A2 — 24-dars (qo'shimcha): Egalik olmoshlari (mine, yours) va o'zlik olmoshlari (myself)

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 24-dars (A2 to'ldirish)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda olmosh tizimini yakunlaymiz — ikki yangi guruh: egalik olmoshlari (possessive pronouns) — mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs (otsiz "meniki, sizniki"); va o'zlik olmoshlari (reflexive pronouns) — myself, yourself, himself (o'z-o'ziga qaytuvchi: "o'zimni").

Is this book yours? — No, it's mine. (Bu kitob siznikimi? — Yo'q, meniki.) She taught herself English. (U inglizchani o'zi o'rgandi.) Help yourself! (O'zingizdan oling!)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Egalik tasdiqi: "Whose is this?" — "It's mine." "Is it yours?"
• O'zlik: "I taught myself. Make yourself at home. Did you hurt yourself?"
• O'zaro: "We help each other." (bir-birimizga).
• A1-10 (my/your) ni otsiz ishlatish — bu dars uni to'liq yopadi.

Asosiy tushuncha — ikki yangi olmosh: (1) Egalik olmoshi — my/your (sifat, otga kerak) ning otsiz versiyasi: my book it's mine (kitob takrorlanmaydi). (2) O'zlik olmoshi — harakat o'ziga qaytganda: ega va to'ldiruvchi bir odam bo'lsa (I cut myself — o'zimni kesdim). O'zbekcha "meniki" va "o'zimni" — bu ikki tushuncha.

O'xshatish: my — "yorliq" (otga yopishgan: my car). mine — "to'liq egalik muhri" (otsiz: it's mine). myself — "boomerang": harakat mendan chiqib, menga qaytadi (I see myself in the mirror — o'zimni ko'ryapman).

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-10 (egalik sifatlari): my, your, his, her, its, our, their — bugun ularning otsiz (mine, yours...) va o'zlik (myself...) shakllari.
• A2-16 (object pronouns): me, him, us — o'zlik olmoshi shulardan yasaladi (qisman).
• A1-11 (mine): This is mine — bugun to'liq tizim.
• Tez mashq: egalik sifati: ___ book (mening), ___ car (uning — ayol) (my, her).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Olmoshlarning to'liq tizimi (5 ustun)

Diqqat: his — egalik sifati ham, olmoshi ham bir xil (his car / it's his). its — egalik olmoshi yo'q (ishlatilmaydi). yourself (bir kishi) / yourselves (ko'p kishi).

O'zbekcha muvofiqlik: ingliz tilida you/your/yours/yourself — bitta shakl, u ham "sen", ham "siz" ma'nosini beradi (inglizchada "sen"/"siz" farqi yo'q). Shuning uchun yours — vaziyatga qarab "seniki" ham, "sizniki" ham; yourself — "o'zing" ham, "o'zingiz" ham. Rasmiy nutqda va notanish odamga — siz (yours = sizniki, yourself = o'zingiz); yaqin do'stga — sen. Bu kursda misol-tarjimalarni odatda sizda beramiz, faqat samimiy dialogda "sen" qoldirilishi mumkin.

3.2. Egalik olmoshlari (mine, yours...) — OTSIZ ishlatiladi

Egalik sifati (my, your) otdan oldin keladi; egalik olmoshi (mine, yours) esa otsiz, o'zi turadi (otni takrorlamaslik uchun):

egalik SIFATI + ot:     This is my book.
egalik OLMOSHI (otsiz): This book is mine.  /  This is mine.

Is this your pen? — No, it's hers. (= her pen)   — Bu sizning ruchkangizmi? — Yo'q, uniki.
My car is red; yours is blue.                     — Mening mashinam qizil; sizniki ko'k.
Their house is big, but ours is bigger.            — Ularning uyi katta, lekin bizniki kattaroq.

Eng ko'p xato: mine + ot ishlatish: "It's mine book" (). Egalik olmoshi otsiz: "It's my book" (sifat + ot) yoki "It's mine" (olmosh, otsiz). Ikkalasini aralashtirmang!

3.3. Whose…? — "kimniki?" (egalik savoli)

"Whose is this?" — "It's mine." / "It's John's."   — Bu kimniki? — Meniki. / Jonniki.
"Whose book is this?" — "It's hers."                — Bu kitob kimniki? — Uniki.

(A1-16 dagi whose — bugun egalik olmoshi bilan javob.)

3.4. "a friend of mine" — qo'sh egalik (double possessive)

"Mening do'stlarimdan biri" ma'nosida of + egalik olmoshi ishlatiladi:

a friend of mine        — do'stlarimdan biri (NOT "a my friend")
some books of yours      — kitoblaringizdan ba'zilari
that idea of his         — uning o'sha g'oyasi

"a my friend" () — ingliz tilida a/this va my birga kelmaydi (A1-7). To'g'risi: "a friend of mine".

