A2 — 20-dars: Phrasal verbs — kirish (get up, turn on, look for, give up)

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 20-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda ingliz tilining eng "native", eng kundalik qismiga kiramiz: phrasal verbs (frazal fe'llar) — fe'l + zarracha birikmalari: get up (turmoq), turn on (yoqmoq), look for (qidirmoq), give up (taslim bo'lmoq). Ularning ma'nosi ko'pincha alohida so'zlardan butunlay boshqa — give up ≠ "ber" + "yuqori".

Real hayotda nega kerak — bularsiz native bo'lib bo'lmaydi:

• Kundalik nutqda har joyda: "I get up at 7, turn on the kettle, and look for my keys."
• Native'lar rasmiy so'z o'rniga frazal fe'lni tanlaydi: "find out" (≠ discover), "put off" (≠ postpone), "give up" (≠ quit/abandon) — og'zaki nutqda frazal tabiiyroq.
• Ish/texnik: "log in, set up, back up, run out of, sign up, roll out."
• Tushunish uchun: filmlar, podkastlar, suhbatlar frazal fe'llarga to'la.

Asosiy tushuncha — fe'l + zarracha = yangi ma'no: frazal fe'l — bu fe'l (look, get, turn...) + zarracha (up, on, off, for, after...). Eng muhimi: zarracha ko'pincha ma'noni butunlay o'zgartiradi. look (qaramoq) + for = qidirmoq; look + after = g'amxo'rlik qilmoq; look + up = (lug'atdan) izlamoq. Bitta fe'l, lekin zarracha bilan — boshqa-boshqa so'z. O'zbekchada bunday tizim yo'q — shuning uchun ularni butun holda, yodlash kerak (ikki so'zni alohida tarjima qilish ishlamaydi).

Nima uchun "frazal fe'l" deyiladi? So'zma-so'z "iboraviy fe'l" — ya'ni bir emas, bir necha so'zdan iborat fe'l. Rasmiy nomi ba'zan "ko'p so'zli fe'l" (multi-word verb) ham deyiladi. Zarracha (particle) — bu shakli jihatidan predlog yoki ravishga o'xshaydigan, lekin fe'lga yopishib, u bilan bitta ma'no birligini hosil qiladigan so'z. Muhimi: A2 darajada nomni yodlash shart emas — mexanizmni tushunish yetarli: fe'l + kichik so'z = ko'pincha yangi, kutilmagan ma'no.

O'xshatish: fe'l — "asosiy rang", zarracha — "qo'shimcha bo'yoq". turn (burmoq) o'zi bir narsa; turn on (yoqmoq), turn off (o'chirmoq), turn up (kelib qolmoq / ovozni kuchaytirmoq), turn down (rad etmoq) — bir fe'l, to'rt zarracha, to'rt boshqa ma'no. Zarracha — ma'no kaliti.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-18 (predloglar): on, off, up, for, after — frazal fe'ldagi zarrachalar.
• A1-14 (Present Simple — kundalik tartib): get up, wake up, go out — kundalik frazal fe'llar.
• A2-16 (object pronouns): it, them — frazal fe'lda olmosh o'rtada turadi (3.4 — muhim!).
• Tez mashq: kundalik tartibingiz: "I ___ up at 7" (get/wake). "I turn ___ the light" (on/off).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Phrasal verb nima — fe'l + zarracha

fe'l + zarracha (= bitta ma'no birligi)
  get + up   = turmoq (uyqudan)
  turn + on  = yoqmoq
  look + for = qidirmoq
  give + up  = taslim bo'lmoq / tashlamoq

Diqqat — ma'no ko'pincha "shaffof emas": give up da na "give" (bermoq), na "up" (yuqori) ko'rinadi — ma'no butundan keladi (= tashlamoq). Shuning uchun ikki so'zni alohida tarjima qilmang — frazal fe'lni butun o'rganing.

3.2. Tur 1 — o'timsiz (intransitive): to'ldiruvchi YO'Q

Bu frazal fe'llar object olmaydi (o'zi to'liq):

get up, wake up, sit down, stand up, lie down, go out, come back,
grow up, break down, show up, hang on, come in, go on

I usually get up at seven.        — Odatda 7 da turaman.
Please sit down.                   — Iltimos, o'tiring.
My car broke down yesterday.       — Mashinam kecha buzildi.
He grew up in Bukhara.             — U Buxoroda katta bo'ldi.

