B2 — 15-dars: Passive reporting (It is said that... / He is believed to...)

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 15-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Yangiliklar, ilmiy maqolalar va rasmiy matnlarni o'qiyotganda doim shunday iboralarni uchratasiz: "It is believed that the suspect has fled." / "The company is said to be in trouble." / "He is thought to have left the country." Bular — passive reporting (majhul axborot), ya'ni kim aytgani noma'lum yoki muhim emas, faqat umumiy fikr/mish-mish beriladi.

Bu tuzilma xolislik va rasmiylik beradi — siz ma'lumotni o'zingiznikiga bog'lamasdan, "shunday deyishadi" tarzida yetkazasiz. IELTS Writing, jurnalistika va akademik insho uchun bu — kuchli vosita. C1 ga ko'prik.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Yangilik: "Three people are reported to have been injured."
• Akademik: "The disease is thought to be caused by a virus."
• Rasmiy/ehtiyot: "He is alleged to have stolen the funds." (isbotlanmagan ayblov)
• Umumiy fikr: "Coffee is said to be good for the heart."

ASOSIY tushuncha — "kim aytdi"ni yashirish. Aktivda bajaruvchi bor (People say...), passiv reporting'da u yo'qoladi, faqat fikr qoladi:

• Aktiv: People say (that) he is rich.
• Passiv A: It is said that he is rich. (rasmiy)
• Passiv B: He is said to be rich. (yanada nafis)

Ikkala passiv ham "umumiy/noma'lum manba" degani.

O'xshatish — "ovoz chiqargich": passiv reporting — gapni "passiv ovoz chiqargich"dan o'tkazish. Manba (kim) o'chiriladi, faqat xabar chiqadi. "It is believed..." = "kimdir/ko'pchilik ishonadi, lekin men aniq manbani aytmayman".

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B2-12/13 (passive): be + V3, to be/to have been + V3 — bugun reporting fe'llari bilan.
• B1-15/16 (reported speech): to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reporting. Bugun passiv reporting (boshqa narsa).
• B2-13 (perfekt passiv infinitiv): to have been + V3 — bugun kengayadi.
• Tez mashq: People think he is clever He is ___ to be clever (thought).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Ikki asosiy naqsh

NAQSH A — It + is/was + V3 + that-clause:

It + is/was + said/believed/thought/... + that + EGA + fe'l

It is said that he is very rich.
It was believed that the earth was flat.
It is reported that prices will rise.

NAQSH B — EGA + is/was + V3 + to-infinitive:

EGA + is/was + said/believed/... + to + V1 (yoki to have + V3)

He is said to be very rich.
The earth was believed to be flat.
Prices are reported to be rising.

AB aylantirish: It is said that he is rich (He) is said to be rich. That-clause egasi gap boshiga chiqadi, fe'l to-infinitivega aylanadi.

3.2. VAQT — present yoki perfect infinitive?

It is thought that she knows the answer.  She is thought to know the answer.
It is thought that she knew the answer.   She is thought to have known the answer.

Kalit: reporting fe'l HOZIR (is said), lekin xabar O'TMISHda bo'lsa to have + V3.

3.3. Passiv ichida passiv — to have been + V3

That-clause'ning o'zi passiv bo'lsa:

It is believed that he was murdered.  He is believed to have been murdered.
It is said that the temple was built in 500 BC.  The temple is said to have been built in 500 BC.

3.4. Continuous shakllar

It is reported that prices are rising.  Prices are reported to be rising. (to be + V-ing)
It is thought that he was driving fast.  He is thought to have been driving fast.

3.5. Keng tarqalgan reporting fe'llari

3.6. "There is said to be..."

It is said that there is a treasure.  There is said to be a treasure.
There are believed to be over 100 species.

