A2 — 26-dars (qo'shimcha): could / may / used to (o'tmish qobiliyati, ruxsat, o'tmish odati)

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 26-dars (A2 to'ldirish)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda modallar tizimini to'ldiramiz: could (can ning o'tmishi — o'tmishdagi qobiliyat, va xushmuomala iltimos), may (rasmiy ruxsat), va used to (o'tmishdagi odat/holat — "ilgari … qilardim").

I could swim when I was five. (Besh yoshda suza olardim.) Could you help me, please? (Yordam bera olasizmi?) May I come in? (Kirsam maylimi?) I used to play football every weekend. (Ilgari har dam olishda futbol o'ynardim.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• O'tmish qobiliyati: "I could read when I was four." "I couldn't speak English last year."
• Xushmuomala iltimos (ish/rasmiy): "Could you send me the file?" "Could I ask a question?"
• Ruxsat (rasmiy): "May I leave early today?"
• O'tmish odati (bolalik, o'zgarishlar): "I used to be shy." "We used to live abroad."

Asosiy tushuncha — o'tmish va xushmuomalalik: could = can ning o'tgan shakli (qobiliyat: I could…), lekin xushmuomala iltimosda ham (can dan yumshoqroq: Could you…?). may = can/could dan rasmiyroq ruxsat. used to — bu modal emas, balki o'tmishdagi takroriy odat yoki uzoq holatni bildiradi (endi yo'q). Eng katta tuzoq: used to do (o'tmish odati) va be used to doing (… ga o'rganib qolgan) — butunlay boshqa 3.7-bob.

O'xshatish: can/could/may — ruxsat "eshigi"ning uch darajasi: can (do'stona, ochiq), could (xushmuomala taqillatish), may (rasmiy, kostyumli). used to — o'tmishning "eski fotosurat albomi": "Ilgari shunday edim/qilardim, endi boshqacha."

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-20 (can): qobiliyat/iltimos/ruxsat — bugun uning o'tgan (could) va rasmiy (may) shakllari.
• A2-2 (was/were): o'tmish — used to ham o'tmish haqida.
• A2-3 (Past Simple): used to vs Past Simple 3.6-bob.
• A2-25 (be used to + -ing): o'tgan darsda eslatilgan — bugun used to do bilan farqi.
• Tez mashq: can iltimosda: "___ you help me?" (Can/Could). Bugun could — yumshoqroq.

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. could — o'tmishdagi QOBILIYAT (can ning o'tmishi)

could + sof fe'l = "… qila olardim" (o'tmishda umumiy qobiliyat):

I could swim when I was five.       — Besh yoshda suza olardim.
She could speak French as a child.   — Bolaligida fransuzcha gapira olardi.
He could run very fast.              — U juda tez yugura olardi.

Inkor — couldn't (= qila olmadim/olmasdim):

I couldn't sleep last night.         — Kecha uxlay olmadim.
We couldn't find the address.         — Manzilni topa olmadik.

Modal: could + sof fe'l (could to , he coulds ); barcha shaxsga bir xil.

3.2. could vs was able to — bitta MARTAlik yutuq (nozik!)

Umumiy o'tmish qobiliyati uchun could (). Lekin bitta aniq vaziyatda muvaffaqiyat (bir martalik "uddasidan chiqdi") uchun could o'rniga was/were able to yoki managed to:

 I could swim well. (umumiy qobiliyat)
 The exit was blocked, but everyone WAS ABLE TO escape. (bir martalik yutuq)
 ...but everyone could escape. ( — bitta vaziyat uchun could noto'g'ri)

Inkorda couldn't ikkalasi uchun ham OK: I couldn't open the door (, bir martalik ham). Faqat ijobiy + bitta vaziyat da was able to/managed to.

3.3. could — XUSHMUOMALA iltimos (can dan yumshoqroq)

Could you + fe'l ... ?  (xushmuomala iltimos)
  Could you help me, please?     — Yordam bera olasizmi? (yumshoq)
  Could you pass the salt?        — Tuzni uzatib bera olasizmi?
  Could I have the bill, please?  — Hisobni bera olasizmi? (could I — ruxsat so'rash)

Daraja: Can you…? (do'stona) < Could you…? (xushmuomala) < Would you mind …ing? (eng yumshoq, B1). Could — eng keng, xavfsiz xushmuomala shakl.