3.3. Tur 2 — o'timli AJRALADIGAN (separable): object ikki tomonda

Bu frazal fe'llar object oladi va object ikki joyda turishi mumkin — fe'l + zarracha orasida yoki zarrachadan keyin:

 turn on the TV       (zarrachadan keyin)
 turn the TV on        (orasida)

Misol frazal fe'llar: turn on/off, switch on/off, put on, take off, pick up, give back, throw away, look up, fill in, try on, turn up/down, wake (sb) up, put away.

Turn on the light. / Turn the light on.   — Chiroqni yoqing.
Take off your shoes. / Take your shoes off. — Oyoq kiyimni yeching.
Throw away the rubbish. / Throw the rubbish away. — Axlatni tashlang.

3.4. AJRALADIGAN + OLMOSH — olmosh DOIM o'rtada! (eng muhim qoida)

Agar object olmosh bo'lsa (it, them, him, her...), u DOIM fe'l va zarracha orasida turadi — zarrachadan keyin bo'lmaydi:

 turn it on         turn on it
 take them off       take off them
 pick it up          pick up it
 throw it away       throw away it

"Where's my coat?" — "Put it on, it's cold."   — Paltongizni kiying, sovuq.
The TV is on. Can you turn it off?              — Televizor yoniq. O'chirib qo'yasizmi?
I found your keys. I'll give them back tomorrow. — Kalitlaringizni topdim. Ertaga qaytaraman.

Oltin qoida: AJRALADIGAN frazal fe'lda: ot — ikki tomonda (turn on the light / turn the light on); olmosh — faqat o'rtada (turn it on). "turn on it" () — eng ko'p xato! (A2-16 dagi object pronoun bilan bog'liq.)

3.5. Tur 3 — o'timli AJRALMAYDIGAN (inseparable): object DOIM zarrachadan keyin

Bu frazal fe'llar ajralmaydi — object (ot ham, olmosh ham) doim zarrachadan keyin:

 look after the children / look after them     look the children after
 look for my keys / look for them               look them for
 get on the bus / get on it                      get the bus on

Misol: look for, look after, get on/off, deal with, depend on, run into, come across, wait for, listen to.

Can you look after my dog this weekend?    — Bu dam olishda itimga qaray olasizmi?
I'm looking for a new job.                  — Yangi ish qidiryapman.
It depends on the weather.                  — Ob-havoga bog'liq.

Qanday bilaman ajraladimi-yo'qmi? — Afsuski, qoida yo'q — har frazal fe'lni patterni bilan yodlash kerak (lug'atda [sth] joyi ko'rsatiladi). Boshlovchi uchun: ko'p ishlatiladiganlarni butun ibora + misol bilan yodlang.

3.6. Tur 4 — uch qismli (verb + particle + preposition) — doim ajralmaydi

Uch so'zli frazal fe'llar (juda keng!) — object doim oxirda:

look forward to, run out of, get on with, put up with, come up with, look up to,
get rid of, keep up with, catch up with

I'm looking forward to the weekend.        — Dam olishni intizorlik bilan kutyapman.
We've run out of milk.                      — Sutimiz tugab qoldi.
I get on well with my colleagues.           — Hamkasblarim bilan yaxshi chiqishaman.
I can't put up with this noise.             — Bu shovqinga chidab bo'lmaydi.

3.7. Bitta frazal fe'l — ko'p ma'no

Ko'p frazal fe'lda bir necha ma'no bor (kontekstga qarab):

put on:  put on a coat (kiymoq) | put on weight (vazn olmoq) | put on the light (yoqmoq)
take off: take off your shoes (yechmoq) | the plane took off (uchdi) | sales took off (o'sdi)
make up: make up a story (to'qib chiqarmoq) | make up after a fight (yarashmoq) | put make-up on (bo'yanmoq)
turn up: turn up the volume (kuchaytirmoq) | he turned up late (kelib qoldi)

3.8. Frazal fe'l vs oddiy fe'l+predlog (literal)

Ba'zan fe'l + predlog — so'zma-so'z (frazal emas): look at (qaramoq), sit on (ustida o'tirmoq), walk to (… ga yurmoq). Bularda ma'no shaffof. Frazal fe'lda esa ma'no idiomatik: look after (qaramoq — g'amxo'rlik). Boshlovchi uchun ikkalasini ham ibora bo'lib o'rganing.

