B2 — 28-dars: Comparatives & superlatives — ilg'or

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 28-dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Taqqoslash — fikrning asosi: nima yaxshiroq, kattaroq, qimmatroq, eng zo'r. B1-da oddiy qiyoslashni (bigger, the best, as...as) o'rgandingiz. B2-da uni kuchaytirish va nozik shakllar bilan boyitamiz: "much bigger" (ancha kattaroq), "by far the best" (juda ham eng zo'r), "the more you practise, the better you get" (qancha ko'p mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshilanasiz), "increasingly difficult" (tobora qiyinroq). Bu tuzilmalar yozuv va nutqni aniq, jonli va professional qiladi.

Bu mavzu IELTS uchun ayniqsa muhim: grafik tasvirlash (Task 1), fikrni asoslash (Task 2), va Speaking'da taqqoslash — band 7+ talab qiladigan ko'nikmalar. Va "the more... the more" tuzilmasi — eng nafis ingliz konstruksiyalaridan biri.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Kuchaytirish: "It's far more expensive than I expected."
• Bog'liqlik: "The harder you work, the luckier you get."
• O'sish: "Prices are getting higher and higher."
• Ta'kid: "This is by far the best option."

ASOSIY tushuncha — taqqoslashni "sozlash". Oddiy comparative (bigger) — bor-yo'g'i "kattaroq". Lekin uni kuchaytirish (qanchaga kattaroq?) yoki bog'lash (nimaga bog'liq?) mumkin:

Tuzilma	Vazifa	Misol
much/far/a lot + comp	kuchaytirish	much bigger
a bit/slightly + comp	yumshatish	slightly bigger
the...the...	proportional bog'lash	the bigger, the better
comp + and + comp	o'sib borish	bigger and bigger
by far the + sup	ta'kid	by far the best

O'xshatish — "tarozi va o'lchov": comparative — ikki narsani tarozida solishtirish. Oddiy bigger faqat "og'irroq" deydi. Lekin much bigger = "ancha og'irroq" (farq katta), slightly bigger = "bir oz og'irroq" (farq kichik). Kuchaytirgich — tarozining "necha bo'lim farq"ini ko'rsatadi.

Til fakti: "The more X, the more Y" tuzilmasi — ingliz tilining qadimiy va o'ziga xos konstruksiyasi (correlative comparative). Unda ikkala qism ham the + comparative bilan boshlanadi, va ular "matematik bog'liqlik"ni ifodalaydi (X ortsa, Y ham ortadi). O'zbekchada "qancha... shuncha..." bilan beriladi — lekin tuzilishi butunlay boshqacha.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-10/11 (comparatives/superlatives): bigger, the best, than. Asos.
• B1-28 (comparatives review): as...as, not as...as, the more...the more kirish. Bugun chuqur.
• B2-27 (ravish taqqoslash): more quickly, better. Bugun tizimda.
• Tez mashq: "He's ___ (tall) than me" (taller). "It's the ___ (good) film" (best).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Yasalish — qisqa takror

1 bo'g'in:        big  bigger  the biggest, nice  nicer  nicest
2 bo'g'in -y:     happy  happier  happiest, easy  easier
2+ bo'g'in:       expensive  more expensive  the most expensive
notog'ri:        goodbetterbest, badworseworst, farfurther/fartherfurthest
                 littlelessleast, much/manymoremost

3.2. Comparative'ni KUCHAYTIRISH va YUMSHATISH

This phone is much more expensive than that one.
The exam was far harder than expected.
She's slightly taller than her sister.
After the medicine, he felt even worse.

very + comparative : very bigger noto'g'ri! Comparative'ni much/far/a bit bilan kuchaytiring (very faqat oddiy sifat bilan: very big).

3.3. the + comparative ... the + comparative (proportional)

The + comparative, the + comparative  ("qancha..., shuncha...")

The harder you work, the more you earn.
The older I get, the wiser I become.
The more, the merrier. (qancha ko'p — shuncha xushchaqchaq)
The sooner, the better.

