A2 — 19-dars: Bog'lovchilar — and, but, or, because, so, although (gaplarni bog'lash)

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 19-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda gaplarni bog'lashni o'rganasiz — bog'lovchilar (conjunctions): and, but, or, because, so, although. Bular alohida, qisqa gaplarni uzun, tabiiy gaplarga birlashtiradi va ular o'rtasidagi munosabatni (sabab, natija, qarama-qarshilik) ko'rsatadi.

I stayed home because it was raining. (Yomg'ir yog'ayotgani uchun uyda qoldim.) It was cold, so I wore a coat. (Sovuq edi, shuning uchun palto kiydim.) It was hard, but I finished. (Qiyin edi, lekin tugatdim.) Although it was late, we kept working. (Kech bo'lsa-da, ishlashda davom etdik.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Tabiiy nutq: boshlovchi alohida gaplar bilan gapiradi ("It rained. I stayed home."); native ularni bog'laydi ("It rained, so I stayed home.").
• Fikr/sabab izhori: "I think we should wait, because the data isn't ready."
• Yozish (esse, email): bog'lovchisiz matn uzuq-yuluq bo'ladi.
• Sabab-natija mantig'i — har qanday tushuntirish, bahsda asosiy.

Asosiy tushuncha — gaplarni "ko'prik" bilan ulash: bog'lovchi — ikki fikr orasidagi ko'prik, va u ko'prik qanday munosabatni ko'rsatadi: and (qo'shish), but (qarama-qarshilik), or (tanlov), because (sabab — nega?), so (natija — keyin nima?), although (kutilmagan qarama-qarshilik — shunga qaramay). Qaysi ko'prikni tanlash — fikrlar qanday bog'langaniga bog'liq.

O'xshatish: qisqa gaplar — alohida g'ishtlar. Bog'lovchilar — sement: ular g'ishtlarni birlashtirib, mustahkam devor (ravon matn) quradi. because/so — sabab-natija sementi; but/although — qarama-qarshilik sementi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-5 (hikoya bog'lovchilari): first, then, after that — voqea ketma-ketligi. Bugun — fikr munosabati (sabab/natija/qarshilik).
• A2-2/3 (Past Simple): misollar o'tgan zamonda (it rained, so I stayed).
• A1-19 (sifatlar): qarama-qarshi sifatlar (cheap but good).
• Tez mashq: ikki gapni o'qing: "It was raining. I stayed home." — qanday bog'lash mumkin? (because / so).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. and / but / or — asosiy uchlik (teng bog'lovchilar)

and  — qo'shish ("va"):        I bought bread and milk.
but  — qarama-qarshilik ("lekin"): It's cheap but good.
or   — tanlov ("yoki"):         Tea or coffee?

She is smart and kind.            — U aqlli va mehribon.
I wanted to come, but I was busy.  — Kelmoqchi edim, lekin band edim.
Would you like tea or coffee?      — Choy yoki kofe xohlaysizmi?

Vergul: ikki to'liq gap (ega+fe'l) bog'langanda, but/so/or oldidan odatda vergul: It's small, but it's nice. Bitta ega bo'lsa — vergulsiz: It's small but nice.

3.2. because — SABAB ("nega?" ga javob)

because + to'liq gap (ega + fe'l) — sababni bildiradi:

asosiy gap + because + (ega + fe'l)
  I stayed home because it was raining.
  — Uyda qoldim, chunki yomg'ir yog'ayotgan edi.
  He's tired because he worked all night.
  — U charchagan, chunki tun bo'yi ishladi.

Boshda ham (vergul bilan):

Because it was raining, I stayed home.   — Yomg'ir yog'ayotgani uchun, uyda qoldim.

Savol-javob: because — "Why?" ga javob: "Why did you stay home?" — "Because it was raining." (Faqat Because… bilan javob berish mumkin.)

3.3. because vs because of (eng ko'p xato)

 I was late because there was traffic.   (gap: there was traffic)
 I was late because of the traffic.        (ot: the traffic)
 I was late because of there was traffic.  (because of + gap — XATO!)

Oltin qoida: gap (ega+fe'l) kelsa because; ot/ibora kelsa because of. (due to = because of, rasmiyroq.)