3.4. may — RASMIY ruxsat va iltimos

May I…? — can/could dan rasmiyroq ruxsat so'rash (xizmat, rasmiy holatda):

May I come in?                  — Kirsam maylimi? (rasmiy)
May I ask you a question?        — Bir savol bersam maylimi?
May I help you?                  — Yordam beraymi? (xizmatda)

Ruxsat berish: You may + fe'l:

You may leave now.              — Endi ketsangiz bo'ladi.
You may use your phone.          — Telefoningizdan foydalanishingiz mumkin.

Ruxsat darajasi: Can I…? (norasmiy) Could I…? (xushmuomala) May I…? (rasmiy). may — qog'ozda, idorada, rasmiy nutqda. may vs can (ruxsatda): ma'no bir xil ("mumkin"), farq — rasmiylik. Do'stlar orasida Can I…? tabiiy; mijoz, mehmon, rahbar bilan yoki yozma murojaatda May I…? yanada odobli va rasmiy eshitiladi. Idorada, elchixonada, rasmiy xatda may ni tanlang; oshxonada do'stingizdan tuz so'raganda can/could yetarli.

3.4-b. could / may / might — EHTIMOL (kelajakdagi taxmin)

Bu uch modal ruxsatdan tashqari "balki bo'lishi mumkin" (ehtimol) ma'nosini ham beradi. Bu yerda ular qobiliyat yoki ruxsat emas, balki gapiruvchining taxminini bildiradi:

It could rain later.   — Keyinroq yomg'ir yog'ishi mumkin. (ehtimol bor)
It may rain later.      — Yomg'ir yog'ishi mumkin. (ehtimol bor)
It might rain later.    — Yomg'ir yog'ishi mumkin. (ehtimol bor, biroz kamroq ishonch)

Uchalasi ham "aniq emas, lekin bo'lishi mumkin" degani. Nozik farq ishonch darajasida:

• may — ehtimol bor (neytral, biroz rasmiyroq).
• might — ehtimol bor, lekin ozroq / kamroq ishonch bilan (may ning yumshoqroq, ehtiyotkorroq shakli). Kundalik nutqda might juda keng ishlatiladi.
• could — bir imkoniyat sifatida ("bo'lishi ham mumkin"): She could be at home now. (Hozir uyda bo'lishi mumkin.)

Diqqat — bir shakl, ikki vazifa: may/could ni ko'rganingizda kontekstga qarang. May I come in? — RUXSAT. It may be true. — EHTIMOL. Could you help? — ILTIMOS. It could be true. — EHTIMOL. Bir xil so'z, lekin gapdagi vazifasi boshqacha. Bu taxmin ma'nosi B1-11 (might/may — taxmin) da chuqur o'rganiladi; hozircha shu asosiy misollarni tanib olsangiz kifoya.

Mini-mashq: har bir gapdagi modal RUXSATmi, EHTIMOLmi yoki QOBILIYATmi? (1) Could you open the window? (2) It might snow tonight. (3) I could read at four. (4) May I sit here? Javob: (1) iltimos/ruxsat · (2) ehtimol · (3) o'tmish qobiliyati · (4) ruxsat (rasmiy).

3.5. used to — O'TMISHDAGI ODAT yoki uzoq HOLAT (endi yo'q)

used to + sof fe'l = "ilgari … qilardim / … edim" — o'tmishda muntazam bo'lgan, lekin endi yo'q ish yoki holat:

I used to play football every weekend.   — Ilgari har dam olishda futbol o'ynardim. (endi o'ynamayman)
She used to have long hair.               — Ilgari uzun sochli edi. (endi yo'q)
We used to live in Bukhara.               — Ilgari Buxoroda yashardik.
I didn't use to like coffee, but now I do. — Ilgari kofeni yoqtirmasdim, endi yoqtiraman.

Foydalanish: (1) o'tmish odati (used to smoke), (2) o'tmish uzoq holati (used to live/be/have). Asosiy g'oya: o'tmishda — ha, hozir — yo'q (o'zgarish).

3.6. used to — shakllar (inkor/savolda "use", "used" emas!)

IJOBIY:  I used to + fe'l        (I used to play)
INKOR:   I didn't use to + fe'l  (NOT "didn't used to"!)
SAVOL:   Did you use to + fe'l?   (NOT "Did you used to?")

He didn't use to be so quiet.    — Ilgari u buncha jim emas edi.
Did you use to live here?         — Ilgari shu yerda yasharmiding?

