B2 — 2-dars: Narrative tenses to'liq + used to / would / be used to

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 2-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Odamlar hikoya orqali yashaydi: intervyuda tajribangizni aytasiz, do'stga sarguzashtni so'zlaysiz, IELTS'da "Describe a time when..." savoliga javob berasiz. Yaxshi hikoya qilish — bu o'tmish zamonlarini bir-biriga to'qib, voqealar tartibini, fonni va sabablarni aniq ko'rsatishdir.

B1-da siz har bir o'tmish zamonini ko'rdingiz. B2-da maqsad — ularni professional yozuvchi/so'zlovchi kabi ishlatish: qaysi voqea asosiy, qaysi fon, qaysi undan oldin bo'lgan. Va o'tmish odatlarini aytishning uchta usulini (used to / would / be used to) bir-biridan ajratish — bu o'zbeklar uchun chinakam tuzoq.

The sun was setting as I walked home. I had been thinking about the day, and I didn't notice the man who had been following me. I used to walk that route every evening — but after that night, I never would again. — bir paragraf, beshta o'tmish shakli, har biri o'z vazifasida.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• IELTS/intervyu: "Tell me about a challenge you faced" — narrative tenses + used to.
• Yozuv: hikoya, blog, hisobot — voqealar ketma-ketligini aniq berish.
• Suhbat: "What were you doing when...?" — har kungi suhbat.

ASOSIY tushuncha — hikoyaning 4 qatlami: har bir hikoyada to'rt xil "vaqt qatlami" bor, va har biriga o'z zamoni:

1. ASOSIY voqealar (syujet, ketma-ket) Past Simple
2. FON (atrof, ayni paytda davom etgan) Past Continuous
3. FLASHBACK (bundan oldin bo'lib o'tgan) Past Perfect
4. OLDINGI DAVOMIYLIK (bundan oldin qancha vaqt davom etgan) Past Perfect Continuous

O'xshatish — sahna: hikoya = teatr sahnasi. Past Continuous = dekoratsiya/fon (qorong'i tushayotgandi). Past Simple = aktyorlarning harakatlari (kirdi, gapirdi, chiqdi). Past Perfect = sahnadan oldin nima bo'lganini tushuntiruvchi "flashback". Tomoshabin to'rt qatlamni birga ko'radi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-8b (Narrative tenses kirish): asosiy 4 o'tmish zamoni. Bugun chuqurroq + texnika.
• B1-26 (used to / would): o'tmish odat. Bugun be used to / get used to bilan to'liq ajratamiz.
• B2-1 (zamon tizimi): aspekt formulasi — be + V-ing, had + V3, had been + V-ing.
• Tez mashq: ayting — Past Continuous formulasi? (was/were + V-ing). Past Perfect? (had + V3).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. To'rt o'tmish zamoni — vazifasi bo'yicha

3.2. Past Simple — hikoyaning umurtqa pog'onasi

Ketma-ket voqealar — bir-biridan keyin, vaqt tartibida:

I opened the door, walked in, sat down and turned on my laptop.
(ochdim  kirdim  o'tirdim  yoqdim — tartib bo'yicha)

Past Simple = "keyin nima bo'ldi?" Har bir yangi voqea hikoyani oldinga suradi.

3.3. Past Continuous — sahnani tayyorlaydi

(a) Fon — voqea boshlanishidan oldin atrof:

It was raining. People were hurrying home. A man was standing on the corner.
(sahna tayyorlanmoqda — hali asosiy voqea boshlanmagan)

(b) Uzilgan harakat — uzun harakatni qisqasi bo'ladi:

I was sleeping when the phone rang.
   uzun (fon, Past Cont.)         qisqa, uzdi (Past Simple)

when vs while: when + Past Simple (qisqa); while + Past Continuous (uzun). I was cooking when he arrived. = While I was cooking, he arrived.