3.4. so — NATIJA ("shuning uchun")

so + natija (oqibat). because ning teskari tomoni: sabab so natija:

sabab + , so + natija
  It was raining, so I stayed home.
  — Yomg'ir yog'ayotgan edi, shuning uchun uyda qoldim.
  I was tired, so I went to bed early.
  — Charchagan edim, shuning uchun erta yotdim.

because so (bir g'oya, ikki yo'l): bir vaziyatni ikki xil aytish mumkin:

text

I stayed home BECAUSE it rained.   (natija + because + sabab)
It rained, SO I stayed home.        (sabab + so + natija)

because dan keyin — sabab; so dan keyin — natija. Tartib teskari, ma'no bir xil.

3.5. although / though / even though — QARAMA-QARSHILIK ("…ga qaramay")

although + to'liq gap — kutilmagan, qarama-qarshi holatni bildiradi ("…bo'lsa-da"):

Although it was raining, we went out.    — Yomg'ir yog'ayotgan bo'lsa-da, tashqariga chiqdik.
We went out although it was raining.      — (oxirda ham mumkin)
Although he's rich, he isn't happy.       — Boy bo'lsa-da, baxtli emas.

• though = although (norasmiyroq, og'zaki): Though it was late, we kept going.
• even though = kuchliroq although (ta'kid): Even though I studied hard, I failed.
• though gap oxirida = "lekin/baribir" (= however): It was late. We kept going, though.

3.6. although VS but — birga ishlatilMAYDI! (eng ko'p o'zbekona xato)

O'zbekcha "garchi … bo'lsa-da, lekin …" — ikki bog'lovchi bilan. Inglizcha esa faqat bittasini ishlating:

 Although it was late, we kept working.   (faqat although)
 It was late, but we kept working.         (faqat but)
 Although it was late, but we kept working. (ikkalasi — XATO!)

Oltin qoida: although (boshda) YOKI but (o'rtada) — ikkalasini birga emas! Bittasini tanlang.

3.7. so (natija) vs so (juda) vs so that (maqsad)

so — uch xil:

1) NATIJA: It was hot, so I opened the window.  (shuning uchun — 3.4)
2) JUDA (kuchaytirish — A2-14): It's so hot!      (juda issiq!)
3) so that = MAQSAD: I left early so that I could catch the bus. (… olish uchun)

3.8. however — but ning rasmiy muqobili (kirish)

however = but, lekin rasmiyroq, alohida gapda, vergul bilan:

The plan was good. However, it was too expensive.
— Reja yaxshi edi. Biroq, juda qimmat edi.

however — yangi gapda boshda (vergul bilan), but esa bir gap ichida. (B1 da chuqur — discourse markers.)

3.9. too / also / as well — "ham" (qo'shimcha ma'lumot qo'shish)

Bular and ga yaqin, lekin bog'lovchi emas — ular fikrga "ham" ma'nosini qo'shadi ("bunga qo'shimcha"). O'zbekchada uchalasi ham "ham" deb tarjima qilinadi, lekin gapdagi o'rni har xil:

also  — gap O'RTASIDA (fe'ldan oldin / to be dan keyin): She also speaks French.
too   — gap OXIRIDA (vergulsiz ham bo'ladi):              She speaks French too.
as well — gap OXIRIDA (og'zaki, "too" bilan bir xil):      She speaks French as well.

I like tea. I also like coffee.        — Choyni yaxshi ko'raman. Kofeni ham yaxshi ko'raman.
He was tired, and he was hungry too.   — U charchagan edi, och ham edi.
I bought bread and milk as well.        — Non, sut ham sotib oldim.

O'zbek xatosi — "too" ni gap boshiga qo'yish: o'zbekcha "ham" gap boshida turishi mumkin, inglizcha too/as well esa deyarli doim gap oxirida. Too I like coffee. I like coffee too. (Boshda "ham" kerak bo'lsa — also ni fe'l oldiga qo'ying: I also like coffee.)

