A2 — 13-dars: Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar; some / any / much / many / a lot of

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 13-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda ingliz tilining o'zbeklar uchun eng g'alati tushunchalaridan birini o'rganasiz: otlar sanaladigan (countable) yoki sanalmaydigan (uncountable) bo'ladi. book — sanaladi (bitta kitob, ikkita kitob), lekin water — sanalmaydi (bitta suv , ikki suv ). Bu farq — qaysi miqdor so'zini (some/any/much/many...) ishlatishni belgilaydi.

I'd like some water and a few sandwiches. (Bir oz suv va bir nechta buterbrod xohlardim.) How much time and how many people do we need? (Qancha vaqt va nechta odam kerak?)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Xarid/restoran: "Can I have some bread and a bottle of water?"
• Ish: "We don't have much time." "I have a few questions." "Let me give you some advice."
• Kundalik: "How much does it cost?" "There aren't many seats."
• Bu — eng ko'p, eng kundalik so'zlardan; har gapda uchraydi.

Asosiy tushuncha — "donalab" yoki "massa": ingliz tili otlarni ikki turga ajratadi. Sanaladigan — alohida donalar (kitob, stul, olma — ularni "1, 2, 3" deb sanasa bo'ladi). Sanalmaydigan — yaxlit massa/modda (suv, pul, havo, ma'lumot — ularni bo'lakka bo'lib sanab bo'lmaydi; "suvlar" g'alati). O'zbekchada bu farq yo'q (biz "ikki suv" deb bemalol aytamiz — choyxonada!), shuning uchun bu — yangi mantiq. Buni o'zlashtirish — A2 ning muhim sakrashi.

O'xshatish: sanaladigan ot — tangalar (1, 2, 3 tanga). Sanalmaydigan ot — suv (idishda). Tangalarni sanaysiz (many coins), suvni o'lchaysiz (much water — ko'p, a glass of water — bir stakan). Suvni "ikki suv" deb emas, "ikki stakan suv" deb sanaysiz.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-9 (ko'plik): book books, child children. Faqat sanaladigan otlar ko'plik oladi; sanalmaydigan — yo'q (waters ).
• A1-7 (a/an): faqat sanaladigan birlik ot bilan (a book, lekin a water ).
• A1-17 (there is/are + some/any): There's some water. Are there any chairs? — bugun chuqurlashtiramiz.
• Tez mashq: ko'plik bormi? book books, water ?, money ? (books; water/money — yo'q, sanalmaydigan).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Sanaladigan (countable) otlar — xususiyatlari

- birlik VA ko'plik bor:        a book  two books
- a/an oladi (birlikda):        a chair, an apple
- son va many/few oladi:         three apples, many books, a few cars
- fe'l moslashadi:               The book IS / The books ARE

3.2. Sanalmaydigan (uncountable) otlar — xususiyatlari

- ko'plik YO'Q:                  water (waters ), money (moneys )
- a/an YO'Q:                     water (a water )
- much/little/some/any oladi:    much water, a little time, some money
- HAR DOIM birlik fe'l:          Water IS important. The news IS good.

Sanalmaydigan otlar — toifalar (yodlash):

3.3. XAVFLI sanalmaydiganlar (o'zbeklar ko'plik qiladi — eng ko'p xato!)

Bu otlar o'zbekcha mantiqda "sanaladigandek" tuyuladi, lekin inglizchada sanalmaydigan — ko'plik ham, a/an ham olmaydi:

information  — "an information" , "informations"   some information / a piece of information
advice       — "an advice" , "advices"             some advice / a piece of advice
news         — "a news"  (ko'rinishi ko'plik, lekin birlik!)  The news IS good.
furniture    — "a furniture" , "furnitures"        a piece of furniture
money        — "moneys"                              some money / a lot of money
work         — "a work"  (= ish/mehnat)              some work, a lot of work
bread        — "a bread"                             a loaf/slice of bread
luggage      — "luggages"                            two pieces of luggage
homework     — "homeworks"                           some homework
knowledge, traffic, weather, progress, research — hammasi sanalmaydigan

Oltin qoida: information, advice, news, furniture, money, work, bread, luggage, homework, knowledge, traffic, weather — bularni hech qachon ko'plikga qo'ymang va a/an bermang. "a piece of advice", "some information" deng.

