B2 — 13-dars: Passive ilg'or (passive infinitive/gerund, get-passiv, by/with)

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 13-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Passivni barcha zamonlarda o'rgandingiz (B2-12). Endi uning ilg'or shakllarini qo'shamiz: passiv infinitiv (to be done), passiv gerund (being done), va ularning perfekt shakllari (to have been done / having been done). Bular passivni fe'l-iboralar, his-tuyg'u va rasmiy konstruksiyalarga olib kiradi.

Masalan: "I hate being interrupted." (gapimni bo'lishlarini yomon ko'raman) — bu yerda passiv gerund. "He claims to have been robbed." (talangan deb da'vo qilmoqda) — perfekt passiv infinitiv. Bu shakllar siz B2-C1 darajada his va munosabatni nozik ifodalashingizga imkon beradi.

Shuningdek, get-passiv (norasmiy, jonli: got fired, got married) va by/with farqini chuqurlashtiramiz.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• His ifodasi: "I don't like being told what to do."
• Kutish: "I expect to be paid on time."
• Rasmiy da'vo: "The painting is believed to have been stolen."
• Norasmiy: "He got promoted last week!"

ASOSIY tushuncha — passivni "fe'lsiz" shakllarga kengaytirish. Aktiv infinitiv/gerundning passiv ko'zgusi bor:

Aktiv	Passiv
to do	to be done (infinitiv)
doing	being done (gerund)
to have done	to have been done (perfekt inf.)
having done	having been done (perfekt gerund)

Formula doim: aktiv shakl + be/been + V3.

O'xshatish — "qabul qiluvchi" nuqtai nazari: aktivda siz harakatni qilasiz (I like helping — yordam berishni yaxshi ko'raman). Passivda siz harakatni qabul qilasiz (I like being helped — menga yordam berilishini yaxshi ko'raman). Bir fe'l, lekin kim — beruvchimi yoki oluvchimi?

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B2-12 (Passive to'liq): be + V3. Bugun infinitiv/gerund shakllariga.
• B1-22 (Gerund & infinitive): like doing / want to do — bugun ularning passivlari.
• B1-14 (get passive kirish): bugun chuqur.
• Tez mashq: "I want someone to pay me" passiv: I want to be paid.

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Passiv infinitiv — to be + V3

Aktiv infinitiv (to do) o'rniga, harakat obyektga qaratilsa:

This needs to be fixed. (tuzatilishi kerak)
I expect to be informed. (xabardor qilinishimni kutaman)
He wants to be left alone. (yolg'iz qoldirilishini xohlaydi)
Nobody likes to be criticised. (tanqid qilinishni hech kim yoqtirmaydi)

want/expect/need/would like/hope + to be + V3 = "men harakatni qabul qilaman".

3.2. Passiv gerund — being + V3

Aktiv gerund (doing) o'rniga, harakat obyektga qaratilsa:

I hate being told what to do. (menga buyurilishini yomon ko'raman)
She enjoys being praised. (maqtalishdan zavqlanadi)
He's afraid of being caught. (qo'lga tushishdan qo'rqadi)
There's no point in being angry. (jahllanishning ma'nosi yo'q)

enjoy/hate/like/avoid/mind + being + V3; predloglardan keyin ham (afraid of / interested in / tired of + being + V3).

3.3. Perfekt passiv infinitiv — to have been + V3

O'tmishdagi passiv harakatga ishora (rasmiy/da'vo):

He claims to have been cheated. (aldangan deb da'vo qilmoqda)
The document appears to have been altered. (o'zgartirilgan ko'rinadi)
She's lucky to have been chosen. (tanlangani omad)

3.4. Perfekt passiv gerund — having been + V3

O'tmishdagi passiv harakat (rasmiy/yozma):

Having been warned, he left immediately. (ogohlantirilgach, darrov ketdi)
She denied having been informed. (xabardor qilinganini inkor etdi)

3.5. get-passiv — be-passivning jonli/norasmiy qardoshi

get + V3

(a) Kutilmagan/yoqimsiz hodisa:

He got fired. / My phone got stolen. / They got caught.

(b) Holat o'zgarishi / hayotiy voqealar:

They got married. / We got divorced. / I got promoted. / He got injured.