Ikkala qism ham the + comparative bilan boshlanadi. Birinchi qism = shart, ikkinchi = natija. Tartib: the + comparative + EGA + fe'l.

3.4. comparative + and + comparative (o'sib/kamayib borish)

It's getting colder and colder.       (tobora sovuqroq)
She became more and more nervous.     (tobora asabiyroq — uzun sifat: more and more)
Prices keep rising higher and higher.

Doimiy o'sish/kamayish. Qisqa sifat -er and -er (bigger and bigger); uzun sifat more and more (more and more difficult).

3.5. as ... as — tenglik va uning variantlari

as + sifat/ravish + as:  She's as tall as me.
not as/so ... as:        It's not as cold as yesterday.
twice/three times as ... as:  This is twice as expensive as that.
half as ... as:          He earns half as much as her.
just as ... as:          I'm just as capable as you.
nowhere near as ... as:  It's nowhere near as good as the original.

as...as = teng. not as...as = kamroq (A is not as big as B = A < B). X times as...as = necha barobar.

3.6. Superlative — ilg'or shakllar

by far the + sup:      It's by far the best restaurant in town. (juda ham eng zo'r)
one of the + sup + ko'plik:  one of the most beautiful cities (eng go'zal shaharlardan biri)
the + sup + ... I've ever:   the best film I've ever seen
the + sup + in/of:     the tallest building in the world / of all
nothing/no...as...as:  Nothing is as important as health.

one of the + superlative + KO'PLIK ot: one of the best players (NOT player). the + sup + ever + Present Perfect: the worst day I've ever had.

4. Boshqa taqqoslash vositalari + nozikliklar

4.1. like / as — "kabi"

like + ot:    She sings like an angel. (predlog — ot bilan)
as + gap/rol: Do as I say. / As I mentioned... / He works as a teacher. (rol)

like + ot (like a bird); as + gap yoki "rol/funksiya" (as a doctor). Norasmiy tilda like gap bilan ham (like I said), lekin rasmiyda as.

4.2. the same as / similar to / different from

A is the same as B. / similar to B. / different from B.

4.3. less / the least (kamayish)

less + sifat (uzun): less expensive, less important
the least: the least interesting option
fewer + sanaladigan (B2-25): fewer people | less + sanalmaydigan: less time

4.4. comparative + than + ega/gap

than me (norasmiy) / than I am (rasmiy) / than I do
She's taller than me. = She's taller than I am.
He earns more than I do.

5. Ko'p misollar

KUCHAYTIRISH:  far cheaper / much more difficult / slightly better / even worse
THE...THE...:  The more you read, the more you learn.
AND:           getting darker and darker / more and more popular
AS...AS:       not as good as / twice as fast as / just as important as
SUPERLATIVE:   by far the worst / one of the greatest / the best I've ever had
LIKE/AS:       Run like the wind. / As you know, ...

6. Holat/case yechimlari (kengaytirilgan)

1. "Bu telefon ancha qimmatroq."

• This phone is much/far more expensive. very more expensive.

2. "Qancha ko'p mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshilanasiz."

• The more you practise, the better you get. (proportional).

3. "Ob-havo tobora sovuqlashyapti."

• The weather is getting colder and colder. (o'sib borish).

4. "Bu kechagidek sovuq emas."

• It's not as cold as yesterday. (not as...as).

5. "Bu — juda ham eng yaxshi variant."

• This is by far the best option. (ta'kid).

6. "U eng buyuk yozuvchilardan biri."

• He's one of the greatest writers. (ko'plik ot!). one of the greatest writer.

7. "Bu men ko'rgan eng yaxshi film."

• This is the best film I've ever seen. (ever + Present Perfect).

8. "U farishtadek kuylaydi."

• She sings like an angel. (like + ot). vs As I said (as + gap).

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya (taqqoslash iboralari)

Tayyor iboralar:

• It doesn't even come close to... — ... ga yaqin ham kelmaydi.
• There's no comparison. — Solishtirib bo'lmaydi.
• The bigger picture — kengroq manzara.
• Better safe than sorry. — Ehtiyot — yarim aql.

