B2 — 12-dars: Passive to'liq (majhul nisbat — barcha zamonlar + modal)

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 12-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Ba'zan kim qilgani muhim emas — muhimi, nima qilingani: "The bridge was built in 1890." (kim qurganini bilmaymiz/ahamiyatsiz). "English is spoken here." (kim gapirishi muhim emas). Bu — passive (majhul nisbat), va u rasmiy yozuv, ilm-fan, yangiliklar va akademik inglizning yuragidir.

B1-da passivga kirdingiz. B2-da uni barcha zamonlarda mukammal boshqarishni, modal passiv (must be done) va eng muhimi — qachon passivni tanlashni o'rganamiz. Bu — IELTS Writing va akademik insho uchun hal qiluvchi: yaxshi yozuvchi aktiv va passivni maqsadli almashtiradi.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Ilm/akademik: "The samples were analysed and the results were recorded."
• Yangilik: "Three people have been arrested."
• Rasmiy: "Your application will be processed within five days."
• Texnik: "The function is called when the page is loaded."

ASOSIY tushuncha — passiv = "harakat egasi"ni o'zgartirish. Aktivda bajaruvchi bosh o'rinda; passivda harakatga uchragan narsa bosh o'rinda:

• Aktiv: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. (bajaruvchi = Shakespeare bosh)
• Passiv: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. (asar = Hamlet bosh)

Formula: be (mos zamonda) + V3. Zamon be ga "yuklanadi"; asosiy fe'l doim V3.

O'xshatish — kamera fokusi: aktiv va passiv — bir voqeaning ikki rakursi. Aktiv kamerasi bajaruvchiga qaratilgan ("Kim qildi?"). Passiv kamerasi natijaga/obyektga qaratilgan ("Nimaga nima bo'ldi?"). Yozuvchi qaysi tomonni ko'rsatishni tanlaydi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-13 (Passive Present/Past Simple): is made / was made. Bugun barcha zamon.
• B1-14 (Passive boshqa zamonlar + modal + get): bugun mustahkamlash + chuqurlashtirish.
• B2-1 (zamon tizimi): be ni har zamonda qo'llash.
• A2-4 (V3): noto'g'ri fe'l uchinchi shakli — passivning yuragi.
• Tez mashq: "They build houses" passiv? (Houses are built.).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Formula va aktivpassiv aylanishi

AKTIV:   EGA  +  fe'l  +  OBYEKT
PASSIV:  OBYEKT  +  be (mos zamon) + V3  ( + by EGA)

Aktiv:  They clean the office every day.
Passiv: The office is cleaned every day (by them).
         obyekt bosh     be+V3

3.2. Passiv — BARCHA zamonlarda (to'liq jadval)

Asos: make made (V3)

Naqsh: be zamonni oladi, V3 o'zgarmaydi. Continuous being + V3; Perfect been + V3. (Future Continuous va Perfect Continuous passivlari kam ishlatiladi — og'irlashadi.)

3.3. Modal passiv — modal + be + V3

modal + be + V3

The report must be submitted by Friday.
This problem can't be solved easily.
Visitors should be informed in advance.

3.4. Modal perfect passiv — modal + have been + V3

The work should have been finished yesterday. (tugatilishi kerak edi)
The email might have been sent already. (yuborilgan bo'lishi mumkin)
It must have been stolen. (o'g'irlangan bo'lsa kerak)

3.5. Qachon passiv ishlatiladi? (eng muhim — uslub)

ENG MUHIM B2 mahorat: akademik yozuvda passiv xolislik va rasmiylik beradi. "Mistakes were made" (xato qilindi — kim qilgani aytilmaydi) — diplomatik. "The experiment was repeated three times" — ilmiy xolislik.

3.6. by + bajaruvchi — qachon qo'shiladi?

