to'lash shart emas) · 3. mustn't (qizil chiroq — o'tib bo'lmaydi) · 4. don't have to (vaqt yetarli — shoshilish shart emas).

3.6. must vs have to — nozik farq

Amaliy maslahat: ijobiy gapda must va have to ko'pincha almashtiriladi (farq kichik). Lekin inkorda butunlay boshqa (mustn't ≠ don't have to). Va kundalik nutqda have to keng tarqalgan; must — qoida, kuchli tavsiya, yozma til.

3.7. O'tgan va kelajak — had to / will have to (must ning o'tmishi YO'Q)

must ning o'tgan shakli yo'q — o'tmish va kelajakda have to ishlatiladi:

O'tgan:    I had to work yesterday.     — Kecha ishlashga to'g'ri keldi. (must yo'q!)
Kelajak:   I'll have to work tomorrow.   — Ertaga ishlashga to'g'ri keladi.
Hozir:     I must / have to work now.

I must work yesterday () I had to work yesterday (). must faqat hozir/umumiy; o'tmish had to.

3.8. need to / needn't — zaruriyat (qo'shimcha)

need to + V1 (oddiy fe'l):  You need to rest.  Do you need to go?
needn't + V1 (modal):       You needn't worry. (= don't need to / don't have to)

4. Misollar (holatlar bo'yicha)

MASLAHAT (should):

You should get some sleep.        — Biroz uxlasangiz yaxshi.
You shouldn't eat so much sugar.   — Buncha ko'p shakar yemasangiz yaxshi.
What should I wear?                — Nima kiysam ekan?

MAJBURIYAT (must / have to):

I must finish the report today.    — Hisobotni bugun tugatishim shart.
She has to take the exam again.     — U imtihonni qayta topshirishi kerak.
Do we have to register?            — Ro'yxatdan o'tishimiz kerakmi?

TA'QIQ vs ERKINLIK:

You mustn't use your phone here.   — Bu yerda telefon ishlatish mumkin emas. (ta'qiq)
You don't have to use your phone.   — Telefon ishlatishingiz shart emas. (erkin)

O'TGAN (had to):

I had to wait for an hour.         — Bir soat kutishga to'g'ri keldi.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) Jim harflar:

should /ʃʊd/ "shud" — "l" JIM!     shouldn't /ˈʃʊdnt/ "shudnt"
must /mʌst/ "mast"   mustn't /ˈmʌsnt/ "masnt" — birinchi "t" JIM!

(b) have to / has to / got to — bog'langan nutq:

have to  /ˈhæftə/ "hafta"    has to  /ˈhæstə/ "hasta"    got to  /ˈɡɒtə/ "gotta"
  "I have to go"  "ay-hafta-gou"   "She has to"  "shi-hasta"

Native siri: have to deyarli har doim "hafta" deb aytiladi (v f, tovushsiz "t" oldidan): "I have to work" "ay hafta wə:k". Buni tanib oling.

Topshiriq (shadowing): should ("shud", l jim), must, mustn't ("masnt"), have to ("hafta") ni ayting; "You should rest. I have to go. You mustn't be late." ni mashq qiling. Youglish: "I have to", "you should".

6. So'z boyligi (kengaytirilgan Anki) — majburiyat va maslahat

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• You should give it a try. — "Sinab ko'rsangiz yaxshi."
• I'd better get going. — "Endi ketganim ma'qul."
• You don't have to, but… — "Shart emas, lekin…"
• Rules are rules. — "Qoida — qoida."
• You have my word. — "So'z beraman."
• I really must dash. — "Rostdan shoshilshim kerak." Kollokatsiya: follow/break the rules, get some rest, see a doctor, be on time, wear a uniform, meet a deadline.

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — maslahat (do'st kasal):

A: I feel terrible. I think I'm getting a cold.   — O'zimni yomon his qilyapman. Shamollayotgan shekilliman.
B: You should drink lots of water and get some rest. — Ko'p suv ichib, dam olsang yaxshi.
A: I have to work tomorrow, though. We have a deadline. — Lekin ertaga ishlashim kerak. Muddatimiz bor.
B: You shouldn't go to work if you're ill. You'd better stay home. — Kasal bo'lsang ishga bormasliging kerak. Uyda qolganing ma'qul.
A: Maybe you're right. But I mustn't miss this deadline.  — Balki haqsan. Lekin bu muddatni o'tkazib yubormasligim shart.
B: You don't have to do everything yourself. Ask your team for help. — Hamma narsani o'zing qilishing shart emas. Jamoangdan yordam so'ra.
A: Good idea. I should talk to my manager.        — Yaxshi fikr. Menejerim bilan gaplashsam yaxshi.

O'qish matni — "Rules of the gym" (qoidalar):

Welcome to the gym! Here are a few rules.            — Sportzalga xush kelibsiz! Mana bir necha qoida.
You must bring your membership card every time.       — Har safar a'zolik kartangizni keltirishingiz shart.
You should warm up before you exercise.               — Mashqdan oldin qizishingiz kerak.
You mustn't drop the weights — it's dangerous.        — Og'irliklarni tashlamasligingiz shart — bu xavfli.
You don't have to bring a towel; we provide them.     — Sochiq olib kelishingiz shart emas; biz beramiz.
You shouldn't train if you feel unwell.               — O'zingizni yomon his qilsangiz, shug'ullanmasligingiz kerak.
If you have questions, you can always ask the staff.  — Savollaringiz bo'lsa, doim xodimlardan so'rasangiz bo'ladi.