8. Dialog

A: So, which laptop did you go for? B: The lighter one. It's far more portable, even if it's slightly less powerful. A: Makes sense. Was it much more expensive? B: Actually, no — it was nowhere near as pricey as I feared. By far the best deal I found. A: Nice. I've noticed laptops are getting lighter and lighter every year. B: True. And the more features they add, the more I struggle to choose! Honestly, this one is one of the best I've ever used. A: Better than your old one? B: No comparison — it's vastly superior. The old one was a far cry from this. The sooner I switched, the better.

Tahlil: far more portable, slightly less powerful, much more expensive (kuchaytirish/yumshatish), nowhere near as pricey (taqqoslash iborasi), by far the best (ta'kid), lighter and lighter (o'sish), the more...the more (proportional), one of the best I've ever used (superlative+ever), vastly superior, a far cry from (iboralar), the sooner...the better (proportional). To'liq tizim.

9. O'qish — graded matn (kengaytirilgan)

The paradox of choice

We assume that the more options we have, the happier we'll be. But research suggests the opposite: too much choice can make us far less satisfied.

In one famous study, shoppers offered 24 types of jam were much less likely to buy than those offered just six. The more varieties there were, the harder it became to decide — and the more anxious people felt.

Modern life is increasingly overwhelming. We have more and more information, more and more products, and yet we are nowhere near as content as previous generations. By some measures, we are, if anything, worse off.

The lesson? Less is often more. The simpler your choices, the clearer your mind. Happiness, it seems, is not about having the most — but about wanting less.

Savollar: (1) Matndan 2 ta "the more... the more" tuzilmasini toping. (2) "far less satisfied / much less likely" — far/much nimani qiladi? (3) "more and more information" — bu qaysi tuzilma? (4) "Less is more" — bu iborani izohlang.

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri) — kengaytirilgan

Asosiy tuzoqlar (4 ta): (1) comparative kuchaytirgichi = much/far/a bit (NOT very); (2) double comparative yo'q (more bigger ); (3) the...the... — ikkala qism the + comparative; (4) one of the + sup + ko'plik ot.

11. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar

B2 dan C1 ga ko'prik.

(a) "than" — predlog yoki bog'lovchi? Norasmiy: than + me/him (predlog). Rasmiy: than + I am/he does (bog'lovchi + gap). She's smarter than I am (rasmiy) = than me (og'zaki). Ikkalasi to'g'ri.

(b) "farther vs further". farther = jismoniy masofa (farther down the road). further = masofa HAM, mavhum HAM (further information, further problems). further universalroq.

(c) "elder/eldest" — faqat oila. my elder brother, the eldest son (oila a'zolari, ot oldida). older — universal (older than me). elder "than" bilan kelmaydi: elder than.

(d) "less vs fewer" — rasmiy farq. fewer + sanaladigan (fewer cars); less + sanalmaydigan (less time). Og'zaki tilda less cars keng tarqalgan, lekin rasmiy yozuvda fewer (B2-25).

(e) "no + comparative" — ta'kidli inkor. no better (= yaxshi emas), no longer (= endi emas), no more than (= ko'pi bilan), none the wiser (= baribir tushunmadi). Idiomatik.

(f) "all the + comparative" — sababdan kuchayish. That makes it all the more important (shuning uchun yanada muhimroq). all the better/worse — "shuning uchun yanada".

(g) "much of a muchness / six of one" — idiomatik tenglik. They're much of a muchness (deyarli bir xil). Taqqoslash idiomalari.

(h) Superlativ + Present Perfect. the best ... I've ever + V3: the most beautiful place I've ever visited. ever — "umuman, hozirgacha" ma'nosini beradi. Bu — kuchli ta'sirli tuzilma.

(i) Miqdor comparativlari — much/many/far + more/fewer/less + ot. Sifat emas, miqdorni taqqoslaganda kuchaytirgich otning turiga qarab tanlanadi: sanalmaydigan ot bilan much more / far less (much more money, far less time), sanaladigan ot bilan many more / far fewer (many more people, far fewer mistakes). much more people (odam sanaladi many more people). IELTS Task 1 grafik tilida bu ayniqsa muhim: "considerably fewer tourists", "far more energy was consumed".

