B2 — 17-dars: Reported savol/buyruq + reporting verbs va naqshlar

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 17-dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

O'tgan darsda darak gaplarni o'zlashtirdik ("He said he was tired"). Lekin odamlar nafaqat gapiradi — ular so'raydi, buyuradi, taklif qiladi, va'da beradi, ogohlantiradi, aybaydi. Bularning hammasini reported speech bilan yetkazish kerak: "He asked if I was ready", "She told me to wait", "He offered to help", "They accused him of lying".

Bu dars — reported speech'ning eng boy va eng amaliy qismi. Chunki real hayotda biz aksariyat vaqt "kim nimani so'radi/buyurdi/taklif qildi"ni qayta aytamiz. Va eng muhimi: reporting fe'llar (suggest, advise, warn, accuse, apologise...) — har biri o'z grammatik naqshiga ega. Bu naqshlarni egallash — B2 ravonligining va C1 ga ko'prikning kalitidir.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Intervyu: "They asked me whether I had experience and why I wanted the job."
• Ish: "My boss told me to finish it by Friday and warned me not to be late."
• Hikoya: "He apologised for being rude and promised to make it up to me."
• Jurnalistika: "The minister denied misusing funds and refused to resign."

ASOSIY tushuncha — "gap turi grammatik shakl". Reported speech'da har bir gap turi o'z shakliga aylanadi:

Direct (gap turi)	Reported shakl
Yes/No savol	ask + if/whether + darak tartibi
Wh- savol	ask + wh-word + darak tartibi
Buyruq	tell/order + sb + to + V1
Iltimos	ask + sb + to + V1
Inkor buyruq	tell + sb + not to + V1
Taklif/va'da/rad	offer/promise/refuse + to + V1

O'xshatish — "tarjimon": reporting fe'l — bu tarjimon. U faqat so'zlarni emas, niyatni ham yetkazadi. "Could you help?" ni shunchaki "he said" emas, "he asked me to help" deb yetkazasiz — chunki niyat iltimos edi. To'g'ri reporting fe'l = aniq niyat.

Til fakti: ingliz tilida ~100 dan ortiq reporting fe'l bor, va ularning har biri aniq grammatik naqsh talab qiladi (verb + to / verb + -ing / verb + that / verb + obj + to...). Bu naqshlarni xato qilish — eng ko'p uchraydigan B2 grammatik kamchilik. Shuning uchun bu dars ularni tizimlashtiradi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B2-16 (reported gaplar): backshift, say/tell. Bugun savol/buyruq + naqshlar.
• B1-16 (reported savol/buyruq kirish): if/whether, tell+to. Bugun chuqur + reporting verbs.
• B1-16b (reporting verbs kirish): suggest/advise — bugun to'liq tizim.
• B1-22 (gerund/infinitive): verb + to / verb + -ing — bugun reporting'da.
• Tez mashq: "Where are you?" (direct) He asked where I ___ (was).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Reported savollar — Yes/No (if/whether)

"Are you ready?"   He asked if/whether I was ready.
"Do you like it?"  She asked if/whether I liked it.
"Have you eaten?"  He asked if/whether I had eaten.

Uch o'zgarish:

1. ask + if/whether qo'shiladi.
2. So'z tartibi darak gap bo'ladi (ega + fe'l): if I was ready (NOT if was I ready).
3. Yordamchi do/does/did yo'qoladi: "Do you like?" if I liked.
4. Savol belgisi yo'q (?), backshift bor.

if vs whether: ko'pincha bir xil. whether rasmiyroq, va or not bilan: whether or not I agreed. to-infinitive oldidan faqat whether: I don't know whether to go.

3.2. Reported savollar — Wh- (savol so'zi)

"Where do you live?"    He asked where I lived.
"What are you doing?"   She asked what I was doing.
"Why did you leave?"    He asked why I had left.
"Who is coming?"        She asked who was coming.

ask + wh-word (where/what/why/when/how/who) + darak tartibi (do/does/did yo'qoladi). that QO'SHILMAYDI: He asked that where I lived.

3.3. Reported buyruq va iltimos — to-infinitive

"Sit down!"         He told me to sit down.
"Please help me."   She asked me to help her.
"Don't move!"       He told me not to move.   (inkor: NOT to + V1)
"Be quiet!"         The teacher told us to be quiet.

Tuzilma: tell/ask/order/warn + OBYEKT + (not) to + V1.