Xato: inkor/savolda did allaqachon o'tmishni bildiradi, shuning uchun use (sof) — used emas: "didn't use to" (), "didn't used to" (). (Talaffuzda farqsiz, lekin yozuvda muhim.)

3.7. used to do VS be used to doing — BUTUNLAY BOSHQA! (eng katta tuzoq)

Bu — A2 ning eng chalkashadigan juftligi:

used to + SOF fe'l = o'tmishdagi odat (endi yo'q):
  I used to get up early. — Ilgari erta turardim. (endi yo'q)

be used to + V-ING (yoki ot) = … ga O'RGANIB qolgan (hozir, normal):
  I'm used to getting up early. — Erta turishga o'rganib qolganman. (men uchun normal)

Aralashtirmang: "I'm used to get up early" () "I'm used to getting up early" (, -ing). "I used to getting up" () "I used to get up" (, sof). be used to -ing; used to sof fe'l.

3.8. would — o'tmish odati (qisman, kirish)

would ham o'tmish takroriy harakati uchun ishlatiladi (lekin holat uchun emas):

Every summer, we would go to the seaside. — Har yoz dengizga borardik. (= used to go)

Diqqat: would faqat harakat (go, play), holat emas: "I would live there" () "I used to live there" (). would — adabiy/hikoya tilida (B1).

used to vs would — qisqacha: ikkalasi ham o'tmishdagi takroriy harakat uchun almashtiriladi (used to go = would go). LEKIN holat (be, have, like, know, live) uchun faqat used to ishlaydi, would ishlamaydi:

• Harakat (ikkalasi ham OK): Every Sunday we used to visit / would visit grandma.
• Holat (faqat used to): I used to have a bike. () — I would have a bike. (, "have" — holat). Ishonchli tanlov: shubhalansangiz, doim used to ni tanlang — u ham harakatga, ham holatga to'g'ri keladi. would ni hikoya qilayotganda va faqat harakatlar uchun qo'shing.

4. Misollar (holatlar bo'yicha)

could (o'tmish qobiliyati):

At school, I could memorize poems easily.  — Maktabda she'rlarni osongina yodlay olardim.
He couldn't drive until he was 25.          — 25 yoshgacha hayday olmasdi.

could/may (iltimos/ruxsat):

Could you speak more slowly, please?        — Sekinroq gapira olasizmi?
May I see your ticket?                       — Chiptangizni ko'rsam maylimi?

used to (o'tmish odati):

I used to be afraid of the dark.            — Ilgari qorong'idan qo'rqardim.
We used to spend hours playing outside.      — Ilgari soatlab tashqarida o'ynardik.
She didn't use to wear glasses.              — Ilgari ko'zoynak taqmasdi.

be used to (ko'nikkan):

I'm used to working from home now.          — Endi uydan ishlashga o'rganib qoldim.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) could /kʊd/ "kud" — "l" JIM! couldn't /ˈkʊdnt/ "kudnt". (xuddi should "shud" kabi.) (b) used to /ˈjuːstə/ "yu:stə" — d t tovushiga aylanadi, "to" bilan qo'shiladi: "I used to play" "ay-yu:stə-pley". (be used to ham: "ay-myu:stə".) (c) may /meɪ/ "mey". (d) Could you "kudʒə" ("kudja"): "Could you help?" "kudja help".

Topshiriq (shadowing): could ("kud", l jim), used to ("yu:stə"), Could you ("kudja") ni ayting; "I used to play football. Could you help me? May I come in?" ni mashq qiling. Youglish: "I used to", "could you".

6. So'z boyligi (Anki) — modallar va o'tmish odati

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• Could you do me a favour? — "Bir ishimni qila olasizmi?"
• May I have your attention, please? — "E'tiboringizni qarataolasizmi?" (rasmiy).
• I used to + V — "Ilgari …qilardim."
• When I was a kid / younger… — "Bolaligimda / yoshroq paytimda…"
• Things used to be different. — "Ilgari boshqacha edi."
• I'm (not) used to it (yet). — "Bunga (hali) o'rganmaganman."