3.5. O'zlik olmoshlari (myself...) — harakat O'ZIGA qaytganda

Ega va to'ldiruvchi bir xil odam bo'lsa, to'ldiruvchi o'rniga o'zlik olmoshi:

ega + fe'l + O'ZLIK OLMOSHI (ega = object)
  I cut myself.            — O'zimni kesib oldim. (men kesdim, o'zimni)
  She taught herself.      — U o'zini o'rgatdi.
  They blamed themselves.   — Ular o'zlarini aybladi.

Be careful with the knife — don't hurt yourself! — Pichoqqa ehtiyot bo'ling — o'zingizni yaralamang!
He looked at himself in the mirror.               — U oynada o'ziga qaradi.
We enjoyed ourselves at the party.                — Bazmda o'zimizni yaxshi his qildik (zavqlandik).

Xato: "I cut me" () "I cut myself" (). Ega = to'ldiruvchi bo'lsa, o'zlik olmoshi (me emas).

3.6. by myself = "yolg'iz / o'zim" + ta'kid

by + o'zlik olmoshi = yolg'iz, o'zicha:
  I live by myself.        — Yolg'iz yashayman.
  She did it by herself.    — U buni o'zi (yordamsiz) qildi.

Ta'kid (emphasis) — "o'zim, shaxsan":

I made it myself.         — Buni o'zim yasadim. (boshqa emas)
The president himself came. — Prezidentning o'zi keldi.

3.7. each other / one another — O'ZARO (reciprocal) — o'zlikdan farqi!

Bu — eng ko'p chalkashadigan nuqta. each other = "bir-birini" (o'zaro, ikki tomonlama); themselves = "o'zlarini" (har biri o'zini):

They love each other.     — Ular bir-birini sevadi. (AB)
They love themselves.      — Ular o'zlarini sevadi. (AA, BB)

We help each other.       — Bir-birimizga yordam beramiz.
The two friends hugged each other. — Ikki do'st bir-birini quchoqladi.

each other (odatda 2) / one another (ko'p) — deyarli bir xil.

3.8. INGLIZCHA o'zlik ISHLATMAYDIGAN joylar (o'zbek/rus kalkasi — xato!)

Ba'zi fe'llar o'zlik olmoshi OLMAYDI (lekin o'zbek/rus tilida "o'zini" bo'ladi):

 I feel good.           I feel myself good.    (his: o'zlik yo'q)
 I relax / I rest.       I relax myself.
 I concentrate.          I concentrate myself.
 I get dressed / I wash.  I dress myself / wash myself. (odatda — "get dressed")
 We met at 6.            We met ourselves.       (meet — o'zlik yo'q)

Diqqat: feel, relax, concentrate, meet, wash, get dressed — bularda o'zlik olmoshi ishlatilmaydi. "I feel myself tired" () "I feel tired" (). Bu — o'zbek/rus mantig'ining kalkasi.

O'zlik OLADIGAN tipik fe'llar: enjoy yourself, help yourself, hurt yourself, cut yourself, teach yourself, introduce yourself, behave yourself, blame yourself, look after yourself.

Alohida esda tuting: wash, shave, dress fe'llari ingliz tilida odatda o'zliksiz ishlatiladi — chunki odam odatda o'z-o'zini yuvishi/kiyintirishi tabiiy, uni ta'kidlash shart emas:

 He washed and got dressed quickly.    He washed himself and dressed himself quickly.
 I shave every morning.                 I shave myself every morning.

O'zlik olmoshi bu fe'llarda faqat maxsus ta'kid kerak bo'lganda qo'shiladi — masalan, kichkina bola birinchi marta yordamsiz kiyinganda: The little boy can dress himself now. (Endi o'zi kiyina oladi — bu erishilgan mahorat sifatida ta'kidlanmoqda.) Odatiy holatda esa wash/dress/shave yolg'iz keladi.

Mini-mashq (o'zlik kerakmi?): Qavsdagi variantni tanlang.

1. Every morning I (wash / wash myself) and have breakfast.
2. She hurt (her / herself) while running.
3. Please make (you / yourself) at home.
4. The baby is too young to (dress / dress himself).
5. We (met / met ourselves) at the station.

Javoblar: 1. wash · 2. herself · 3. yourself · 4. dress himself (bu yerda mahorat ta'kidlanmoqda) · 5. met.

4. Misollar (holatlar bo'yicha)

EGALIK OLMOSHI (mine, yours...):

"Is this umbrella yours?" — "No, mine is black."   — Bu soyabon siznikimi? — Yo'q, meniki qora.
These seats are ours.                               — Bu o'rinlar bizniki.
Her phone is newer than mine.                        — Uning telefoni menikidan yangiroq.