(c) Bir vaqtda davom etgan ikki harakat:

While I was cooking, the kids were doing their homework.

3.4. Past Perfect — "undan oldin" (flashback)

Ikki o'tmish voqeasi bor; birinchisini Past Perfect bilan belgilaymiz:

When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
   2-voqea (Past Simple)               1-voqea, oldinroq (Past Perfect)

Vaqt o'qida: had left (1) ──── arrived (2) ──── HOZIR. Past Perfect = "o'tmishdagi o'tmish".

Hikoyada flashback uchun: asosiy voqeani aytayotib, orqaga qaytib sabab/oldingi voqeani aytasiz:

She looked exhausted. She had been to three meetings and hadn't eaten all day.
(hozir charchagan — chunki oldin uchrashuvlarda bo'lgan / ovqatlanmagan)

Past Perfect SHART emas — qachon? Tartib before/after/then bilan aniq bo'lsa, Past Simple yetarli: He finished work and then went home. Past Perfect — tartibni ta'kidlash yoki teskari aytish uchun: Before he went home, he had finished all his work.

3.5. Past Perfect Continuous — "undan oldin qancha vaqt"

My eyes were red because I had been crying.
(ko'zlarim qizargan — chunki yig'lab turgandim — DAVOM)
He had been working there for ten years before he quit.
(ketishidan oldin 10 yil ishlagandi — davomiylik)

Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Continuous:

• Natija (tugagan): I had written the report (tayyor).
• Davom (jarayon/sabab): I had been writing for hours (charchadim — jarayon urg'usi).

4. O'tmish odatlari: used to / would / be used to / get used to

Bu to'rttasi o'xshaydi, lekin butunlay boshqa. Yaxshilab ajrating!

4.1. used to + V1 — o'tmishdagi odat/holat (hozir yo'q)

I used to smoke. (ilgari chekardim — endi yo'q)
There used to be a cinema here. (ilgari kinoteatr bor edi)

• Odat HAM, holat HAM bilan ishlaydi (smoke, live, have, be, like).
• Inkor/savol: didn't use to / Did you use to...? (use to — d siz).

Talaffuz nuansi: used to — bu yerda /ˈjuːstə/ deb, oxirida /s/ tovushi bilan aytiladi (fe'l use /juːz/ dan farqli — u /z/ bilan). Ya'ni used to va use to aynan bir xil eshitiladi; farq faqat yozuvda. Xuddi shu talaffuz be used to iborasida ham saqlanadi.

4.2. would + V1 — o'tmishdagi takroriy ODAT (holat EMAS!)

Every summer, we would go to my grandma's. (har yoz borardik — takroriy harakat)

• Faqat takroriy harakat bilan. Holat fe'llari (be, have, know, like) bilan KELMAYDI:
  • I would have a car. I used to have a car.
• would nostaljik hikoyada chiroyli; used to universal.

Tartib muhim: hikoyada odatda avval used to bilan mavzuni ochasiz, keyin would bilan davom ettirasiz. Yolg'iz turgan would ("Every summer we would...") gap boshida noaniq bo'lishi mumkin (would shartli ma'noga ham ega). Shuning uchun: We used to spend summers at my grandma's. We would wake up early, would swim all day... — birinchi jumla o'tmish odat kontekstini o'rnatadi, keyin would xavfsiz.

4.3. be used to + V-ing/ot — o'rganib qolgan (HOLAT)

I'm used to getting up early. (erta turishga o'rganib qolganman — endi normal)
She's used to the noise. (shovqinga o'rgangan)

• be used to = "bu men uchun odatiy/g'alati emas". Keyin -ing yoki ot keladi (to + V1 EMAS!).