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — iltimos/ruxsat (ish joyida):

A: Excuse me, could I ask you something?            — Kechirasiz, bir narsa so'rasam maylimi?
B: Of course. How can I help?                        — Albatta. Qanday yordam beray?
A: Could you explain this part of the report again?  — Hisobotning shu qismini yana tushuntira olasizmi?
B: Sure. And may I suggest you take some notes this time? — Albatta. Bu safar yozib olishni taklif qilsam maylimi?
A: Good idea. By the way, may I leave a bit early today? I have an appointment. — Yaxshi fikr. Aytgancha, bugun biroz erta ketsam maylimi? Uchrashuvim bor.
B: That's fine. Just let me know before you go.       — Mayli. Ketishdan oldin ayting.

O'qish matni — "How life used to be" (bolalik, o'zgarishlar):

Life used to be very different when I was a child. — Bolaligimda hayot juda boshqacha edi.
We didn't use to have smartphones, so we played outside all day. — Smartfonlarimiz yo'q edi, shuning uchun kun bo'yi tashqarida o'ynardik.
I used to climb trees, ride my bike, and build things with my friends. — Daraxtlarga chiqardim, velosiped minardim va do'stlarim bilan narsalar yasardim.
I couldn't swim until I was ten, but then my father taught me one summer. — O'n yoshgacha suza olmasdim, lekin keyin bir yoz otam menga o'rgatdi.
These days, kids are used to spending hours on screens. — Hozir bolalar ekranlarda soatlab vaqt o'tkazishga o'rganib qolgan.
I'm not saying it was better — it was just different. — Yaxshiroq edi demoqchi emasman — shunchaki boshqacha edi.
But I'm glad I could grow up without a phone in my hand. — Lekin qo'limda telefonsiz katta bo'la olganimdan xursandman.

Topshiriq: matnda used to / didn't use to / could / be used to ni belgilang. So'ng "bolaligingiz qanday o'tgan" mavzusida 6 gap yozing (I used to...).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• O'tmish qobiliyatiga can: I can swim when I was five. I could swim when I was five. (o'tmish could).

• used to o'rniga use to (ijobiyda): I use to play football. I used to play football. (ijobiy used to).

• didn't used to: I didn't used to like it. I didn't use to like it. (inkor/savolda use, did o'tmishni bergan).

• used to + -ing (o'tmish odati ma'nosida): I used to playing. I used to play. (used to sof fe'l).

• be used to + sof fe'l: I'm used to get up early. I'm used to getting up early. (be used to -ing).

• could talaffuzi: "kould" (l aytib). could = "kud" (l jim).

• used to + -ing va be used to + sof fe'l aralashi (o'zbeklar uchun eng ko'p uchraydigan chalkashlik): ikki iborani teskari qo'yish. Eslab qoling: used to sof fe'l (o'tmish odati), be used to -ing (ko'nikkan). I used to smoke (ilgari chekardim) ≠ I'm used to the smoke (tutunga o'rganib qolganman).

• "used to" ni doim "ilgari" bilan bir xil deb o'ylash: o'zbekcha "ilgari qildim" bir martalik ish uchun ham ishlatiladi, lekin used to faqat takroriy odat/holat uchun. Bir martalik o'tmish ishi uchun oddiy Past Simple: Yesterday I used to call him () Yesterday I called him ().

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. could yoki couldn't?

1. When I was young, I ___ run very fast.
2. I ___ sleep last night — too much noise.
3. She ___ read at the age of four.
4. We ___ find the hotel, so we called for help.

Mashq 2. Can / Could / May — iltimos yoki ruxsat (darajaga qarab):

1. (rasmiy) ___ I see your passport, please?
2. (do'stona) ___ you pass me the remote?
3. (xushmuomala) ___ you help me with this?

Mashq 3. used to / didn't use to / Did ... use to:

1. I ___ (play) the guitar, but I stopped years ago.
2. She ___ (not / like) vegetables, but now she loves them.
3. ___ you ___ (live) in this city?

Mashq 4. used to (do) yoki be used to (doing)?