• tell/order = buyruq; ask = iltimos.
• Inkor: not to + V1 (NOT to not).
• Bu fe'llar obyekt talab qiladi: told me, asked him.

3.4. Reporting verbs + naqshlar — TO'LIQ TIZIM

Bu — darsning yuragi. Har fe'l o'z naqshini oladi. 6 asosiy naqsh:

NAQSH 1: verb + to-infinitive (obyektsiz)

agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten, decide, claim, demand, propose

He offered to help. / She promised to call. / They refused to pay.
He threatened to leave. / She agreed to come.

NAQSH 2: verb + object + to-infinitive (obyekt + to)

advise, ask, tell, warn, encourage, remind, persuade, invite, order, forbid, beg, urge, expect, want

She advised me to rest. / He warned us not to touch it.
They encouraged her to apply. / I reminded him to lock the door.

NAQSH 3: verb + that-clause

say, admit, explain, suggest, insist, claim, deny, mention, complain, promise, agree, point out, reply, warn, remind

He admitted that he was wrong. / She explained that it was complex.
They insisted that they were innocent.

NAQSH 4: verb + -ing (gerund)

suggest, admit, deny, recommend, mention, regret, propose, advise (obyektsiz)

He suggested going out. / She denied stealing the money.
They recommended booking early. / He admitted cheating.

NAQSH 5: verb + preposition + -ing

apologise FOR, insist ON, accuse sb OF, congratulate sb ON,
blame sb FOR, thank sb FOR, warn sb AGAINST, dream OF, object TO

He apologised for being late. / She accused him of lying.
They congratulated me on passing. / He insisted on paying.

NAQSH 6: verb + that + (should) + V1 (subjunctive)

suggest, insist, recommend, demand, propose, request

He suggested (that) we (should) leave early.
She insisted (that) he (should) apologise.
The doctor recommended (that) I (should) rest.

3.5. suggest — eng ko'p xato qilinadigan fe'l

suggest hech qachon: suggest + sb + to do . Faqat: suggest + -ing, yoki suggest + (that) + V1/should. recommend, propose, insist, demand ham shunday.

4. Reporting fe'llari — NAQSH bo'yicha to'liq jadval

5. Ko'p misollar (direct reported, niyat bilan)

"Would you like to come?"  He invited me to come.
"You should rest."         She advised me to rest.
"I'll definitely call."    He promised to call.
"No, I won't do it."       She refused to do it.
"Let's go to the cinema."  He suggested going to the cinema.
"It was me, I did it."     He admitted doing it.
"I'm sorry I was late."    She apologised for being late.
"You stole my pen!"        He accused me of stealing his pen.
"Don't forget the keys."   She reminded me to take the keys.
"If you don't pay, I'll sue."  He threatened to sue (if they didn't pay).

6. Holat/case yechimlari (kengaytirilgan)

1. "U: 'Tayyormisiz?' deb so'radi."

• He asked if/whether I was ready. (Yes/No if + darak tartibi).

2. "U: 'Qayerda yashaysiz?' deb so'radi."

• He asked where I lived. (Wh- darak tartibi, do yo'q).
• He asked where do I live.

3. "U menga: 'Kut!' dedi."

• He told me to wait. / "Kutma!" He told me not to wait.

4. "U: 'Keling, kinoga boraylik' dedi." (taklif)

• He suggested going to the cinema. / He suggested (that) we go...
• He suggested to go / suggested us to go.

5. "U: 'Kechirasiz, kech qoldim' dedi." (uzr)

• She apologised for being late. (apologise for + -ing).

6. "U meni yolg'on gapirishda aybladi."

• He accused me of lying. (accuse sb of + -ing).

7. "Shifokor menga dam olishni tavsiya qildi."

• The doctor advised me to rest. / ...recommended (that) I (should) rest.

8. "U: 'Men buni qilmadim' dedi." (inkor)

• He denied doing it. / He denied that he had done it.

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya (reporting fe'llari — niyat bilan)

Tayyor iboralar:

• He went on to say that... — U davom etib aytdi-ki ...
• She wanted to know whether... — U ... -mi ekanini bilmoqchi edi.
• He couldn't understand why... — U nega ... ekanini tushunolmasdi.
• They made me promise to... — Ular mendan ... va'da oldirishdi.