(c) Refleksiv ("o'zini") — get + V3:

get dressed (kiyinmoq) · get washed · get changed · get lost (yo'qolmoq)

get vs be passive:

• be-passiv: rasmiy, neytral (He was fired).
• get-passiv: norasmiy, harakat/o'zgarish/kutilmaganlik urg'usi (He got fired).
• get-passiv yangiliklar/akademik yozuvda ishlatilmaydi — faqat og'zaki/norasmiy.

3.6. by vs with vs of

The cake was made by my mother (bajaruvchi) with fresh eggs (masalliq).

3.7. needs + V-ing / needs to be + V3

The car needs washing. = The car needs to be washed. (yuvilishi kerak)
This shirt needs ironing. = ...needs to be ironed.

need + V-ing (gerund) = passiv ma'no (needs washing = yuvilishi kerak). want + V-ing ham (norasmiy): Your hair wants cutting.

4. Native nozikliklari va qo'shimcha qoidalar

• -ed sifatlar = "his" passivi: I'm bored / interested / excited / worried. — bu passiv tuzilmalardan kelib chiqqan (bored by..., interested in...). B1-33c ni eslang (-ed = men, -ing = narsa).
• "supposed to be + V3": It's supposed to be finished by now. (passiv + supposed to).
• Passiv buyruq: Let it be done. / Don't get caught.
• "There's no point in being...", "It's worth being...", "I look forward to being..." — predlog + passiv gerund.
• get + sifat (passiv emas, lekin o'xshash): get tired, get angry, get ready, get better — holat o'zgarishi.
• be born — "toshga aylangan" passiv: I was born in 1990. / Where were you born? Bu doim passiv shaklda ishlatiladi (aktiv "my mother bore me" deyilmaydi). Perfekt shakli ham bor: She's proud to have been born in that city.
• get-passiv va bajaruvchi: get-passiv odatda by + bajaruvchisiz keladi — urg'u harakat/natijaga, kimligiga emas (He got fired — kim bo'shatgani muhim emas). Bajaruvchini aytish kerak bo'lsa, ko'pincha be-passiv tabiiyroq: He was fired by the new manager.
• Passiv + modal/ma'no fe'llar: modal harakat obyektga qaratilsa, modal + be + V3: It must be done today. / This can't be undone. / The rule should be followed. Perfekti: It might have been forgotten.

5. Ko'p misollar

PASSIV INFINITIV:  I'd like to be kept informed. / The form needs to be signed.
PASSIV GERUND:     I'm tired of being ignored. / He avoided being seen.
PERFEKT PASSIV INF: They seem to have been misled. / Lucky to have been saved.
PERFEKT PASSIV GER: After having been rejected, she tried again.
GET-PASSIV:        We got soaked in the rain. / Did anyone get hurt?
needs V-ing:       The windows need cleaning. / It needs to be done now.

6. Holat/case yechimlari

1. "Menga buyurilishini yomon ko'raman."

• I hate being told what to do. (passiv gerund — his).

2. "O'z vaqtida to'lanishimni kutaman."

• I expect to be paid on time. (passiv infinitiv).

3. "Bu mashina yuvilishi kerak."

• This car needs washing. / ...needs to be washed.

4. "U o'tgan hafta ishdan bo'shatildi." (norasmiy, jonli)

• He got fired last week. (get-passiv).
• Rasmiy: He was dismissed.

5. "Rasm o'g'irlangan deb hisoblanadi."

• The painting is believed to have been stolen. (perfekt passiv infinitiv + reporting).

6. "Stakan suvga to'ldirilgan." (vosita/masalliq)

• The glass was filled with water. (with — vosita, by emas).

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya

Tayyor iboralar:

• I look forward to being... — ... -ishni intizorlik bilan kutaman.
• There's no point in being... — ... bo'lishning ma'nosi yo'q.
• I can't stand being... — ... -ishga toqatim yo'q.

8. Dialog

A: How was your first week at the new job? B: Honestly? I hate being micromanaged. My boss checks everything. A: Ugh. Nobody likes being watched all the time. B: Exactly. I expect to be trusted to do my own work. I'm a professional! A: Have you said anything? B: Not yet. I don't want to be seen as difficult so early. But I'm tired of being treated like a beginner. A: Well, you seem to have been hired for your experience, so use it. B: True. After having been ignored for a week, maybe it's time to speak up. I'd rather risk it than keep getting frustrated.