QO'SHILADI (muhim/yangi ma'lumot):
  The novel was written by a teenager. (kim — qiziq)
QO'SHILMAYDI (noma'lum/muhim emas):
  English is spoken here. (by people — keraksiz)
  My wallet was stolen. (by someone — keraksiz)

by vs with: by = bajaruvchi (written by Tolstoy); with = vosita/asbob (cut with a knife).

4. Native nozikliklari va qo'shimcha qoidalar

• get-passive (norasmiy, kutilmagan/yoqimsiz hodisa): He got fired. / They got married. / My phone got stolen. (B1-14). be-passivdan jonliroq.
• Ikki obyektli fe'llar (give, send, offer, tell) — ikki passiv: I was given a book. / A book was given to me. (odam-passiv ko'proq).
• Passiv savol: Was the letter sent? / When will it be finished? / Has it been done?
• "It is said/believed/thought that..." — passiv reporting (B2-15): It is said that he is rich.
• Hol/sabab-fe'llar passivda yaxshi: was born (tug'ilgan), is located (joylashgan), is based (asoslangan) — odatda doim passiv.
• -ing fe'l passivi (gerund): I don't like being told what to do. (B2-21).
• Predlogli/frazali fe'l passivi — predlog fe'l bilan qoladi: look after The baby was looked after. / deal with The issue is being dealt with. / rely on He can't be relied on. / send for The doctor was sent for. Predlogni tushirib qoldirmaslik — bu ko'p yo'l qo'yiladigan xato.
• Holat vs harakat passivi: The shop is closed (holat — sifatga o'xshaydi, hozir yopiq) ≠ The shop is being closed (harakat — ayni damda yopilyapti). Bir xil be closed, lekin ma'no farqli.

5. Ko'p misollar — har zamonda

Present Simple:     The mail is delivered at 9am.
Present Continuous: A new bridge is being built downtown.
Present Perfect:    The decision has been made.
Past Simple:        The window was broken yesterday.
Past Continuous:    The house was being painted when I arrived.
Past Perfect:       The work had been completed before the deadline.
Future Simple:      You will be notified by email.
Modal:              This must be done immediately.
Modal perfect:      It should have been checked earlier.

6. Holat/case yechimlari

1. "Bu ko'prik 1890-yilda qurilgan."

• This bridge was built in 1890.
• Nega: kim qurgani muhim emas passiv (Past Simple).

2. "Hisobot juma kuniga qadar topshirilishi kerak."

• The report must be submitted by Friday.
• Nega: modal passiv must + be + V3.

3. "Yo'l ta'mirlanyapti." (hozir)

• The road is being repaired. (Present Continuous passiv = is being + V3).

4. "Mashinam tunda o'g'irlangan."

• My car was stolen last night. (by-siz — kim noma'lum).

5. "Bu muammoni osongina hal qilib bo'lmaydi."

• This problem can't be solved easily. (modal passiv inkor).

6. "Ishchilar oldindan xabardor qilinishi kerak edi."

• The workers should have been informed in advance. (modal perfect passiv).

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya (passivda ko'p)

Akademik passiv iboralar:

• It is widely believed that... — Keng e'tirof etilishicha ...
• Steps are being taken to... — ... uchun choralar ko'rilmoqda.
• The results were found to be... — Natijalar ... ekani aniqlandi.

8. Dialog

A: I heard the old factory is finally being renovated. B: Yes, the project was approved last month. It should have been done years ago. A: True. Do you know who's funding it? B: It is being financed by the city council. Apparently, fifty new jobs will be created. A: That's great. Will the original building be kept? B: Most of it. The historic façade must be preserved by law, but the inside is going to be modernised. A: When is it expected to be finished? B: It is due to be completed by next summer — assuming nothing gets delayed.

Tahlil: is being renovated (Pres Cont passiv), was approved (Past passiv), should have been done (modal perfect passiv), is being financed (Pres Cont), will be created (Future passiv), must be preserved (modal passiv), is going to be modernised (going to passiv), gets delayed (get-passiv). To'liq passiv tizimi.