8. Dialog (savol/buyruq/niyat aralash)

A: How did the job interview go? B: Quite well. They asked me whether I had any experience, and why I wanted the role. A: What did you say? B: I explained that I had worked in marketing for years. Then they asked me how I would handle pressure. A: Tricky. Did they offer you anything? B: They offered to send me a contract, and the manager invited me to start next month. But she warned me not to be late on my first day! A: Ha! Did you accept? B: I asked if I could think about it. She encouraged me to take my time but reminded me to reply by Friday. I apologised for hesitating and promised to decide soon.

Tahlil: asked whether I had / why I wanted / how I would (reported savol), offered to send (N1), invited me to start / warned me not to be / encouraged me to take / reminded me to reply (N2), apologised for hesitating (N5), promised to decide (N1). To'liq naqsh tizimi.

9. O'qish — graded matn (kengaytirilgan)

The negotiation

The two companies had been arguing for weeks. At the final meeting, the buyer asked whether the price could be lowered, and why delivery was taking so long.

The supplier refused to reduce the price but offered to speed up delivery. He explained that costs had risen, and he warned the buyer not to expect miracles. The buyer, frustrated, accused the supplier of being inflexible and threatened to find another partner.

At that point, the mediator suggested taking a short break. She advised both sides to focus on common ground and reminded them that a deal was better than no deal. She even recommended that they should split the difference.

In the end, the supplier apologised for losing his temper, and the buyer admitted overreacting. They agreed to meet halfway, congratulated each other on reaching a compromise, and promised to honour the new terms.

Savollar: (1) Matndan 2 ta reported savol toping. (2) "suggested taking" — nega -ing, to take emas? (3) "accused the supplier of being" — qaysi naqsh? (4) "warned the buyer not to expect" — bu qaysi naqsh va inkor qanday yasalgan?

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri) — kengaytirilgan

Asosiy tuzoqlar (4 ta): (1) reported savol = darak tartibi, do/does/did yo'q; (2) buyruq = tell + sb + to; (3) suggest/recommend hech qachon + sb + to; (4) har fe'lning o'z predlogi/naqshi (apologise for, accuse of, warn against).

11. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar

B2 dan C1 ga ko'prik: reporting verbs haqida ingichka bilim.

(a) Bir fe'l — bir necha naqsh. advise/warn/remind ham obyekt + to, ham that oladi:

• He advised me to wait. (sb + to)
• He advised (that) we (should) wait. (that + subjunctive)
• He advised waiting. (-ing, obyektsiz)

(b) admit/regret/deny — ikki vaqt. admit + -ing (bir vaqt) yoki admit + having + V3 (oldingi vaqt): He admitted stealing / having stolen it.

(c) regret — ikki ma'no (B1-22 takror): regret + -ing (qilganidan afsus: I regret saying that) ≠ regret + to V1 (yomon xabar berishdan afsus: I regret to inform you...).

(d) "whether" + to-infinitive. Faqat whether (if emas) infinitiv oldidan: He asked me whether to wait. if to wait.

(e) Subjunctive (Naqsh 6) — AmE vs BrE. suggest that he go (subjunctive — AmE rasmiy) = suggest that he should go (BrE). Ikkalasi to'g'ri. suggest that he goes (oddiy present) — norasmiy BrE, ekzamenda ehtiyot bo'ling.

(f) Reporting fe'l + "for" + sb + "to": He arranged for the taxi to come. / I'm waiting for her to reply. — maxsus naqsh.

(g) "tell" 3 ma'no: tell sb sth (xabar: tell me the truth), tell sb to do (buyruq), tell + that (darak). Ammo say faqat darak/iqtibos.

(h) Niyatni aniq tanlash — uslub. "OK, I'll do it" ni reporting'da niyatga qarab: agreed to / promised to / offered to — har biri boshqa tus. Yaxshi yozuvchi to'g'risini tanlaydi.

(i) Bilvosita (embedded) savol — hozirgi zamon, xushmuomalalik. Reported savolning so'z tartibi qoidasi (ega + fe'l, do/does/did yo'q) faqat o'tgan zamon hikoyada emas — hozirgi xushmuomala savollarda ham ishlaydi: "Could you tell me where the station is?" (NOT where is the station), "Do you know whether the shop is open?". Bu yerda backshift yo'q (holat hozir ham haqiqiy), lekin so'z tartibi baribir darak gap bo'ladi va savol belgisi butun gapga qarab qo'yiladi. Bilvosita savol to'g'ridan-to'g'ri savoldan xushmuomalaroq eshitiladi — IELTS Speaking va rasmiy so'rovlarda juda foydali.