O'ZLIK OLMOSHI (myself...):

Did you make this cake yourself?    — Bu tortni o'zingiz yasadingizmi?
The cat is cleaning itself.          — Mushuk o'zini tozalayapti.
Make yourselves comfortable.         — O'zingizni qulay his qiling.

EACH OTHER:

They've known each other for years.  — Ular bir-birini yillar davomida tanaydi.
We gave each other gifts.            — Bir-birimizga sovg'a berdik.

TA'KID / by myself:

I'll do it myself.                   — Buni o'zim qilaman.
She travelled around Asia by herself. — U Osiyoni yolg'iz aylandi.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) Egalik olmoshlari:

mine /maɪn/ "mayn"   yours /jɔːz/ "yo:z"   hers /hɜːz/ "hə:z"
ours /ˈaʊəz/ "auəz"   theirs /ðeəz/ "ðeəz"

(b) O'zlik olmoshlari — urg'u -SELF/-SELVES da:

myself /maɪˈself/ "may-SELF"   yourself "yo:-SELF"   himself "him-SELF"
ourselves /ˌaʊəˈselvz/ "auə-SELVZ"   themselves "ðəm-SELVZ"

(c) each other "i:-chaðə" (bog'lanib).

Topshiriq (shadowing): mine, yours, hers, theirs; myself, yourself, themselves; each other ni ayting; -self/-selves da urg'uni his qiling. Youglish: "by myself", "each other".

6. So'z boyligi (Anki) — olmoshlar + iboralar

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• Help yourself! / Help yourselves! — "O'zingizdan oling!" (mehmonga).
• Make yourself at home. — "O'z uyingizdek bo'ling."
• Enjoy yourself! / Enjoy yourselves! — "Yaxshi dam oling!"
• Take care of yourself. — "O'zingizni ehtiyot qiling."
• Did it (all) by myself. — "Hammasini o'zim qildim."
• a friend of mine / a colleague of mine — "do'stlarimdan/hamkasblarimdan biri".
• We look out for each other. — "Bir-birimizni qo'llab-quvvatlaymiz."

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — egalik (kimning narsasi):

A: Is this your jacket on the chair?              — Stuldagi kurtka seningmi?
B: No, mine is in the car. Maybe it's Aziz's?      — Yo'q, meniki mashinada. Balki Aziznikidir?
A: It can't be his — his is black. This one's grey. — Uniki bo'lolmaydi — uniki qora. Bu kulrang.
B: Then it must be Lola's. She always forgets hers. — Unda Lolaniki bo'lsa kerak. U doim o'zinikini unutadi.
A: You're right. Whose are these keys, then?        — Haqsan. Bu kalitlar-chi, kimniki?
B: Oh, those are mine! Thanks — I was looking for them. — Voy, ular meniki! Rahmat — qidiryapman edi.

O'qish matni — "Learning by yourself" (o'zlik bilan):

Many people teach themselves new skills today.        — Bugun ko'p odam yangi ko'nikmalarni o'zi o'rganadi.
You don't always need a teacher — you can do a lot by yourself. — Doim o'qituvchi kerak emas — ko'p narsani o'zingiz qila olasiz.
The most important thing is to believe in yourself and not blame yourself for mistakes. — Eng muhimi — o'zingizga ishonish va xatolar uchun o'zingizni ayblamaslik.
My friends and I motivate each other: we share resources and help each other when we're stuck. — Do'stlarim va men bir-birimizni rag'batlantiramiz: manbalarni bo'lishamiz va qotib qolganda yordam beramiz.
But in the end, you have to push yourself. — Lekin oxir-oqibat, o'zingizni undashingiz kerak.
Take care of yourself, enjoy the process, and you'll surprise yourself with how much you can learn. — O'zingizni ehtiyot qiling, jarayondan zavqlaning, va qancha o'rgana olishingiz bilan o'zingizni hayratga solasiz.

Topshiriq: matnda egalik (mine, hers...) va o'zlik (yourself, each other...) olmoshlarini belgilang. So'ng o'zingiz "biror narsani o'zim o'rgandim" haqida 5 gap yozing (o'zlik olmoshi bilan).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• mine/yours + ot: It's mine book. Is this yours pen? It's my book (sifat + ot) yoki It's mine (olmosh, otsiz). Is this your pen? / Is this pen yours?

• "a my friend": He is a my friend. He is a friend of mine. (yoki my friend).

• Ega = object da object pronoun: I cut me. She taught her (o'zi ma'nosida). I cut myself. She taught herself. (o'zlik olmoshi).

• each other / themselves aralashtirish: They help themselves (bir-birini ma'nosida). They help each other. (o'zaro). themselves = har biri o'zini.