9. O'qish — graded matn

How chocolate is made

Chocolate is produced from the seeds of the cacao tree. First, the pods are harvested by hand. The beans are then removed and left to ferment for several days.

Once fermentation is complete, the beans are dried, roasted, and ground into a thick paste. Sugar and milk are added, and the mixture is refined until it becomes smooth.

Historically, chocolate was only consumed as a bitter drink. It was not made into solid bars until the 19th century, when new techniques were developed. Today, millions of tonnes are manufactured every year, and the industry is expected to keep growing.

Savollar: (1) Nega bu matnda passiv ko'p ishlatilgan? (2) Matndan 1 modal passiv toping. (3) "millions of tonnes are manufactured" ni aktivga aylantiring (umumiy "people/factories" bilan).

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri)

Asosiy tuzoqlar: (1) passiv = be + V3 (be ni unutmang); (2) obyektsiz fe'llar (happen, arrive, die) passivga kirmaydi; (3) V3 to'g'ri shakl (broken, written, made).

11. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. Aktivni passivga aylantiring:

1. Someone has stolen my bike.
2. They are building a new school.
3. People speak Portuguese in Brazil.
4. The company will launch the product next year.
5. You must complete the form.

B. To'g'ri passiv zamonni qo'ying:

1. The bridge ___ (build) in 1920. (Past)
2. The room ___ (clean) right now. (Pres Cont)
3. The results ___ (announce) tomorrow. (Future)
4. The work ___ (already / finish). (Pres Perfect)
5. This door ___ (must / keep) locked. (modal)

C. Xatoni tuzating:

1. The car is repair at the moment.
2. He was born by his mother in 1990. (by olib tashlang)
3. The letter must sent today.

D. Production: Biror jarayonni (qahva tayyorlash, kitob nashr qilish...) passiv bilan tasvirlang — 4 gap.

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: passivni rasmiy/jarayon tasvirida ishlatish. Vazifa: "How [biror narsa] is made/done" — 6 gaplik jarayon tavsifi. Mezon: (1) kamida 4 ta passiv (turli zamon); (2) 1 ta modal passiv; (3) ketma-ketlik so'zlari (first, then, finally); (4) keraksiz by yo'q.

12. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. My bike has been stolen · 2. A new school is being built · 3. Portuguese is spoken in Brazil · 4. The product will be launched next year · 5. The form must be completed

B: 1. was built · 2. is being cleaned · 3. will be announced · 4. has already been finished · 5. must be kept

C: 1. The car is being repaired... · 2. He was born in 1990 (by-siz) · 3. The letter must be sent today

O'qish: (1) jarayon tavsifi — bajaruvchi (ishchi/zavod) muhim emas, harakat muhim · (2) must be preserved (yoki "must be ... " topish) — aslida matnda is expected to bor; modal passiv: yo'q, lekin was not made (passiv) · (3) Factories manufacture millions of tonnes... yoki People manufacture...

Tez ma'lumotnoma

PASSIV FORMULA:  be (mos zamon) + V3
  Present:  is/are made | is being made | has been made
  Past:     was made | was being made | had been made
  Future:   will be made | is going to be made
  Modal:    must be made | can be solved | should be done
  Modal perfect: should have been done | must have been stolen

QACHON PASSIV:
  - bajaruvchi noma'lum/muhim emas/ravshan
  - rasmiy/ilmiy/xolis ohang
  - urg'uni natijaga/obyektga qaratish

by + bajaruvchi (faqat muhim bo'lsa) | with + asbob
 obyektsiz fe'l (happen/arrive/die) passivga kirmaydi

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B1-13/14 (passive kirish), B2-1 (zamonlar).
• Keyingi: B2-13 (Passive ilg'or — passive infinitive/gerund, get passive, by/with).
• Aloqador: B2-14 (causative — have/get sth done), B2-15 (passive reporting).

Manba

Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 42–45); Swan Practical English Usage (passive); Cambridge B2 First; Oxford Practical English Usage.