(j) than qisqargan taqqoslash — than ever / than usual / than expected. Rasmiy va tabiiy yozuvda than dan keyin butun gap o'rniga tayyor ibora keladi: "harder than ever" (har qachongidan qiyinroq), "warmer than usual" (odatdagidan issiqroq), "better than expected" (kutilganidan yaxshiroq), "sooner than planned". Bu iboralar band 7+ yozuvda juda samarali.

C1 ko'prik: taqqoslash kuchaytirgichlari (by far, nowhere near, increasingly, vastly) va proportional tuzilma (the more...the more) — yozuvni jonli va aniq qiladi. IELTS Task 1 (grafik) va Task 2 (dalil) da bu tuzilmalar band 7-8 ni belgilaydi.

12. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. To'g'ri shaklni qo'ying:

1. This is ___ (much / very) more interesting than the last one.
2. The ___ (hard) you try, the ___ (good) you become.
3. The weather is getting ___ (warm and warm).
4. It's ___ (by far / very) the best book I've read.
5. He's one of the ___ (talented) ___ (player) in the team.

B. as...as / not as...as bilan qayta yozing:

1. Today is colder than yesterday. Yesterday wasn't ___
2. This is twice the price of that. This is ___
3. My answer is just as good. ___

C. Xatoni tuzating:

1. It's more cheaper than before.
2. The most happiest day of my life.
3. The more you sleep, more tired you feel.
4. She's one of the best teacher.
5. He's taller than I (og'zaki kontekst).

D. Production: Ikki narsani (shahar, telefon, ish...) taqqoslang — 5 gap: 1 kuchaytirilgan comparative, 1 the...the..., 1 as...as, 1 superlative + ever, 1 taqqoslash iborasi.

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: taqqoslashni kuchaytirish va nozik shakllar bilan. Vazifa: "Then vs now: how life has changed" — 6 gaplik taqqoslash. Mezon: (1) 1 kuchaytirilgan comparative (much/far/increasingly); (2) 1 the more...the more; (3) 1 ...er and ...er yoki more and more; (4) 1 superlative + ever / by far; (5) double comparative xatosi YO'Q.

13. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. much · 2. harder / better · 3. warmer and warmer · 4. by far · 5. most talented / players

B: 1. Yesterday wasn't as cold as today · 2. This is twice as expensive as that · 3. My answer is just as good as yours

C: 1. It's cheaper than before · 2. The happiest day · 3. ...the more tired you feel · 4. one of the best teachers · 5. taller than me

O'qish: (1) the more options... the happier; the more varieties... the harder; the simpler... the clearer (har qaysi 2 tasi) · (2) far/much — comparative'ni kuchaytiradi (farq katta) · (3) more and more (o'sib borish) · (4) "kamroq — ko'proq" = ozroq tanlov ko'proq baxt keltiradi (paradoks).

Tez ma'lumotnoma

COMPARATIVE KUCHAYTIRISH:
  katta farq: much/far/a lot/considerably + comparative (much bigger)
  kichik farq: a bit/slightly + comparative
  ta'kid: even/still + comparative
   very + comparative  (very bigger)

THE...THE...: The more you practise, the better you get. (proportional)
...ER AND ...ER: colder and colder / more and more popular (o'sish)
AS...AS: not as cold as / twice as big as / nowhere near as good as

SUPERLATIVE: by far the best · one of the + sup + KO'PLIK ot
             the best I've EVER seen (+ Present Perfect)

like + ot (like a bird) | as + gap/rol (as I said, as a doctor)
than me (og'zaki) / than I am (rasmiy)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: A2-10/11, B1-28 (comparatives), B2-27 (ravish taqqoslash), B2-25 (less/fewer).
• Keyingi: B2-29 (Inversion — negative adverbials).
• Lug'at: [LUGAT/37-MAXSUS-kollokatsiyalar-mavzuli.md].

Manba

Swan Practical English Usage (comparison); Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 105–109); Cambridge B2 First & Advanced; Oxford Practical English Usage.