• O'zlik kalkasi: I feel myself good. I relax myself. We met ourselves. I feel good. I relax. We met. (bu fe'llar o'zlik OLMAYDI).

• its olmoshi: This bone is its (it'niki ma'nosida). its egalik olmoshi yo'q — qayta tuzing: It belongs to it / to the dog.

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Egalik olmoshini yozing:

my  ___, your  ___, his  ___, her  ___, our  ___, their  ___

Mashq 2. Egalik sifati yoki olmoshi? (my/mine...):

1. This is ___ (mening) car.
2. Is this book ___ (sizniki)?
3. ___ (uning — ayol) house is big.
4. These keys are ___ (bizniki).

Mashq 3. O'zlik olmoshini qo'ying (myself...):

1. I hurt ___ while cooking.
2. She introduced ___ to the team.
3. Did you do it ___ (yolg'iz)?
4. The children behaved ___ well.
5. We really enjoyed ___ .

Mashq 4. each other yoki o'zlik olmoshi?

1. They looked at ___ and smiled. (bir-biriga)
2. He looked at ___ in the mirror. (o'ziga)
3. We send ___ messages every day. (bir-birga)

Mashq 5. Xatoni to'g'rilang: It's mine book., He is a my friend., I cut me., I feel myself tired., They help themselves. (bir-birini), Is this yours pen?

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Bu kitob meniki. = ___
2. U inglizchani o'zi o'rgandi. = ___
3. O'zingizdan oling! (mehmonga) = ___
4. Biz bir-birimizga yordam beramiz. = ___
5. Buni o'zim qildim. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — egalik (otni takrorlamay):

"Is this your bag?"  "Yes, it's mine."
"Is this her car?"    "Yes, it's ___ ."
"Are these their seats?"  "Yes, they're ___ ."

Drill B — o'zlik (ega = object):

(I / hurt)         I hurt myself.
(she / teach / English)  She taught herself English.
(they / enjoy / at the party)  ___

Drill C — each other:

(we / help)   We help each other.
(they / know / for years)  ___

Model javoblar (Drill A): it's hers. / they're theirs. So'ng o'zingiz haqingizda: nima "meniki", nimani "o'zim qildim" — 4 gap ayting va yozib qo'ying, keyin o'zingiz tekshirib chiqing.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs. Mashq 2: 1. my · 2. yours · 3. Her · 4. ours. Mashq 3: 1. myself · 2. herself · 3. yourself (by yourself) · 4. themselves · 5. ourselves. Mashq 4: 1. each other · 2. himself · 3. each other. Mashq 5: It's my book. (It's mine.) / He is a friend of mine. (my friend) / I cut myself. / I feel tired. / They help each other. / Is this your pen? (Is this pen yours?) Mashq 6: 1. This book is mine. · 2. She taught herself English. · 3. Help yourself! · 4. We help each other. · 5. I did it myself. (by myself)

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

EGALIK OLMOSHI (otsiz): mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs (its — yo'q)
  my book  it's MINE  |  XATO: "mine book" 
  a friend of mine (NOT "a my friend") | Whose?  It's mine.
O'ZLIK OLMOSHI (ega = object): myself, yourself, himself... ourselves, themselves
  I cut myself | enjoy yourself | by myself (yolg'iz) | I did it myself (ta'kid)
EACH OTHER (o'zaro: bir-birini) ≠ themselves (har biri o'zini)
O'ZLIK OLMAYDI: feel, relax, concentrate, meet, get dressed (I feel good, NOT myself good)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Egalik olmoshi (mine, yours) — otsiz (it's mine, NOT mine book).
2. O'zlik olmoshi (myself) — ega = to'ldiruvchi (I cut myself).
3. each other (o'zaro) ≠ themselves (har biri o'zini).
4. by myself (yolg'iz); myself (ta'kid).
5. feel/relax/meet — o'zlik OLMAYDI (I feel good, NOT myself).

Bog'lanish: olmosh tizimi endi to'liq (ega · object · egalik sifati · egalik olmoshi · o'zlik). Bu B1 da relative clauses, reported speech, murakkab gaplarda doim kerak. each other va o'zlik — tabiiy nutqning qismi.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 25-dars: Fe'l shakllari — verb + -ing / to-infinitive, va -ed/-ing sifatlar. Endi qaysi fe'ldan keyin -ing (enjoy doing), qaysidan keyin to (want to do) kelishini, va bored/boring (-ed/-ing) sifatlar farqini o'rganamiz.

Tayyor bo'lsangiz, keyingi darsga o'ting.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (mine/yours, Unit 83; myself/yourself, Unit 84; each other); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (possessive pronouns; reflexive pronouns; each other); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Possessive pronouns", "Reflexive pronouns".