B2 — 35-dars: Prepositions — ilg'or + dependent prepositions

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 35-dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Predloglar (prepositions: in, on, at, to, for, with, by, about...) — kichkina so'zlar, lekin eng katta xato manbai. Sabab: o'zbek tilida predlog yo'q — uning o'rniga qo'shimchalar (-da, -ga, -dan, -ning) ishlatiladi. Shuning uchun o'zbekzabon o'quvchi predlogni so'zma-so'z tarjima qilishga moyil — bu deyarli har doim xato ("depend from" "depend on"; "good in" "good at").

Bu darsda predloglarni chuqur o'rganamiz: joy, vaqt, harakat predloglarining nozik farqlari, va eng muhimi — bog'liq predloglar (dependent prepositions): qaysi fe'l/sifat/ot qaysi predlogni "talab qiladi". Bularning ko'pchiligida mantiq yo'q — ular shunchaki birga yodlanadi (interested in, afraid of, depend on). B2 darajada bu — yozuv va nutq aniqligining, native bo'lishning kalitidir.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Aniqlik: "It depends on the situation." (NOT depends from)
• Kollokatsiya: "I'm responsible for the project."
• Texnik: "This function relies on the input."
• Idiomatik: "By the way / In fact / On purpose / At least."

ASOSIY tushuncha — predlog uch xil "bog'liqlik" beradi. Predloglar (1) joy/vaqt/harakat munosabatini, (2) fe'l/sifat/ot bilan birga (dependent — mantiqsiz, yodlanadigan), (3) qotib qolgan iboralar (idiomatik) hosil qiladi:

Tur	Misol	Mantiq bormi?
Joy/vaqt/harakat	in the box, at 5, into the room	ko'pincha mantiqiy
Dependent (bog'liq)	depend on, afraid of, good at	yodlanadi
Qotib qolgan ibora	on time, by mistake, in fact	yodlanadi

O'xshatish — "ulagich vintchalar": predloglar — mexanizmdagi kichik vintchalar. Ko'rinmas, lekin ularsiz hech narsa ushlab turmaydi. Noto'g'ri vint (depend from) ishlatsangiz — butun gap "g'iyqillaydi" (native darrov sezadi). To'g'ri vintni bilish — ko'p mashq va o'qish bilan keladi.

Til-kontrast fakti: ingliz predloglari o'zbek qo'shimchalariga bir-bir mos kelmaydi. O'zbekcha "-da" ingliz tilida in (in the box), on (on the table), at (at home) — uchta! Va "-ga" to, into, onto, for, at. Shuning uchun "-da = in" deb yodlash xato; har holatni kontekst bilan o'rganish kerak.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-33 (verb/adjective + preposition): depend on, good at. Bugun to'liq + ot+predlog + ilg'or.
• A1-18, A2-27 (joy/harakat predloglari): in/on/at, into/through. Bugun chuqur.
• B2-34 (purpose): for/to farqi.
• B2-21 (predlog + -ing): look forward to + -ing.
• Tez mashq: "I'm interested ___ music" (in). "It depends ___ you" (on). "good ___ maths" (at).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Joy predloglari — nozik farqlar

in/on/at — uch darajali aniqlik:
  in London (shahar)  on Oxford Street (ko'cha)  at number 5 (aniq nuqta)

in vs on vs at (transport): in a car/taxi (ichida), on a bus/train/plane (jamoat transport), on foot (piyoda). get in/out of a car, get on/off a bus.

3.2. Vaqt predloglari — ilg'or

by vs until:
  Finish it by Friday. (juma kunigacha tugat — nuqta)
  Wait until Friday.   (jumagacha kut — davom)
for vs during:
  for two hours (qancha vaqt) / during the film (qachon, qaysi davrda)

3.3. Harakat predloglari

into / out of:  walk into the room / get out of the car
onto / off:     jump onto the stage / fall off the bike
through:        walk through the park (ichidan o'tib)
across:         swim across the river (bir tomondan ikkinchisiga)
along:          walk along the street (bo'ylab)
towards:        run towards the door (tomon)
past:           drive past the school (yonidan o'tib)
up / down:      climb up the hill / go down the stairs