C1 ko'prik: akademik/jurnalistik yozuvda say o'rniga aniq fe'l (claimed, asserted, conceded, maintained, acknowledged, contended, alleged) fikrning ishonchliligini bo'yaydi — LUGAT B2-1/C1-1.

12. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. Reported savolga aylantiring:

1. "Do you speak French?" She asked me ___
2. "Where are you going?" He asked ___
3. "Have you finished?" She wanted to know ___
4. "Why did he leave?" They asked ___

B. To'g'ri reporting fe'l + naqsh (qavsdagi niyatga ko'ra):

1. "Don't touch the wire!" (warn) He ___
2. "Let's take a break." (suggest) She ___
3. "I'll pay for everything." (offer) He ___
4. "It was me who broke it." (admit) She ___
5. "I'm sorry I shouted." (apologise) He ___
6. "You cheated!" (accuse) They ___ him ___

C. Xatoni tuzating:

1. He asked where do I work.
2. She suggested me to leave.
3. He apologised to be late.
4. They told to wait.
5. He accused me to steal.

D. Production: Yaqinda kimdir sizdan nimadir so'ragan/iltimos qilgan/taklif qilgan vaziyatni reported speech bilan yetkazing — 5 gap, turli reporting fe'l.

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: turli niyatlarni to'g'ri reporting fe'l bilan yetkazish. Vazifa: "An interview / negotiation / argument I had" — 8 gaplik hikoya. Mezon: (1) 2 ta reported savol (if/whether + wh-); (2) 1 ta buyruq/iltimos (told/asked sb to); (3) kamida 4 xil naqshli reporting fe'l (to / -ing / for+-ing / of+-ing); (4) suggest/recommend to'g'ri (sb+to YO'Q); (5) backshift to'g'ri.

13. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. asked me if/whether I spoke French · 2. asked where I was going · 3. wanted to know if/whether I had finished · 4. asked why he had left

B: 1. warned me not to touch the wire · 2. suggested taking a break / suggested (that) we (should) take · 3. offered to pay for everything · 4. admitted breaking it / admitted that she had broken it · 5. apologised for shouting · 6. accused him of cheating

C: 1. ...where I worked (darak tartibi) · 2. suggested leaving / suggested (that) I leave · 3. apologised for being late · 4. told me to wait · 5. accused me of stealing

O'qish: (1) whether the price could be lowered; why delivery was taking so long · (2) suggest + -ing (suggest hech qachon to-infinitive olmaydi) · (3) Naqsh 5 (accuse sb of + -ing) · (4) Naqsh 2 (warn sb + to), inkor: not to + V1.

Tez ma'lumotnoma

REPORTED SAVOL:
  Yes/No  ask + IF/WHETHER + darak tartibi  (do/does/did yo'q!)
  Wh-     ask + WH-word + darak tartibi
  He asked where I lived. (NOT where did I live)

REPORTED BUYRUQ/ILTIMOS:
  tell/order/ask + sb + (not) to + V1
  He told me to wait. / not to wait.

REPORTING VERB NAQSHLARI:
  1. to V1:        offer, promise, refuse, agree, threaten, decide
  2. sb + to V1:   tell, ask, advise, warn, remind, encourage, persuade, order
  3. that-clause:  say, admit, explain, claim, deny, insist
  4. -ing:         suggest, recommend, deny, admit, mention, regret
  5. prep + -ing:  apologise FOR, accuse sb OF, insist ON, congratulate ON, warn AGAINST
  6. that+(should)V1: suggest, insist, recommend, demand (subjunctive)

 suggest/recommend + sb + to   (faqat -ing yoki that+V1)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B2-16 (reported gaplar), B1-16/16b (reported savol/buyruq + reporting verbs kirish).
• Keyingi: B2-18 (Relative clauses — defining/non-defining to'liq review).
• Aloqador: B1-22 (gerund/infinitive), B2-15 (passive reporting), LUGAT B2-1/C1-1.

Manba

Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 48–51); Swan Practical English Usage (reporting verbs, verb patterns); Cambridge B2 First & Advanced; Quirk A Comprehensive Grammar; Oxford Practical English Usage.