Tahlil: being micromanaged/watched/treated (passiv gerund — his), to be trusted/seen (passiv infinitiv — kutish), to have been hired (perfekt passiv inf.), having been ignored (perfekt passiv gerund), getting frustrated (get + sifat). To'liq ilg'or passiv.

9. O'qish — graded matn

The pressure of being watched

In the age of social media, many young people report feeling exhausted by being constantly observed. Every photo risks being judged; every post fears being criticised.

Psychologists warn that the desire to be liked online can become harmful. Teenagers, in particular, hate being compared to others, yet they can't stop comparing themselves.

Some experts believe the problem to have been worsened by algorithms designed to keep us scrolling. Having been trained to seek approval, users find it hard to log off.

The solution? Many now choose to be disconnected — at least for a while. After having been overwhelmed, they discover the simple relief of not being seen at all.

Savollar: (1) Matndan 3 ta passiv gerund (being + V3) toping. (2) "the problem to have been worsened" — qaysi shakl? (3) Nega bu mavzuda passiv shakllar ko'p ishlatilgan?

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri)

Asosiy tuzoqlar: (1) want/expect/need + to be + V3; hate/enjoy/avoid + being + V3; (2) with = vosita, of = material, by = bajaruvchi; (3) o'tmish passiv inf. = to have been + V3.

11. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. To'g'ri passiv shaklni (infinitiv yoki gerund) qo'ying:

1. I don't enjoy ___ (criticise).
2. She hopes ___ (offer) the job.
3. He's afraid of ___ (catch).
4. The documents need ___ (sign) today.
5. They claim ___ (cheat) by the dealer. (o'tmish)

B. get-passiv yoki be-passiv (kontekstga ko'ra)?

1. The bridge ___ (build) in 1900. (rasmiy)
2. He ___ (promote) last month! (norasmiy, jonli)
3. The criminal ___ (arrest) by the police. (neytral)

C. by, with yoki of?

1. The sculpture was carved ___ a chisel.
2. It was painted ___ a famous artist.
3. The ring is made ___ gold.

D. Production: "Things I don't like having done to me" — passiv gerund bilan 4 gap (I hate being..., I don't like being...).

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: ilg'or passiv shakllar bilan his va munosabatni ifodalash. Vazifa: "How I feel about being judged/watched/treated" — 6 gaplik paragraf. Mezon: (1) 2 ta passiv gerund (being + V3); (2) 1 ta passiv infinitiv (to be + V3); (3) 1 ta get-passiv; (4) with/of/by to'g'ri.

12. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. being criticised · 2. to be offered · 3. being caught · 4. signing / to be signed · 5. to have been cheated

B: 1. was built · 2. got promoted · 3. was arrested

C: 1. with · 2. by · 3. of

O'qish: (1) being constantly observed, being judged, being criticised, being compared, being seen · (2) perfekt passiv infinitiv (to have been + V3) · (3) mavzu "kuzatilish/baholanish"ni qabul qilish haqida — odam harakatni qabul qiluvchi, shuning uchun passiv.

Tez ma'lumotnoma

ILG'OR PASSIV SHAKLLAR:
  infinitiv:        to be + V3      (want to be paid)
  gerund:           being + V3       (hate being told)
  perfekt inf.:     to have been + V3 (claims to have been robbed)
  perfekt gerund:   having been + V3  (having been warned, he left)

GET-PASSIV (norasmiy): get + V3
  - kutilmagan/yoqimsiz: got fired, got stolen
  - holat o'zgarishi: got married, got promoted
  - refleksiv: get dressed/lost/changed

PREDLOG:  by (bajaruvchi) · with (asbob/vosita) · of (material)
needs + V-ing = needs to be + V3  (needs washing = yuvilishi kerak)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B2-12 (passive to'liq), B1-22 (gerund/infinitive), B1-14 (get passive kirish).
• Keyingi: B2-14 (Causative — have/get something done).
• Aloqador: B2-21 (gerund/infinitive ilg'or), B2-15 (passive reporting).

Manba

Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 44–46); Swan Practical English Usage (passive, -ing/infinitive); Cambridge B2 First; Oxford Practical English Usage.