3.4. DEPENDENT prepositions — fe'l + predlog (yodlang!)

Bu fe'llar muayyan predlogni "talab qiladi" — mantiq emas, yodlanadi:

depend ON · rely ON · concentrate ON · insist ON · spend ON
agree WITH · deal WITH · cope WITH · provide sb WITH
believe IN · succeed IN · result IN · specialise IN
apologise FOR · pay FOR · wait FOR · search FOR · blame sb FOR
listen TO · belong TO · refer TO · object TO · look forward TO
think OF/ABOUT · dream OF/ABOUT · complain ABOUT · worry ABOUT
suffer FROM · escape FROM · benefit FROM · result FROM
accuse sb OF · consist OF · approve OF · remind sb OF

Eng ko'p xato: depend on (NOT from), listen to (NOT —), good at (NOT in), interested in (NOT to). Har fe'lni predlogi bilan birga yodlang.

3.5. Sifat + predlog

good/bad AT · afraid/scared OF · interested IN · keen ON
proud/ashamed OF · jealous OF · capable OF · fond OF
married/similar/kind TO · related TO · responsible FOR
worried/anxious ABOUT · angry WITH (sb) / ABOUT (sth)
famous/known FOR · different FROM · aware OF · full OF
satisfied/pleased WITH · disappointed WITH/IN · excited ABOUT

3.6. Ot + predlog

reason FOR · cause OF · solution TO · answer TO · increase IN
difference BETWEEN · relationship/connection WITH/BETWEEN
attitude TO/TOWARDS · interest IN · effect/impact ON · demand FOR
need FOR · lack OF · advantage OF · example OF · knowledge OF

4. Misollar — guruh bo'yicha

JOY:       The keys are on the table, in the drawer, at the back.
VAQT:      Finish by 5, but you can stay until 6. It's open during the day.
HARAKAT:   She ran out of the house, across the road, and into the shop.
FE'L+PREP: It depends on you. I'm waiting for a reply. He apologised for the delay.
SIFAT+PREP: I'm good at maths but bad at sport. She's afraid of spiders.
OT+PREP:   What's the reason for the delay? There's a solution to every problem.

5. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali) + kollokatsiya

Kollokatsiya/chunk: on purpose, by mistake, in advance, at first, in the end, on time, in time, by far, at least, in fact, on the whole.

Native chunk: "on time" (o'z vaqtida — kechikmasdan) ≠ "in time" (ulgurib — kech bo'lmasdan): The train arrived on time (jadval bo'yicha) vs I arrived in time to catch it (ulgurib). Bitta predlog — boshqa ma'no.

6. Dialog + o'qish matni

Dialog (ish suhbati): A: So, what are you responsible for in your current role? B: I'm in charge of the backend team. We deal with scaling issues and rely on automated testing. A: Sounds demanding. How do you cope with the pressure? B: Honestly, it depends on the week. I try to plan in advance so I don't fall behind. A: And what attracted you to this position? B: I'm interested in distributed systems, and your company is known for innovation. I think I could benefit from working here — and contribute to your goals. A: Great answer. We'll be in touch by Friday.

Tahlil: responsible for, in charge of, deal with, rely on, cope with, depend on, in advance, attracted to, interested in, known for, benefit from, contribute to, in touch, by Friday. — ~14 predlog, har biri to'g'ri. To'liq tizim.

O'qish (graded):

The art of small words

Learners often focus on big vocabulary, but it is the small words — prepositions — that reveal true fluency. A native speaker never thinks about them; they come by instinct. A learner, by contrast, must wrestle with every on, in, and at.

The difficulty lies in the lack of logic. Why do we say "good at something" but "interested in something"? Why "afraid of" but "worried about"? There is no rule — only habit, built through exposure.

The solution? Learn prepositions as part of whole phrases, not in isolation. Instead of memorising "depend," memorise "depend on." In this way, the small words attach themselves to the big ones, until, in the end, they come naturally — without effort, like breathing.

Topshiriq: Matndan 6 ta dependent preposition (fe'l/sifat/ot + predlog) toping.

7. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar (L1 transfer)

Asosiy tuzoq: o'zbek/rus qo'shimchasini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri predlogga aylantirmang. "-dan" har doim from emas (depend on, afraid of, suffer from, benefit from). Har fe'l/sifatni predlogi bilan birga yodlang.

8. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar

B2 dan C1 ga ko'prik.

(a) Preposition stranding — gap oxirida predlog. Who are you waiting for? / This is the book I told you about. Norasmiy ingliz tilida predlog gap oxirida qoladi (tabiiy). Rasmiy: For whom are you waiting? (eski/g'alati). Zamonaviy ingliz — stranding normal.

(b) "to" — predlog yoki infinitiv belgisi? look forward to / be used to / object to / in addition to — bularda to = predlog keyin -ing (looking forward to seeing). Boshqa joyda to = infinitiv V1. Bu farq — eng ko'p xato (B2-21).

(c) "of" vs "from" (made). made of wood (material ko'rinadi: stol yog'ochdan) vs made from grapes (jarayon, asl o'zgargan: vino uzumdan). Material of; transformatsiya from.

(d) "in" vs "at" (joy nuance). at the office (ish nuqtasi) vs in the office (xona ichida). at school (o'quvchi sifatida) vs in the school (bino ichida). at = nuqta/funksiya; in = ichida.

(e) "by" — ko'p ma'no. Vosita (by car, by email), bajaruvchi (written by, B2-12), yon (by the window), muddat (by Friday), miqdor (increased by 10%), usul (learn by doing). Kontekst hal qiladi.

(f) "between" 2+ da ham. An'anaviy: between (2), among (3+). Lekin between ko'p narsa o'rtasidagi aniq munosabat uchun ham: the differences between the four options (har biri alohida solishtiriladi). among = noaniq guruh ichida.

(g) Ikki ma'noli predloglar. over (ustidan / tugagan: the meeting is over / ko'proq: over 100); off (ajralgan / chegirma: 50% off); on (yoqilgan / haqida / davom: go on). Predloglar polysemik (ko'p ma'noli).

(h) Predlog + relative (B2-18). the man to whom I spoke (rasmiy) = the man I spoke to (norasmiy stranding). Predlog whom oldida (rasmiy) yoki gap oxirida (og'zaki).

(i) Predlog TUSHIB qoladigan holatlar (zero preposition). this/last/next/every + vaqt so'zi oldida predlog qo'yilmaydi: see you next Monday (NOT on next Monday), I saw her last year (NOT in last year), we meet every Friday, come this evening. Xuddi shunday: home oldida harakat fe'li bilan predlog yo'q — go home, get home (NOT go to home). Bu — o'zbekzabon o'quvchi uchun ko'rinmas tuzoq, chunki ortiqcha predlog qo'shishga moyillik bor.

(j) "at the end" vs "in the end". at the end of — jismoniy/vaqt nuqtasi: at the end of the street, at the end of the film (oxirgi qismida). in the end — natija/xulosa (= finally): We argued a lot, but in the end we agreed. Xuddi shu tarzda at first (boshida) ≠ first of all (avvalo).

C1 ko'prik: dependent preposition xatolari (depend from, good in) — B2-C1 yozuvda eng ko'p qoladigan "iz", chunki ular ko'rinmas (ma'no tushunarli, lekin "g'alati"). Yechim: predloglarni chunk sifatida (depend on, good at) yodlash + ko'p o'qish/eshitish.

9. Mashqlar (drills) + tinglab-yozish

A. To'g'ri predlogni qo'ying:

1. It depends ___ the weather.
2. She's very good ___ playing the piano.
3. I'm not interested ___ politics.
4. We arrived ___ the airport ___ time.
5. Who's responsible ___ this mess?
6. He suffers ___ allergies.

B. Joy/vaqt — in / on / at:

1. I'll see you ___ Monday ___ 3 o'clock.
2. She lives ___ London, ___ Baker Street.
3. We met ___ 2020, ___ the summer.
4. The keys are ___ the table, ___ the kitchen.