3.10. because VA so BIRGA ishlatilMAYDI! (eng ko'p o'zbekona xato — 2)

O'zbekchada sabab-natijani ikki so'z bilan aytamiz: "Charchagan edim, shuning uchun uxladim" yoki "Chunki charchagan edim, shuning uchun uxladim". Inglizchada esa because (sabab) va so (natija) bir gapda birga kelmaydi — faqat bittasini tanlang:

 Because I was tired, I slept.   (faqat because — sabab)
 I was tired, so I slept.         (faqat so — natija)
 Because I was tired, so I slept. (ikkalasi — XATO!)

Oltin qoida: because YOKI so — ikkovi bir gapda emas! Xuddi although/but kabi: o'zbekchadagi juft bog'lovchi ("chunki … shuning uchun") ingliz tilida bitta ga qisqaradi.

4. Misollar (bog'lovchi bo'yicha)

because (sabab):

I learn English because I want to work abroad. — Inglizcha o'rganaman, chunki chet elda ishlashni xohlayman.
We canceled the trip because of the weather.    — Ob-havo tufayli sayohatni bekor qildik.

so (natija):

The shop was closed, so we went home.           — Do'kon yopiq edi, shuning uchun uyga ketdik.
I didn't sleep well, so I'm tired now.           — Yaxshi uxlamadim, shuning uchun hozir charchaganman.

but (qarshilik):

The hotel was cheap but clean.                   — Mehmonxona arzon, lekin toza edi.
I called him, but he didn't answer.              — Unga qo'ng'iroq qildim, lekin javob bermadi.

although (qarshilik):

Although she was tired, she finished the project. — Charchagan bo'lsa-da, loyihani tugatdi.
He passed the exam, even though he didn't study much. — Ko'p o'qimasa-da, imtihondan o'tdi.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) because:

because /bɪˈkɒz/ "bikoz" (urg'u 2-bo'g'inda). Norasmiy: "cos/cuz" /kəz/ — "I'm tired cos I worked late."

(b) although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ "o:lðou" — th tovushli (ð), "l" deyarli jim, urg'u 2-bo'g'inda. though /ðəʊ/ "ðou". (c) but /bʌt/ "bat", so /səʊ/ "sou", or /ɔː/ "o:".

Native siri: og'zaki nutqda and "ən" (bread and butter "bred-ən-batə"), because "cos/bcoz". but tez nutqda oxirgi "t" yutiladi.

Topshiriq (shadowing): because, although, but, so ni ayting; although da "ð" tovushiga e'tibor bering. "I stayed home because it rained." va "Although it rained, I went out." ni mashq qiling. Youglish: "because", "although".

6. So'z boyligi (kengaytirilgan Anki) — bog'lovchilar va izoh so'zlari

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• That's why… — "Shuning uchun…" (natija: That's why I'm late.).
• The reason is (that)… — "Sababi shuki…".
• because of you / me — "sen/men tufayli".
• even so — "shunga qaramay".
• both … and … — "ham … ham …" (both fast and cheap).
• either … or … — "yo … yo …". Kollokatsiya: because of the weather/traffic/rain, the reason for, as a result.

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — sabab-natija (suhbat):

A: You look tired. Are you OK?                      — Charchaganga o'xshaysan. Yaxshimisan?
B: Yeah, I didn't sleep well because my neighbours were noisy. — Ha, yaxshi uxlamadim, chunki qo'shnilarim shovqin qildi.
A: That's annoying. So did you talk to them?        — G'ash narsa. Ular bilan gaplashdingmi?
B: Not yet. I wanted to, but I didn't have time.    — Hali yo'q. Xohlardim, lekin vaqtim bo'lmadi.
A: You should, although it might be awkward.         — Gaplashishing kerak, garchi noqulay bo'lsa-da.
B: I know. The reason I'm waiting is that I don't want a conflict. — Bilaman. Kutishimning sababi — janjal istamasligim.
A: I understand. But it won't stop unless you say something. — Tushunaman. Lekin biror narsa demasang, to'xtamaydi.
B: You're right. So I'll talk to them tonight.       — Haqsan. Shuning uchun bugun ular bilan gaplashaman.