Nega o'zbeklar bu yerda ko'p adashadi? Chunki o'zbekchada bu so'zlarni bemalol sanaymiz: "ikkita maslahat", "uchta yangilik", "ko'p mebellar", "bir pul", "ma'lumotlar". Miya avtomatik ravishda shu mantiqni inglizchaga o'tkazadi — natijada two advices, three news, furnitures, a money, informations kabi xatolar tug'iladi. Yechim: bu so'zlarni modda/massa deb tasavvur qiling — go'yo suvdek. Suvni sanamaganingizdek (a water ), maslahatni ham sanamaysiz (an advice ). Sanash kerak bo'lsa, o'lchov so'zi qo'shasiz: a piece of advice — "bir dona maslahat", two pieces of news — "ikkita yangilik".

Tez tekshiruv (mini-mashq): xato bormi? To'g'rilang.

text

1. She gave me two advices.
2. I have a good news for you.
3. We bought new furnitures.
4. He has a lot of works today.
5. Can you send me the informations?

Javoblar: 1. two pieces of advice · 2. I have good news (yoki: a piece of good news) · 3. new furniture · 4. a lot of work · 5. the information. (Hech biri ko'plik yoki a/an olmaydi.)

3.4. IKKALASI ham bo'ladigan otlar (ma'no o'zgaradi!)

Ba'zi otlar ikki xil — sanalmaydigan (umumiy modda) yoki sanaladigan (alohida dona/tur). Ma'no o'zgaradi:

Would you like some chicken? (go'sht)  vs  We keep three chickens. (tovuq)
I don't have much time.        (vaqt)  vs  I've seen it many times.   (marta)

3.5. some va any — qaysi qachon

There's some milk in the fridge.        — Muzlatkichda sut bor.
I don't have any time today.            — Bugun vaqtim yo'q.
Are there any seats left?               — Bo'sh o'rinlar qoldimi?

some — savolda ham (taklif/iltimos): taklif yoki iltimos qilganda savolda ham some ishlatiladi (chunki "ha" javobini kutamiz):

text

Would you like some tea?        — Choy ichasizmi? (taklif  some)
Can I have some water, please?  — Suv bersangiz? (iltimos  some)

any = "qaysi bo'lsa ham": ijobiy gapda any = "farqi yo'q, istalgani": Take any book you like. (Istagan kitobingizni oling.) Any questions are welcome.

3.6. much va many — qaysi qachon

We don't have much time.        — Vaqtimiz ko'p emas.
There aren't many people here.   — Bu yerda ko'p odam yo'q.
How much sugar do you want?      — Qancha shakar xohlaysiz?
How many brothers do you have?   — Nechta akang bor?

much/many — asosan INKOR va SAVOLda: ijobiy gapda much/many g'alati eshitiladi (rasmiy/adabiy):

text

 I have much money. (g'alati, juda rasmiy)
 I have a lot of money.   (ijobiy  a lot of — quyida)
 I don't have much money. / How much money...?  (inkor/savol  much OK)

3.7. a lot of / lots of — ikkalasi bilan (ijobiyda tabiiy)

a lot of (va norasmiy lots of) — sanaladiganga ham, sanalmaydiganga ham, ayniqsa ijobiy gapda:

I have a lot of friends.        — Ko'p do'stim bor. (sanaladigan)
There's a lot of traffic today.  — Bugun tirbandlik ko'p. (sanalmaydigan)
She has lots of energy.          — Uning energiyasi ko'p.

Sodda qoida: ijobiy gapda a lot of (much/many emas); inkor/savolda much/many (yoki a lot of). plenty of = "yetarlicha ko'p" (ikkalasi bilan).