4. Native nozikliklari va qo'shimcha qoidalar

• NAQSH A rasmiyroq/og'irroq; NAQSH B nafisroq. Yangiliklarda ikkalasi ham; akademik insho B naqshni yaxshi ko'radi.
• allege/alleged — yuridik/jurnalistik: isbotlanmagan ayblov (the alleged thief — gumon qilinayotgan o'g'ri).
• supposed to be (B2-11) reporting ma'noda: It's supposed to be a great film = people say it's great.
• rumoured faqat passivda: People rumour that... It is rumoured that... / They are rumoured to....
• seem/appear — passiv emas, lekin o'xshash: He seems to know = it seems that he knows. (B2-21).
• Inkor: He is not believed to be involved. / It is not thought that.... E'tibor bering: inkorni odatda reporting fe'lga qo'yiladi (is not thought to be), ichki fe'lga emas — bu tabiiyroq va rasmiyroq eshitiladi.
• HAMMA fe'l ham NAQSH B'ni ko'tarmaydi! say, believe, think, know, report, expect, consider, allege, understand, estimate — ha, ikkala naqsh ham ishlaydi. Lekin suggest, announce, decide, hope, agree, mention, promise, recommend, propose fe'llari faqat NAQSH Ada keladi: It is suggested that he should resign — He is suggested to resign. Shubha bo'lsa, xavfsiz yo'l — NAQSH A (It + V3 + that).
• O'tmish reporting fe'li — was/were said to. Reporting fe'lning o'zi o'tmishda ham bo'lishi mumkin (tarixiy hikoya/eskirgan e'tiqod uchun): In the Middle Ages, the earth was believed to be flat. / He was said to have great wealth. Bunda "hozir emas, o'sha paytda shunday deyilardi" ma'nosi chiqadi.
• ** consider — to besiz ham bo'ladi.** He is considered (to be) the best. — consider va qisman believe/think sifat/ot bilan kelganda to beni tushirish mumkin (rasmiy uslubda ko'proq): It is considered essential. Boshqa fe'llarda to be saqlanadi.

5. Ko'p misollar (A va B yonma-yon)

A: It is said that she speaks five languages.
B: She is said to speak five languages.

A: It is believed that the painting was stolen.
B: The painting is believed to have been stolen.

A: It is reported that the talks are continuing.
B: The talks are reported to be continuing.

A: It is known that he worked here.
B: He is known to have worked here.

A: It is expected that the law will change.
B: The law is expected to change.

6. Holat/case yechimlari

1. "Aytishlaricha, u juda boy." (umumiy)

• A: It is said that he is very rich. / B: He is said to be very rich.

2. "U mamlakatdan ketgan deb o'ylanmoqda." (o'tmish)

• He is thought to have left the country. (o'tmish to have + V3).

3. "Bu ma'bad 500-yilda qurilgan deyiladi." (passiv + o'tmish)

• The temple is said to have been built in 500. (to have been + V3).

4. "U firibgarlikda ayblanmoqda." (isbotsiz)

• He is alleged to have committed fraud. (allege — isbotlanmagan).

5. "Narxlar tushadi deb kutilmoqda."

• Prices are expected to fall.

6. "U yerda 100 dan ortiq tur bor deb ishoniladi."

• There are believed to be over 100 species.

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya

Akademik/yangilik iboralari:

• It is widely believed that... — Keng e'tirof etilishicha ...
• X is reported to have... — Xabarlarga ko'ra, X ...
• It is estimated that... — Taxminlarga ko'ra ...
• X is alleged to have... — X ... qilganlikda ayblanmoqda.

8. Dialog (yangilik muhokamasi)

A: Did you hear about the CEO? B: Yeah. He is said to have resigned suddenly. No one knows why. A: Really? It is rumoured that there was a scandal. B: Possibly. He is believed to have transferred large sums abroad. Nothing's proven, though. A: So he is alleged to have done something illegal? B: Exactly — "alleged," because it is not yet known what really happened. The company is reported to be cooperating with investigators. A: Wow. And the share price? B: It is expected to fall sharply tomorrow. Losses are estimated to be in the millions.