C. by / until / for / during:

1. Finish the report ___ Friday.
2. Wait here ___ I get back.
3. I studied ___ three hours.
4. He fell asleep ___ the lecture.

D. Xatoni tuzating:

1. It depends from you.
2. I'm good in cooking.
3. Listen the teacher.
4. She's married with a doctor.
5. We discussed about the plan.

E. Tarjima (o'zbekcha inglizcha):

1. Bu sizga bog'liq.
2. Men musiqaga qiziqaman.
3. U o'rgimchaklardan qo'rqadi.

10. Amaliy topshiriq (Wisar AI bilan)

Maqsad: dependent prepositionlarni real, professional muloqotda erkin ishlatish.

Vazifa — rol o'yini: Men sizning ish suhbatim oluvchingiz (interviewer)man. Men savol beraman: "Tell me about your current role and responsibilities." Siz o'zingiz haqingizda (haqiqiy yoki tasavvuriy) javob bering — ish, mas'uliyat, qiziqishlaringizni tasvirlab. Kamida 6 gap, va ularda quyidagi predlog-bog'lamalardan foydalaning:

• responsible for / in charge of (mas'uliyat)
• deal with / cope with (ish)
• interested in / keen on (qiziqish)
• good at / specialise in (mahorat)
• rely on / depend on (bog'liqlik)
• contribute to / benefit from (foyda)

Masalan: "I'm currently responsible for the database team. We deal with large-scale data, and I specialise in optimisation. I'm really interested in performance, so I'd benefit from a more technical role."

"Tayyor" mezonlari: (1) kamida 6 dependent preposition; (2) har biri to'g'ri predlog bilan (depend on, good at...); (3) to/from/at/in aralashmaydi; (4) javob real va izchil (intervyu kabi); (5) kamida 1 to + -ing yoki for + -ing.

Men javobingizni tekshiraman — har predlog xatosining sababini (L1 transfer) tushuntiraman va to'g'risini ko'rsataman.

11. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. on · 2. at · 3. in · 4. at / on (arrived at the airport on time) · 5. for · 6. from

B: 1. on / at · 2. in / on (in London, on Baker Street) · 3. in / in · 4. on / in

C: 1. by · 2. until · 3. for · 4. during

D: 1. depends on you · 2. good at cooking · 3. Listen to the teacher · 4. married to a doctor · 5. discussed the plan (about siz) / talked about the plan

E: 1. It depends on you. · 2. I'm interested in music. · 3. She's afraid of spiders.

Tez ma'lumotnoma

JOY:  in (ichida) · on (ustida) · at (nuqtada)
      in London  on Oxford St  at number 5
VAQT: at (5, night) · on (Monday) · in (May, 2024, morning)
      by (gacha-muddat) vs until (gacha-davom) · for (qancha) vs during (qachon)
HARAKAT: into/out of, onto/off, through, across, along, towards, past

DEPENDENT (yodlanadi — chunk sifatida):
  FE'L: depend ON, rely ON, listen TO, belong TO, consist OF, deal WITH,
        apologise FOR, benefit FROM, accuse OF, object TO, succeed IN
  SIFAT: good AT, afraid OF, interested IN, married TO, responsible FOR,
         worried ABOUT, aware OF, different FROM, proud OF
  OT:    reason FOR, solution TO, difference BETWEEN, increase IN, effect ON

 "-dan" ≠ har doim from (depend ON, afraid OF, good AT)
 listen TO (predlog tushirma) · discuss(— siz) · married TO
 on time (jadval) ≠ in time (ulgurib) · made OF (material) / FROM (jarayon)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B1-33 (verb/adj + prep), A1-18/A2-27 (joy/harakat), B2-34 (for/to).
• Keyingi: B2-36 (Phrasal verbs — B2 chuqur).
• Lug'at: [LUGAT/40-JADVAL-koplik-predlog-gerund.md] (to'liq predlog ro'yxatlari).

Manba

Swan Practical English Usage (prepositions — eng batafsil); Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 121–136); Cambridge B2/C1; Oxford Collocations Dictionary; Oxford Practical English Usage.