3.8. (a) few va (a) little — "bir oz" / "kam"

Bu juftlikda artikl ma'noni o'zgartiradi (ijobiy vs salbiy bo'yoq):

a few:    I have a few friends here. — Bu yerda bir nechta do'stim bor. (yaxshi)
few:      I have few friends here.   — Bu yerda kam do'stim bor. (afsus, deyarli yo'q)
a little: We have a little time.     — Bir oz vaqtimiz bor. (yetarli)
little:   We have little time.       — Vaqtimiz kam. (yetarli emas)

Diqqat: a few/a little — ijobiy ("ozgina, lekin bor"); few/little (artiklsiz) — salbiy ("juda kam, deyarli yo'q"). a few books (sanaladigan), a little water (sanalmaydigan) — aralashtirmang (a few water , a little books ).

3.9. Sanalmaydiganni "sanash" — a piece of, a glass of...

Sanalmaydigan otni birlik/o'lchov orqali sanaysiz:

a piece of    advice, information, news, furniture, paper, cake
a glass of    water, milk, juice       a cup of  coffee, tea
a bottle of   water, wine              a slice/loaf of  bread
a bit of      luck, information, fun    a bar of  chocolate, soap
a kilo of, a packet of, a can of, a jar of, a bag of

Let me give you a piece of advice.       — Sizga bir maslahat beray.
Can I have two glasses of water?          — Ikki stakan suv bersangiz?
He bought three loaves of bread.          — U uchta non sotib oldi.

Bu tuzilma o'zbekchaga aynan mos keladi: "bir stakan suv", "ikki piyola choy", "uch bo'lak non". O'zbekchada ham suvni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sanamaymiz — "bir suv" emas, "bir stakan suv" deymiz. Shu mantiqni inglizchaga ko'chirsangiz, xato kamayadi: sanalmaydigan ot oldiga o'lchov/idish so'zi qo'ying, keyin uni ko'plik qiling (glass two glasses, loaf three loaves), asosiy ot esa o'zgarmaydi (water, bread — ko'plik emas).

3.10. fewer vs less; number vs amount (native nozikligi)

• fewer sanaladigan: fewer cars, fewer people. less sanalmaydigan: less time, less money. (Native'lar ham ko'pincha less ni noto'g'ri ishlatadi — less cars — lekin to'g'risi fewer cars.)
• number of sanaladigan: a large number of students. amount of sanalmaydigan: a large amount of money.

4. Misollar (holatlar bo'yicha)

some / any:

I bought some apples and some milk.       — Olma va sut oldim.
There isn't any sugar left.                — Shakar qolmadi.
Have you got any plans for the weekend?    — Dam olishga rejang bormi?

much / many / a lot of:

I don't have much money this month.        — Bu oy pulim ko'p emas.
There were many mistakes in the report.    — Hisobotda ko'p xato bor edi.
We have a lot of work to do.               — Qiladigan ishimiz ko'p.

a few / a little:

I'll be ready in a few minutes.            — Bir necha daqiqada tayyor bo'laman.
Add a little salt.                          — Bir oz tuz qo'shing.

a piece of / a glass of:

That's good advice. / Two coffees, please.  — Bu yaxshi maslahat. / Ikki kofe.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) some — ikki shakl:

zaif /səm/ "səm" (odatda): some water  "səm wo:tə"
kuchli /sʌm/ "sam" (ta'kid): "I want SOME, not all."

(b) a lot of "a lotta": a lot of money "ə-lotə-mani" (tez nutq). (c) much /mʌtʃ/ "mach", many /ˈmeni/ "meni", a piece of "ə-pi:s-əv".

Topshiriq (shadowing): "some water", "a lot of money", "a few minutes", "How much is it?", "a piece of advice" ni ayting; some va of ni zaif (yutib) ayting. Youglish: "a lot of", "how much is it".

6. So'z boyligi (kengaytirilgan Anki) — miqdor va xarid

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• a piece of advice — "bir maslahat".
• a bit of — "ozgina" (a bit of luck/help/time).
• a couple of — "bir nechta, ikki-uch".
• How much is it? / How much do I owe you? — narx so'rash.
• That's none of your business. — "bu sizning ishingiz emas".
• plenty of time/room — "yetarlicha vaqt/joy". Kollokatsiya: give advice, do research, make progress, heavy traffic, do homework, lots of fun.