Topshiriq: matnda must / mustn't / should / don't have to ni belgilang — nega qaysi biri? So'ng o'z sinfingiz/ishingiz/uyingiz uchun 6 ta qoida yozing (shu modallar bilan).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• mustn't = don't have to deb o'ylash: You mustn't come ("kelishingiz shart emas" ma'nosida). Sabab: ikki inkorni bir xil deb bilish. You don't have to come (shart emas, ixtiyoriy). You mustn't come = "kelma! (ta'qiq)". Eng muhim farq!

• Modal + to: should to go, must to work. should go, must work (should/must — sof fe'l, to'siz). Lekin have to work, ought to go (bularda "to" bor).

• Modalga -s: He musts, she shoulds. He must, she should (modal o'zgarmaydi). Lekin have to has to (oddiy fe'l).

• must o'tmishi: I must work yesterday. I had to work yesterday (must ning o'tmishi yo'q).

• have to savol/inkorni do'siz: Have you to go? / I haven't to go. (eski/noto'g'ri). Do you have to go? / I don't have to go. (do/does bilan).

• should talaffuzi: "should" (l aytib). should = "shud" (l jim).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. should yoki shouldn't?

1. You ___ see a doctor.
2. You ___ drive so fast.
3. We ___ help them.
4. You ___ eat so much junk food.

Mashq 2. must, mustn't yoki don't have to?

1. You ___ wear a seatbelt. (qoida — shart)
2. You ___ smoke in here. (ta'qiq)
3. You ___ come if you're busy. (shart emas)
4. I ___ finish this today. (shart)
5. You ___ tell anyone — it's a secret. (ta'qiq)

Mashq 3. have to / has to / had to bilan:

1. She ___ (work) on Saturdays. (hozir)
2. I ___ (wait) for an hour yesterday. (o'tgan)
3. ___ you ___ (pay) for parking? (savol)
4. We ___ (not / register). (inkor — shart emas)

Mashq 4. Ma'noni tushuntiring (o'zbekcha):

a) You mustn't park here.
b) You don't have to park here.

Mashq 5. Xatoni to'g'rilang: You should to rest., He musts go., I must work yesterday., Do you must go?, You mustn't come if you're busy (= shart emas ma'nosida).

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Shifokorga borsangiz yaxshi. = ___
2. Ertaga ishlashim kerak. = ___
3. Bu yerda chekish mumkin emas. = ___
4. Kelishingiz shart emas. = ___
5. Kecha kutishga to'g'ri keldi. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — maslahat (should): muammoga maslahat:

"I'm tired."         You should get some rest.
"I have a headache."  ___
"I want to learn English."  ___
"I'm always late."    ___

Drill B — must / mustn't / don't have to: qoidani ifodala:

(seatbelt — shart)      You must wear a seatbelt.
(phone in exam — ta'qiq)  You ___ .
(uniform on Friday — shart emas)  You ___ .

Drill C — o'zingiz haqingizda (have to):

"At work/school, I have to ___ ."   "I don't have to ___ ."
"Yesterday I had to ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill A): You should take some medicine. / You should practise every day. / You should set an alarm. So'ng o'zingiz uchun 4 ta gap (nima qilishingiz shart / shart emas) tuzib, ovoz chiqarib ayting va o'zingizni tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. should · 2. shouldn't · 3. should · 4. shouldn't. Mashq 2: 1. must (have to) · 2. mustn't · 3. don't have to · 4. must (have to) · 5. mustn't. Mashq 3: 1. has to work · 2. had to wait · 3. Do ... have to pay · 4. don't have to register. Mashq 4: a) Bu yerga to'xtash TAQIQLANGAN (mumkin emas). b) Bu yerga to'xtash SHART EMAS (xohlasangiz boshqa joyga qo'yasiz — ixtiyoriy). Mashq 5: You should rest. / He must go. / I had to work yesterday. / Do you have to go? / You don't have to come if you're busy. Mashq 6: 1. You should see a doctor. · 2. I have to work tomorrow. · 3. You mustn't smoke here. (You can't smoke here.) · 4. You don't have to come. · 5. I had to wait yesterday.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

should + V1 = maslahat ("…sa yaxshi") | shouldn't | Should I…? | ought to (=should)
had better ('d better) = kuchliroq maslahat/ogohlantirish
must + V1 = kuchli majburiyat (ichki/qoida) | mustn't = TA'QIQ (mumkin emas)
have to / has to + V1 = majburiyat (tashqi) | do/does oladi | don't have to = SHART EMAS
   mustn't (ta'qiq) ≠ don't have to (erkin) — TESKARI!
must ning o'tmishi YO'Q  o'tmish: had to | kelajak: will have to
Talaffuz: should="shud" (l jim) | have to="hafta" | mustn't="masnt"
modal + sof fe'l (should go), lekin have TO / ought TO (to bilan)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. should — maslahat (yumshoq); must/have to — majburiyat (kuchli).
2. mustn't (ta'qiq — mumkin emas) ≠ don't have to (shart emas — erkin) — teskari!
3. must — ichki/qoida; have to — tashqi (do/does oladi).
4. must ning o'tmishi yo'q had to.
5. Talaffuz: should="shud", have to="hafta".

Bog'lanish: modallar tizimi o'sib boryapti (can will should/must). B1 da modals of probability (might, may, must be — taxmin), modal perfects (should have done — afsus), be allowed to, be supposed to keladi. Majburiyat/maslahat — ish va kundalik hayotning markaziy tili.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 18-dars: would like / want to (xushmuomala istak). Endi xohish-istakni xushmuomala ifodalashni o'rganamiz: I'd like a coffee. Would you like to come? I want to learn. — want va would like farqi (xushmuomalalik).

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (should Units 33–34; must/have to 31, 32; mustn't/needn't); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (must, have to, should, obligation); Cambridge Dictionary (modals: obligation/advice); British Council LearnEnglish — "'must' and 'have to'", "'should'".