O'qish matni — "Why I'm learning English" (sabab-natija bilan):

I'm learning English because I want to work for an international company. — Inglizchani o'rganyapman, chunki xalqaro kompaniyada ishlashni xohlayman.
It isn't always easy, but I practise every day. — Doim oson emas, lekin har kuni mashq qilaman.
Sometimes I'm tired after work, so I only study for twenty minutes. — Ba'zan ishdan keyin charchayman, shuning uchun atigi yigirma daqiqa o'qiyman.
Although progress is slow, I can already understand a lot more than before. — Garchi natija sekin bo'lsa-da, oldingidan ancha ko'p tushunyapman.
I sometimes make mistakes, but that's how we learn. — Ba'zan xato qilaman, lekin biz shunday o'rganamiz.
So my advice is simple: keep going, even though it's hard. — Shuning uchun maslahatim oddiy: davom et, garchi qiyin bo'lsa ham.

Topshiriq: matnda har bog'lovchi (because, but, so, although) ni belgilang — qanday munosabat (sabab/natija/qarshilik)? So'ng "nega ingliz tilini o'rganyapsiz" mavzusida 6 gap yozing — bog'lovchilar bilan.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• although + but birga: Although it was late, but we worked. Sabab: o'zbekcha "garchi … lekin …" — ikki so'z. Although it was late, we worked. YOKI It was late, but we worked. (bittasi!). Eng ko'p xato!

• because of + gap: because of it was raining. because it was raining (gap because) YOKI because of the rain (ot because of).

• so va because ni teskari: I stayed home, because it rained (so o'rnida) — yoki It rained because I stayed home (mantiqsiz). I stayed home because it rained. (sabab) / It rained, so I stayed home. (natija).

• because + so birga: Because I was tired, so I slept. Sabab: o'zbekcha "chunki … shuning uchun …" — ikki so'z. Because I was tired, I slept. YOKI I was tired, so I slept. (bittasi — although/but kabi qoida).

• too ni gap boshida: Too I want to come. I want to come too. (gap oxirida) YOKI I also want to come. (fe'l oldida).

• although talaffuzi: "altho" (th siz). although = "o:lðou" (th tovushli).

• for ni "uchun" sabab sifatida (rasmiy/eski): I stayed home, for it rained. (juda adabiy). Kundalik: because.

• Vergulsiz uzun gap: It was raining so I stayed home (vergulsiz, ba'zan OK lekin). It was raining, so I stayed home. (so/but oldidan vergul, ikki to'liq gapda).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. because, so, but yoki although?

1. I was hungry, ___ I made a sandwich.
2. I made a sandwich ___ I was hungry.
3. The food was expensive, ___ it wasn't very good.
4. ___ it was expensive, the food wasn't good.

Mashq 2. because yoki because of?

1. We stayed in ___ the rain.
2. We stayed in ___ it was raining.
3. The match was cancelled ___ the bad weather.
4. He's happy ___ he passed the exam.

Mashq 3. Ikki gapni bog'lang (berilgan bog'lovchi bilan):

1. It was cold. I wore a coat. (so)  ___
2. I wanted to come. I was busy. (but)  ___
3. She was tired. She kept working. (although)  ___
4. We left early. We could catch the train. (so that)  ___

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: Although it was late, but we worked., because of it was raining, I'm tired so I worked late (sabab kerak), Altho I tried, I failed.

Mashq 5. Bir gapni ikki usulda yozing (because va so bilan):

"It was raining. I stayed home."
 (because) ___
 (so) ___

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Yomg'ir yog'ayotgani uchun uyda qoldim. = ___
2. Sovuq edi, shuning uchun palto kiydim. = ___
3. Qiyin edi, lekin tugatdim. = ___
4. Charchagan bo'lsa-da, ishlashda davom etdi. = ___
5. Tirbandlik tufayli kech qoldim. = ___

Mashq 7. Xatoni to'g'rilang (juft bog'lovchi / "too" o'rni):

1. Because it was late, so we went home.
2. Although the food was cheap, but it was good.
3. Too I like this song.
4. I was tired. Because of I worked late.