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — do'konda (xarid):

A: Hi, can I help you?                          — Salom, yordam beraymi?
B: Yes, I need some bread and a few eggs.        — Ha, non va bir nechta tuxum kerak.
A: We have a lot of fresh bread today. How many eggs? — Bugun yangi non ko'p. Nechta tuxum?
B: Six, please. And do you have any milk?        — Oltita. Sut bormi?
A: Sorry, we don't have much milk left — just one bottle. — Kechirasiz, sut ko'p qolmadi — faqat bitta shisha.
B: That's fine. How much is everything?           — Mayli. Hammasi qancha bo'ldi?
A: That's 25,000 so'm. Anything else?             — 25,000 so'm. Yana bir narsa?
B: No, that's all, thanks. Oh — a little advice: is the cheese fresh? — Yo'q, shu bo'ldi. Ha — bir savol: pishloq yangimi?
A: Very fresh! Let me give you a piece to try.     — Juda yangi! Sinab ko'rishingiz uchun bir bo'lak beray.

O'qish matni — "Good advice for learners" (sanalmaydigan otlar bilan):

Learning a language takes time and a lot of patience. — Til o'rganish vaqt va ko'p sabr talab qiladi.
Here is some advice that really helps.                — Mana, haqiqatan yordam beradigan bir necha maslahat.
First, don't worry about making mistakes — they give you useful information about your weak points. — Avval, xato qilishdan qo'rqmang — ular zaif joylaringiz haqida foydali ma'lumot beradi.
Second, do a little practice every day, not a lot once a week. — Ikkinchi, haftada bir marta ko'p emas, har kuni ozgina mashq qiling.
You don't need much money or expensive equipment — just a phone and some motivation. — Ko'p pul yoki qimmat jihoz kerak emas — faqat telefon va bir oz ishtiyoq.
With a few good habits, you'll make a lot of progress.  — Bir necha yaxshi odat bilan, ko'p natijaga erishasiz.

Topshiriq: matnda sanalmaydigan otlarni (time, patience, advice, information...) toping — nega ular a/an va ko'plik olmaydi? So'ng "til o'rganuvchiga 5 ta maslahat" yozing (some advice, a little..., a lot of... bilan).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Sanalmaydiganni ko'plik/a bilan: informations, advices, an advice, furnitures, moneys, a news, breads. Sabab: o'zbekcha bularni bemalol sanaymiz. some information, a piece of advice, furniture, money, the news, bread. Eng ko'p xato!

• much/many ni aralashtirish: How much books? much friends. How many books? many friends. (sanaladigan many).

• Ijobiyda much/many: I have much money. I have a lot of money. (ijobiy a lot of).

• a few/a little aralashtirish: a few water, a little books. a little water (sanalmaydigan), a few books (sanaladigan).

• news/advice/information + ko'plik fe'l: The news are good. The information are useful. The news is good. The information is useful. (sanalmaydigan birlik fe'l).

• inkorda some: I don't have some money. I don't have any money. (inkor any).

• less vs fewer: less cars, less people. fewer cars, fewer people (sanaladigan fewer); less time (sanalmaydigan).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Sanaladigan (C) yoki sanalmaydigan (U)?

book, water, advice, apple, money, chair, information, rice, idea, furniture, news, friend

Mashq 2. some yoki any?

1. I have ___ questions.
2. There isn't ___ milk.
3. Would you like ___ coffee?
4. Do you have ___ brothers?
5. She gave me ___ good advice.

Mashq 3. much, many yoki a lot of?

1. How ___ time do we have?
2. There aren't ___ people here.
3. I have ___ work today. (ijobiy)
4. How ___ books do you read?
5. We don't have ___ money.

Mashq 4. a few, few, a little yoki little?