Amalda qanday farqlaymiz — kichik test: ma'no so'zma-so'zmi (fe'lni va predlogni alohida tarjima qilib tushunsa bo'ladimi)? Agar ha — bu oddiy fe'l+predlog: sit on the chair (stulga o'tirmoq — "o'tir" + "ustida" mantiqiy). Agar ma'no kutilmagan, idiomatik bo'lsa — bu frazal fe'l: give up ("ber" + "yuqori" mantiqsiz aslida "taslim bo'lmoq"). Yana bir belgi: frazal fe'lni ko'pincha bitta oddiy fe'l bilan almashtirish mumkin (give up ≈ quit, find out ≈ discover, put off ≈ postpone) — oddiy fe'l+predlogda esa bunday bir so'zli sinonim bo'lmaydi. A2 darajada har ikkalasini ham butun holda yodlash — eng ishonchli yo'l.

4. Misollar (tur bo'yicha)

O'TIMSIZ:

I get up early and go out for a run.       — Erta turib, yugurishga chiqaman.
The meeting went on for two hours.          — Yig'ilish ikki soat davom etdi.
Hang on — I'll be right back.                — Shoshma — hozir qaytaman.

AJRALADIGAN (+ olmosh o'rtada):

Can you turn the music down? It's too loud.  — Musiqani pasaytirasizmi? Juda baland.
I wrote down your number. / I wrote it down.  — Raqamingizni yozib oldim.
Don't throw it away — I still need it.        — Uni tashlamang — hali kerak.

AJRALMAYDIGAN:

I'm looking for my phone. Have you seen it?   — Telefonimni qidiryapman. Ko'rdingizmi?
She looks after her little brother.            — U ukasiga qaraydi.
We're waiting for the bus.                     — Avtobusni kutyapmiz.

UCH QISMLI:

I'm really looking forward to it!             — Buni juda intizorlik bilan kutyapman!
We've run out of time.                         — Vaqtimiz tugadi.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) Urg'u — odatda ZARRACHADA:

get UP, turn it ON, look it UP, sit DOWN, give it BACK

Zarracha urg'uli — bu frazal fe'lni oddiy fe'l+predlogdan ajratadi.

(b) Bog'lanish (linking) — olmosh bilan:

pick it up  "pi-ki-dap"     turn it off  "tə:-ni-tof"     give it back  "gi-vi-bek"

Tez nutqda so'zlar qo'shilib ketadi.

(c) Qiyin: through /θruː/ (go through), enough (run out).

Topshiriq (shadowing): "get up, turn it on, look for it, give it back, look forward to" ni ayting; pick it up "pikitap" bog'lanishini mashq qiling. Youglish: "pick it up", "looking forward to".

6. So'z boyligi — eng muhim A2 phrasal verbs (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• I'm looking forward to it. — "Buni intizor kutyapman."
• Don't give up! — "Taslim bo'lma!"
• I'll pick you up at 8. — "Seni 8 da olib ketaman."
• We've run out of … — "…imiz tugadi."
• Hang on / Hold on. — "Shoshma / Kuting."
• Calm down. / Slow down. — "Tinchlan. / Sekinla."
• It's up to you. — "O'zingga bog'liq." (A2-16) Kollokatsiya: get up early, turn on the light, look after the kids, give up smoking, run out of time, look forward to seeing you.

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — kundalik tartib + texnologiya:

A: You look exhausted. What time did you get up?    — Holdan toygansan. Soat nechada turding?
B: At five! My alarm went off, but I couldn't turn it off — it broke down. — Beshda! Budilnigim jiringladi, lekin o'chira olmadim — buzilib qolgan.
A: Oh no. Did you find out what's wrong with it?     — Voy. Nimasi buzilganini bildingmi?
B: Not yet. I'll look it up online later. Anyway, I have to pick my sister up at six. — Hali yo'q. Keyin internetdan qarayman. Xullas, oltida singlimni olib ketishim kerak.
A: OK. Hold on — don't forget your keys! You're always looking for them. — Mayli. Shoshma — kalitlaringni unutma! Doim qidirasan.
B: Ha, you're right. I really need to get a key holder. I look forward to a calmer week! — Ha, haqsan. Rostdan kalit ushlagich olishim kerak. Tinchroq haftani intizor kutyapman!