Mashq 8. also, too yoki as well — bo'sh joyni to'ldiring (ma'no "ham"):

1. I speak English. I ___ speak a little Arabic.   (fe'l oldida)
2. She likes tea, and she likes coffee ___ .         (gap oxirida)
3. We visited Rome, and we went to Venice ___ .      (gap oxirida, og'zaki)

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — sabab (because): "Why?" savoliga javob:

"Why are you tired?"       Because I didn't sleep well.
"Why are you learning English?"  ___
"Why were you late?"        ___

Drill B — natija (so): sabab beriladi, natija qo'shing:

It was raining, so ___ .
I was hungry, so ___ .
The shop was closed, so ___ .

Drill C — qarshilik (although/but): ikki teskari fikrni bog'lang:

(tired / kept working)   Although I was tired, I kept working. / I was tired, but I kept working.
(cheap / good quality)    ___
(rained / went out)       ___

Model javoblar (Drill A): Because I want to work abroad. / Because there was a lot of traffic. So'ng o'zingiz haqingizda 4 ta "because/so/although" gapi bilan ayting va o'zingizni tekshiring: har gapda bog'lovchi to'g'ri munosabatni (sabab/natija/qarshilik) ko'rsatyaptimi?

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. so · 2. because · 3. but · 4. Although. Mashq 2: 1. because of · 2. because · 3. because of · 4. because. Mashq 3: 1. It was cold, so I wore a coat. · 2. I wanted to come, but I was busy. · 3. Although she was tired, she kept working. · 4. We left early so that we could catch the train. Mashq 4: Although it was late, we worked. (It was late, but we worked.) / because it was raining (because of the rain) / I'm tired because I worked late. / Although I tried, I failed. Mashq 5: I stayed home because it was raining. / It was raining, so I stayed home. Mashq 6: 1. I stayed home because it was raining. · 2. It was cold, so I wore a coat. · 3. It was hard, but I finished. · 4. Although he was tired, he kept working. · 5. I was late because of the traffic. Mashq 7: 1. Because it was late, we went home. (yoki: It was late, so we went home — so olib tashlandi) · 2. Although the food was cheap, it was good. (yoki: The food was cheap, but it was good — but olib tashlandi) · 3. I like this song too. (yoki: I also like this song) · 4. I was tired because I worked late. (because of + gap emas because + gap). Mashq 8: 1. also (I also speak…) · 2. too (…coffee too) · 3. as well (…Venice as well).

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

and (va) | but (lekin) | or (yoki) — teng bog'lovchilar (vergul: but/so oldidan)
because + GAP (sabab — "nega?")     |  because of + OT (because of the rain)
so + NATIJA ("shuning uchun")        |  because  so: bir g'oya, teskari tartib
although/though/even though + GAP (qarshilik — "…bo'lsa-da")
   although VA but BIRGA EMAS! ·  because VA so BIRGA EMAS! (bittasi)
so (natija) ≠ so (juda) ≠ so that (maqsad)
also (fe'l oldida) / too, as well (gap oxirida) — "ham"
however = but (rasmiy, alohida gapda)
Talaffuz: because="bikoz", although="o:lðou" (th)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. and/but/or — qo'shish/qarshilik/tanlov.
2. because + gap (sabab); because of + ot.
3. so + natija; because so — bir g'oya, teskari tartib.
4. although (qarshilik); although + but birga EMAS! shuningdek because + so birga EMAS! (o'zbekcha juft bog'lovchi inglizcha bitta).
5. also/too/as well — "ham" (also fe'l oldida, too/as well gap oxirida).
6. Talaffuz: because="bikoz", although="o:lðou".

Bog'lanish: bog'lovchilar — ravon yozish/gapirishning asosi; B1 da however, therefore, despite/in spite of, unless, as long as, B2 da nevertheless, whereas, due to the fact that va discourse markers kengayadi. if (shartli) B1-7 da. Bog'lik gap — A2 dan yuqori darajaga ko'tariluvchi muhim ko'nikma.

Keyingi dars — A2 — 20-dars: Phrasal verbs — kirish (get up, turn on, look for). Endi ingliz tilining eng "native" qismiga kiramiz: fe'l + zarracha (up, on, off, for...) birikmalari — get up, turn on, look for, give up — ma'nosi ko'pincha alohida so'zlardan boshqa.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (because/although/so, Units 113–115; conjunctions); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (conjunctions; because/because of; although/though); Cambridge Dictionary (linking words); British Council LearnEnglish — "Conjunctions", "although / though".