4.4. get used to + V-ing/ot — o'rganib BORISH (jarayon)

I'm getting used to my new job. (yangi ishimga o'rganib boryapman — jarayon)
It was hard at first, but I got used to it. (qiyin edi, lekin o'rganib qoldim)

ENG MUHIM farq — "used to" ikki xil:

Shakl	Keyin	Ma'no
used to + V1	do, go, live	o'tmish odat (hozir yo'q)
be/get used to + V-ing	doing, going	o'rganib qolgan/borish

I used to drive. (ilgari haydardim, endi yo'q) ≠ I'm used to driving. (haydashga o'rganganman — hozir oson).

5. Ko'p misollar — to'liq narrative

1. The sun WAS SETTING (fon) when we REACHED (asosiy) the village.
2. We HAD BEEN DRIVING (oldingi davom) for six hours and everyone WAS (fon) exhausted.
3. The hotel WAS (fon) lovely, but someone HAD BOOKED (flashback) our room by mistake.
4. While the manager WAS APOLOGISING (fon davom), his assistant FOUND (asosiy) us another room.
5. We USED TO complain about travelling, but that trip CHANGED (asosiy) everything.

Tahlil: fon (was setting/was) asosiy (reached/found) flashback (had booked) davom (had been driving) o'tmish odat (used to complain). Bitta hikoya, beshta shakl.

6. Holat/case yechimlari

1. "Uyga kelganimda, onam ovqat pishirayotgan edi."

• When I got home, my mum was cooking.
• Nega: kelish = qisqa (Past Simple); pishirish = fon, davom etayotgan (Past Continuous).

2. "Uyga kelganimda, onam ovqat pishirib bo'lgandi."

• When I got home, my mum had already cooked.
• Nega: pishirish kelishdan oldin tugagan Past Perfect. (1-holatdan farqni ko'ring!)

3. "Ilgari men ko'p sport bilan shug'ullanardim."

• I used to do a lot of sport. / I would do sport every day.
• I'm used to do sport. (bu — boshqa ma'no, va grammatik xato).

4. "Yangi shaharga o'rganib boryapman."

• I'm getting used to* the new city.*
• I'm getting used to live... ...to living here.

5. "Charchagandim, chunki ertalabdan beri yugurayotgandim."

• I was tired because I'd been running* since morning.*
• Nega: charchoq = holat (Past Simple); sabab = oldin davom etgan jarayon (Past Perfect Continuous).

6. "U menga gapirganda, men telefonimga qarayotgandim."

• When he spoke to me, I was looking at my phone. (qarash — davom etayotgan fon).

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya (hikoya so'zlari)

Hikoya boshlash/ulash iboralari:

• It all started when... — Hammasi ... boshlandi.
• Little did I know that... — Bilmasdim-ki ... (inversion!)
• The next thing I knew... — Birdan ... bo'ldi.
• To cut a long story short... — Qisqasi ...
• Looking back, I realise... — Orqaga qarasam ...

8. Dialog (hikoya — tabiiy)

A: You look shaken. What happened? B: You won't believe it. I was driving home when suddenly a dog ran into the road. A: Oh no! Did you hit it? B: No, thank goodness. I swerved just in time. But here's the thing — I had been telling my brother for weeks to fix my brakes, and he hadn't done it. A: So the brakes failed? B: Almost. They were making a strange noise the whole time. I used to ignore it, but not anymore. By the time I got home, my hands were still shaking. A: You were lucky. You should get them checked.

Tahlil: was driving (fon) ran/swerved/failed (asosiy) had been telling/hadn't done (flashback davom) were making (fon) used to ignore (o'tmish odat) got/were shaking (asosiy/fon). Bir hikoyada butun tizim.

9. O'qish — graded hikoya

The interview I almost missed

I had been preparing for that interview for two weeks. I knew the company well, I had researched the team, and I had practised my answers until I could recite them in my sleep.

On the morning, everything went wrong. My alarm didn't go off — I had forgotten to charge my phone. By the time I woke up, I had only twenty minutes. I threw on a suit, grabbed my bag and ran.

While I was running to the station, it started to rain. Of course, I hadn't brought an umbrella. I arrived soaked, certain I had ruined my chances.