O'qish matni — "Don't give up" (motivatsion):

When I started learning English, I wanted to give up many times. — Inglizchani o'rgana boshlaganimda, ko'p marta tashlab qo'ymoqchi bo'ldim.
Some days I was so tired that I just wanted to lie down and switch off. — Ba'zi kunlari shunchalik charchardimki, yotib, hammasini o'chirib qo'ygim kelardi.
But I carried on, because I didn't want to let myself down. — Lekin davom etdim, chunki o'zimni umidsizlantirishni xohlamadim.
Now, when I come across a hard word, I just look it up and write it down. — Endi, qiyin so'zga duch kelganimda, shunchaki uni qarab, yozib qo'yaman.
I still make mistakes, but I don't beat myself up about them. — Hali xato qilaman, lekin o'zimni qiynamayman.
The secret is simple: keep going and never give up. — Sir oddiy: davom et va hech qachon taslim bo'lma.

Topshiriq: matnda har frazal fe'lni belgilang (give up, lie down, carry on...). So'ng o'z kundalik tartibingiz yoki bir hikoya yozing — kamida 6 frazal fe'l bilan.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Ajraladiganda olmosh zarrachadan keyin: turn on it, pick up it, put on it. Sabab: olmosh o'rin qoidasini bilmaslik. turn it on, pick it up, put it on. (olmosh o'rtada). Eng ko'p xato!

• Ajralmaydiganni ajratish: look the kids after, look it for. look after the kids, look for it. (ajralmaydigan object oxirda).

• Zarrachani tushirish (so'zma-so'z tarjima): I get at 7 (get up o'rniga). I get up at 7. (zarracha — ma'noning bir qismi).

• Ikki so'zni alohida tarjima qilish: give up = "yuqori bermoq". give up = "taslim bo'lmoq" (butun ma'no). Frazal fe'lni birga o'rganing.

• Uch qismlida so'z tashlash: I look forward it. / We ran out milk. I look forward to it. / We ran out of milk. (uch qism — hammasi kerak).

• Urg'u oddiy fe'ldek: GET up (urg'u fe'lda). Odatda zarrachada: get UP, turn it ON.

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Frazal fe'lni to'g'ri ma'no bilan moslang:

1. get up      a) qidirmoq
2. turn off     b) taslim bo'lmoq
3. look for     c) o'chirmoq
4. give up      d) turmoq
5. look after   e) qaramoq (g'amxo'rlik)

Mashq 2. Olmoshni to'g'ri joyga qo'ying (ajraladigan):

1. turn on the TV  turn ___ ___ (it)
2. take off your shoes  take ___ ___ (them)
3. throw away the box  throw ___ ___ (it)
4. pick up the kids  pick ___ ___ (them)

Mashq 3. To'g'ri zarrachani qo'ying (up/on/off/for/after):

1. I usually get ___ at seven.
2. Can you turn ___ the light? It's dark.
3. I'm looking ___ my glasses.
4. She looks ___ her grandmother.
5. Don't give ___ !

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: Turn on it., Look the kids after., I get at 7., I look forward it., Pick up them.

Mashq 5. Ma'noni ayting (o'zbekcha):

a) She put on a coat.   b) She put on weight.   c) The plane took off.

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Soat 7 da turaman. = ___
2. Chiroqni yoq. = ___
3. Telefonimni qidiryapman. = ___
4. Taslim bo'lma! = ___
5. Seni 8 da olib ketaman. = ___

Mashq 7 (zarrachani tushirib qoldirmang). Bo'sh joyga to'g'ri zarrachani/predlogni qo'ying — bittasi ham tushib qolmasin:

1. We ran out ___ milk.        (sut tugadi)
2. I'm looking forward ___ it.  (intizor kutyapman)
3. She gets ___ ___ well with her boss. (yaxshi chiqishadi)
4. Please pick ___ ___ at the station. (meni olib keting — olmosh bilan)

Mashq 8 (so'zma-so'z mi, idiomatik mi?). Har bir iborani belgilang: L = literal (oddiy fe'l+predlog) yoki P = frazal (idiomatik):

a) sit on the chair    b) give up smoking    c) look at the picture
d) look after the baby  e) walk to school     f) find out the truth

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — olmosh o'rni (ajraladigan): otni olmoshga, to'g'ri joyga:

Turn on the radio.    Turn it on.
Take off your jacket.  ___
Pick up the phone.     ___
Throw away the paper.  ___

Drill B — kundalik tartib (phrasal verbs): o'zingiz haqingizda:

"I get up at ___ ." "I turn on ___ ." "I go out ___ ."