Tahlil: is said to have resigned (o'tmish), is rumoured that (mish-mish A), is believed to have transferred (o'tmish), is alleged to have done (isbotsiz), is not yet known (inkor), is reported to be (davom), is expected to fall (kelajak), are estimated to be (taxmin). To'liq passiv reporting + xolis register.

9. O'qish — graded matn

The lost city

Deep in the jungle, an ancient city is said to lie hidden beneath the trees. For centuries, it was believed to be only a legend — a story told to frighten children.

Recently, however, satellite images are reported to have revealed strange patterns in the forest. The structures are thought to date back over a thousand years. Archaeologists are understood to be planning an expedition.

The city is rumoured to contain vast treasures, though experts warn against such claims. "It is estimated that fewer than ten percent of ancient sites have been studied," one researcher said. "Whatever is believed to be there, only careful excavation will tell us the truth."

Savollar: (1) Matndan 3 ta passiv reporting (B naqsh) toping. (2) "are reported to have revealed" — nega to have? (3) "It is estimated that..." ni B naqshga aylantiring.

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri)

Asosiy tuzoqlar: (1) NAQSH A = It + V3 + that; NAQSH B = EGA + V3 + to-inf; (2) o'tmish to have + V3; (3) rumour faqat passivda.

11. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. NAQSH B ga aylantiring (EGA + V3 + to-inf):

1. It is said that he is a genius. He ___
2. It is believed that she has left. She ___
3. It is reported that the talks have failed. The talks ___
4. It is thought that they were rich. They ___
5. It is expected that prices will rise. Prices ___

B. NAQSH A ga aylantiring (It + V3 + that):

1. He is said to live abroad. It ___
2. She is believed to have stolen the money. It ___

C. To'g'ri infinitiv shaklini tanlang (to V1 / to have V3):

1. He is thought ___ (know) the answer now.
2. She is believed ___ (leave) yesterday.
3. The painting is said ___ (paint) in 1600. (passiv)

D. Production: Mamlakatingiz yoki mashhur joy haqida 4 "umumiy fikr" gapi yozing (It is said that... / X is believed to...).

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: xolis/rasmiy ravishda umumiy fikr/yangilik yetkazish. Vazifa: biror yangilik yoki mashhur joy haqida 6 gaplik xolis xabar yozing. Mezon: (1) 2 ta NAQSH A (It is said/believed that...); (2) 2 ta NAQSH B (X is said/reported to...); (3) 1 ta o'tmish (to have + V3); (4) turli reporting fe'llar (said, believed, reported, alleged).

12. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. is said to be a genius · 2. is believed to have left · 3. are reported to have failed · 4. are thought to have been rich · 5. are expected to rise

B: 1. It is said that he lives abroad · 2. It is believed that she stole/has stolen the money

C: 1. to know · 2. to have left · 3. to have been painted

O'qish: (1) is said to lie, was believed to be, are thought to date, are understood to be, is rumoured to contain, is believed to be · (2) o'tmish (sun'iy yo'ldosh allaqachon ko'rsatgan) to have + V3 · (3) Fewer than ten percent of ancient sites are estimated to have been studied.

Tez ma'lumotnoma

PASSIV REPORTING (manba noma'lum/muhim emas):
  NAQSH A:  It + is/was + V3 + that + gap
            It is said that he is rich.
  NAQSH B:  EGA + is/was + V3 + to-infinitive
            He is said to be rich.

VAQT:  bir vaqt  to + V1 / to be
       oldingi    to have + V3
       passiv+o'tmish  to have been + V3

Fe'llar: say, believe, think, know, report, expect,
         consider, allege (isbotsiz), understand, estimate, rumour (faqat passiv)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B2-12/13 (passive), B2-14 (causative).
• Keyingi: B2-16 (Reported speech to'liq — to'g'ridan-to'g'ri nutq).
• Aloqador: B2-13 (perfekt passiv infinitiv).

Manba

Murphy English Grammar in Use (Unit 45); Swan Practical English Usage (passive, reporting); Cambridge B2 First & Advanced; Oxford Practical English Usage.