But here's the strange part. The interviewer smiled and said, "I used to be exactly like you — always late, always running. You'll fit right in." I got the job.

Savollar: (1) Hikoyada nechta Past Perfect bor? (2) "While I was running" — nega Past Continuous? (3) "I used to be" — bu odat-mi yoki holat-mi? Nega would bo'lmaydi?

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri)

Asosiy tuzoq: used to V1 (o'tmish odat) be used to V-ing (o'rganib qolish) — bularni aralashtirish o'zbeklar uchun #1 xato.

11. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. To'g'ri o'tmish zamonini tanlang:

1. The sun ___ (shine) when we ___ (leave) the house.
2. By the time the police arrived, the thief ___ (escape).
3. She was exhausted because she ___ (work) all night.
4. While I ___ (read), the lights suddenly ___ (go out).
5. I ___ (never / see) such a beautiful sunset before that day.

B. used to / would / be used to / get used to:

1. I ___ (live) in a village when I was a child. (odat/holat)
2. Every winter, we ___ (build) a snowman. (takroriy harakat)
3. At first the noise bothered me, but now I ___ (be) used to it.
4. It took time, but I ___ (get) used to ___ (drive) on the left.

C. Xatoni tuzating:

1. I was used to play tennis every weekend.
2. When I arrived, the meeting already started.
3. While I cooked dinner, the phone rang.

D. Production: "A time something went wrong" — 6–8 gaplik hikoya yozing. Kamida: 1 Past Continuous (fon), 1 Past Perfect (flashback), 1 used to.

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: to'rt o'tmish zamonini bir hikoyada birlashtirish. Vazifa: "The most memorable day of my life" mavzusida 8–10 gaplik hikoya yozing. Mezon: (1) fon — Past Continuous; (2) asosiy voqealar — Past Simple ketma-ket; (3) kamida 1 flashback — Past Perfect; (4) 1 used to yoki would; (5) 2 ta hikoya ulagichi (suddenly, eventually...).

12. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. was shining / left · 2. had escaped · 3. had been working · 4. was reading / went out · 5. had never seen

B: 1. used to live · 2. would build (yoki used to build) · 3. am · 4. got used to driving

C: 1. I used to play tennis... (be used to emas — bu o'tmish odat) · 2. ...the meeting had already started · 3. While I was cooking dinner...

O'qish: (1) 5 ta (had been preparing — Cont., had researched, had practised, had forgotten, hadn't brought, had ruined) · (2) "running" = fon, davom etayotgan, "started" uni uzdi · (3) holat (be) — shuning uchun used to, would emas (would faqat takroriy harakat bilan).

Tez ma'lumotnoma

HIKOYANING 4 QATLAMI:
  Asosiy voqealar (ketma-ket)  Past Simple (V2)
  Fon / davom etayotgan       Past Continuous (was/were + V-ing)
  Undan oldin (flashback)     Past Perfect (had + V3)
  Undan oldin qancha vaqt     Past Perfect Cont. (had been + V-ing)

O'TMISH ODAT/O'RGANISH:
  used to + V1         o'tmish odat/holat (hozir yo'q)
  would + V1           o'tmish takroriy HARAKAT (holat emas!)
  be used to + V-ing   o'rganib qolgan (holat)
  get used to + V-ing  o'rganib borish (jarayon)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B2-1 (zamon tizimi), B1-8b (narrative kirish), B1-26 (used to/would).
• Keyingi: B2-3 (Future forms to'liq — kelajakni ifodalashning barcha usullari).
• Lug'at: [LUGAT/36-MAXSUS-idiomlar-mavzuli.md] (hikoya idiomlari), [LUGAT/41-JADVAL-zamonlar-modallar.md].

Manba

Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 5–8, 18–20); Swan Practical English Usage (past tenses, used to); Cambridge B2 First; Oxford Practical English Usage.