Drill C — uch qismli (to'liq):

(look forward to / the holiday)  I'm looking forward to the holiday.
(run out of / time)               ___
(get on with / my team)           ___

Model javoblar (Drill A): Take it off. / Pick it up. / Throw it away. So'ng o'zingizning kundalik tartibingizni kamida 5 ta frazal fe'l bilan ovoz chiqarib ayting yoki yozib chiqing, keyin model javoblar bilan solishtirib, olmosh o'rnini (o'rtadami?) va zarrachani (tushib qolmaganmi?) o'zingiz tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1-d · 2-c · 3-a · 4-b · 5-e. Mashq 2: 1. turn it on · 2. take them off · 3. throw it away · 4. pick them up. Mashq 3: 1. up · 2. on · 3. for · 4. after · 5. up. Mashq 4: Turn it on. / Look after the kids. / I get up at 7. / I look forward to it. / Pick them up. Mashq 5: a) Palto kiydi. · b) Vazn oldi (semirdi). · c) Samolyot uchdi. Mashq 6: 1. I get up at 7. · 2. Turn on the light. (Turn the light on.) · 3. I'm looking for my phone. · 4. Don't give up! · 5. I'll pick you up at 8. Mashq 7: 1. out of milk · 2. forward to it · 3. gets on with · 4. pick me up (olmosh — o'rtada!). Mashq 8: a) L (stulga o'tirmoq — so'zma-so'z) · b) P (give up = tashlamoq) · c) L (rasmga qaramoq) · d) P (look after = g'amxo'rlik qilmoq) · e) L (maktabga yurmoq) · f) P (find out = bilib olmoq).

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Phrasal verb = fe'l + zarracha (ma'no ko'pincha boshqa: give up = taslim bo'lmoq)
  O'TIMSIZ (object yo'q): get up, sit down, break down, go on
  AJRALADIGAN: turn on the TV / turn the TV on
      OLMOSH  DOIM o'rtada: turn it on (NOT turn on it)
  AJRALMAYDIGAN: look after them, look for it (object DOIM oxirda)
  UCH QISMLI: look forward to it, run out of milk (object oxirda)
  Bitta fe'l — ko'p ma'no (put on: kiymoq/vazn olmoq/yoqmoq)
  Urg'u: odatda zarrachada (get UP, turn it ON)
  YODLASH: butun ibora + misol (ikki so'zni alohida tarjima qilma!)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Frazal fe'l = fe'l + zarracha; ma'no butundan (alohida emas).
2. Olmosh ajraladiganda doim o'rtada (turn it on, NOT turn on it).
3. Ajralmaydigan/uch qismli — object oxirda (look after them).
4. Bitta frazal fe'l — ko'p ma'no; urg'u zarrachada.
5. Butun ibora bo'lib yodlang (so'zma-so'z tarjima ishlamaydi).

Bog'lanish: phrasal verbs — A2 dan C2 gacha doimiy strand. Bu dars — kirish (asosiy mexanizm + eng chastotali 15–20 ta frazal fe'l). Chuqur davomi B1 — 32-darsda: kengaytirilgan to'plam, ajraladigan/ajralmaydigan naqshlarni tizimli yodlash, collocations va tez-tez uchraydigan ma'no guruhlari. B2 da idiomatik/texnik frazal fe'llar (code review, standup tilida), C1 da nozik register farqlari. Hozir asosiy kundalik to'plamni butun ibora bilan o'zlashtiring — bu native ohangning kaliti.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 21-dars: Adverbs of manner (tarz ravishlari) — quickly, well; sifat vs ravish. Endi harakat qanday bajarilganini aytishni o'rganamiz: He runs quickly. She speaks English well. — sifat (good) va ravish (well) farqi.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (phrasal verbs, Units 137–145); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (phrasal verbs; word order with phrasal verbs); McCarthy & O'Dell, "English Phrasal Verbs in Use"; Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Phrasal verbs".