1. I ___ (live) abroad when I was a student. (o'tmish odati)
2. I'm ___ (work) at night now — it doesn't bother me. (o'rgangan)
3. He ___ (have) a beard, but he shaved it off. (o'tmish)

Mashq 5. Xatoni to'g'rilang: I can swim when I was a kid., I use to play football., I didn't used to like it., I'm used to get up early., Can I see your passport? (rasmiy may)

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Besh yoshda suza olardim. = ___
2. Yordam bera olasizmi? (xushmuomala) = ___
3. Kirsam maylimi? (rasmiy) = ___
4. Ilgari har dam olishda futbol o'ynardim. = ___
5. Erta turishga o'rganib qolganman. = ___

Mashq 7. Gapdagi modal nima ma'no beradi — QOBILIYAT, RUXSAT yoki EHTIMOL? (belgilang)

1. May I use your pen?                 = ___
2. It might be cold outside.            = ___
3. She could play chess at six.         = ___
4. Could you close the door, please?    = ___
5. We may go to the seaside this summer. = ___

Mashq 8. used to yoki would? (agar ikkalasi ham to'g'ri bo'lsa, "ikkalasi" deb yozing)

1. When I was a child, we ___ (spend) every summer at the lake.
2. My grandfather ___ (have) an old blue car. (holat!)
3. Ilgari uzun sochli edi: She ___ (have) long hair.

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — o'tmish qobiliyati (could): o'zingiz haqingizda:

"As a child, I could ___ ." (bir narsa qila olardingiz)
"At 18, I couldn't ___ ." (qila olmasdingiz)

Drill B — xushmuomala iltimos (Could you…?):

(help me)         Could you help me, please?
(repeat that)      ___
(send the file)    ___

Drill C — o'tmish odati (used to): ilgari/hozir farqi:

"I used to ___ , but now I ___ ."   (×3 gap)

Model javoblar (Drill B): Could you repeat that, please? / Could you send me the file? So'ng o'zingizning bolaligingiz/o'zgarishlaringiz haqida 4 ta used to gapi tuzing va ovoz chiqarib ayting. Har bir gapni yozib, keyin javoblar kaliti (11-bo'lim) va tipik xatolar (8-bo'lim) bilan solishtirib, o'zingizni tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. could · 2. couldn't · 3. could · 4. couldn't. Mashq 2: 1. May · 2. Can · 3. Could. Mashq 3: 1. used to play · 2. didn't use to like · 3. Did ... use to live. Mashq 4: 1. used to live · 2. used to working · 3. used to have. Mashq 5: I could swim when I was a kid. / I used to play football. / I didn't use to like it. / I'm used to getting up early. / May I see your passport? Mashq 6: 1. I could swim when I was five. · 2. Could you help me? · 3. May I come in? · 4. I used to play football every weekend. · 5. I'm used to getting up early. Mashq 7: 1. ruxsat · 2. ehtimol · 3. qobiliyat · 4. ruxsat/iltimos · 5. ehtimol. Mashq 8: 1. ikkalasi (used to spend / would spend — harakat) · 2. used to have (holat — would ) · 3. used to have (holat — would ).

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

could = can ning o'tmishi (qobiliyat): I could swim | couldn't (inkor)
   bitta martalik yutuq  was able to / managed to (could EMAS)
   xushmuomala iltimos: Could you…? / Could I…?
may = rasmiy ruxsat/iltimos: May I…? | You may… (can<could<may darajasi)
could/may/might = ehtimol (taxmin): It could/may/might rain (might — kamroq ishonch)
used to + SOF fe'l = o'tmish odati/holati (endi yo'q): I used to play
   inkor: didn't USE to (NOT used) | savol: Did you use to…?
 used to DO (o'tmish odati) ≠ be used to DOING (ko'nikkan, hozir)
would = o'tmish takroriy harakati (holat emas): we would go (= used to go)
Talaffuz: could="kud" (l jim) | used to="yu:stə"

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. could — o'tmish qobiliyati (+ xushmuomala iltimos Could you…?).
2. Bir martalik yutuq was able to/managed to (could emas).
3. may — rasmiy ruxsat (May I…?).
4. used to + sof fe'l — o'tmish odati; inkor didn't use to.
5. used to do ≠ be used to doing (o'tmish odati vs ko'nikkan).

Bog'lanish: modallar B1 da kengayadi — might/may/could (taxmin), should have/could have (modal perfects — afsus, B2), be supposed to, be allowed to. used to/would — o'tmish hikoyasining qismi. be used to — gerund (A2-25) bilan bog'liq.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 27-dars: Harakat predloglari (into, out of, across, through, along, towards). Joy predloglarini (A1-18) to'ldiramiz: harakat yo'nalishini bildiruvchilar — into the room, across the road, through the door, along the river.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (could/was able to, Unit 26; may/might; used to, Unit 18; be used to, Unit 61); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (could, may, used to, be used to); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "'used to'", "can/could/may".