1. I'll be back in ___ minutes. (bir nechta)
2. Add ___ salt. (bir oz)
3. He has ___ friends — he's quite lonely. (kam, afsus)
4. Hurry — we have ___ time. (kam)

Mashq 5. Xatoni to'g'rilang: I need some informations., She gave me an advice., How much books?, The news are bad., a little books, I have much money., less people

Mashq 6. "a piece of / a glass of / a slice of..." bilan to'ldiring:

two ___ water, a ___ advice, three ___ bread, a ___ coffee

Mashq 7. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Sizga bir maslahat beray. = ___
2. Bizda ko'p vaqt yo'q. = ___
3. Nechta odam keladi? = ___
4. Bir oz suv bersangiz? = ___
5. Ko'p ishim bor. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — some/any: ijobiy inkor savol:

I have some money.  (inkor) I don't have any money.  (savol) Do you have any money?
I have some friends here.  ___  ___

Drill B — much/many a lot of: to'g'risini tanlang:

(time — savol)     How much time do we have?
(people — inkor)    There aren't ___ .
(work — ijobiy)     I have ___ .
(questions — savol)  Do you have ___ ?

Drill C — "a piece of …" bilan sanash:

(advice)  a piece of advice
(furniture)  ___    (information)  ___    (bread)  ___ (slice/loaf)

Model javoblar (Drill B): There aren't many people. / I have a lot of work. / Do you have any/many questions? So'ng o'zingiz haqingizda 5 ta gap tuzing (nima ko'p, nima kam) — har birida bitta miqdor so'zi (some/any/much/many/a lot of/a few/a little) bo'lsin — va ovoz chiqarib ayting.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: C: book, apple, chair, idea, friend. U: water, advice, money, information, rice, furniture, news. Mashq 2: 1. any (yoki some — kontekst) · 2. any · 3. some · 4. any · 5. some. Mashq 3: 1. much · 2. many · 3. a lot of · 4. many · 5. much. Mashq 4: 1. a few · 2. a little · 3. few · 4. little. Mashq 5: I need some information. / She gave me a piece of advice (some advice). / How many books? / The news is bad. / a few books. / I have a lot of money. / fewer people. Mashq 6: two glasses of water, a piece of advice, three slices/loaves of bread, a cup of coffee. Mashq 7: 1. Let me give you a piece of advice. · 2. We don't have much time. · 3. How many people are coming? · 4. Can I have some water, please? · 5. I have a lot of work.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

SANALADIGAN (countable): a book, two books | many, a few, fewer | son oladi
SANALMAYDIGAN (uncountable): water, money, advice | much, a little, less | a/an YO'Q, ko'plik YO'Q, birlik fe'l
  XAVFLI sanalmaydigan: information, advice, news, furniture, money, work, bread, luggage, homework
  some  ijobiy (+ taklif/iltimos savolda) | any  inkor/savol
  much  sanalmaydigan | many  sanaladigan | a lot of  ijobiy (ikkalasi)
  a few/a little (bir oz, ijobiy) vs few/little (kam, salbiy)
  a piece of advice/information/furniture | a glass of water | a slice of bread
  fewer (sanaladigan) vs less (sanalmaydigan)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Sanaladigan (book/books, a, many) vs sanalmaydigan (water, much, a/an yo'q, birlik fe'l).
2. Xavfli sanalmaydigan: information, advice, news, furniture, money — ko'plik/a YO'Q.
3. some (ijobiy/taklif), any (inkor/savol).
4. much (sanalmaydigan), many (sanaladigan), a lot of (ijobiy).
5. a few/a little (bir oz) vs few/little (kam).

Bog'lanish: sanaladigan/sanalmaydigan farqi butun kurs bo'ylab amal qiladi — artikllar (the), fewer/less, amount/number, B1 da enough, too much/many, a great deal of. Keyingi dars bu mavzuni davom ettirib, a few/a little, how much/how many ni mustahkamlab, miqdorni yanada aniqlashtiradi.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 14-dars: a few / a little / how much / how many — miqdorni aniqlash. Bugungi mavzuni chuqurlashtirib, miqdor savollari va aniq o'lchovlarni (too much, enough, a bit) to'liq egallaymiz.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (countable/uncountable, Units 69–70; some/any 85–86; much/many/a lot 87; little/few 88); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (countable/uncountable nouns; quantifiers); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Countable and uncountable nouns".