B2 — 19-dars: Relative clauses — reduced + predlogli + miqdor olmoshi

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 19-dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Nisbiy ergash gaplarni o'rgandingiz (B2-18). Endi ularni professional yozuvchi kabi ixchamlashtirish va nafislashtirishni o'rganamiz. "The man who is standing there" o'rniga "The man standing there"; "The letter which was sent yesterday" o'rniga "The letter sent yesterday". Bu — reduced relative clauses (qisqartirilgan nisbiy gaplar), va ular yozuvni zich, oqib turuvchi va o'qimishli qiladi.

Shuningdek, miqdor olmoshi + of whom/which ("my friends, most of whom are doctors") va rasmiy predlogli nisbiy gaplar ("a problem, the cause of which is unknown") — bular akademik va rasmiy ingliz tilining belgisidir. IELTS Writing band 7-8, ilmiy maqola, professional hisobot — bu tuzilmalarsiz to'liq emas.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Zich yozuv: "Anyone interested in the role should apply." (= who is interested)
• Akademik: "The study, the results of which were surprising, ..."
• Tavsif: "She has three sisters, all of whom are artists."
• Texnik: "The data collected last year shows a trend." (= which was collected)

ASOSIY tushuncha — "olmosh + be"ni o'chirish. Reduced relative clause = nisbiy olmosh (who/which) va be fe'lini olib tashlash, faqat asosini qoldirish:

To'liq	Reduced
the man who is waiting	the man waiting (V-ing)
the car which was stolen	the car stolen (V3)
the first person who arrived	the first person to arrive (to-inf)

O'xshatish — "siqilgan fayl": reduced relative = matnni zip qilish. Ma'lumot bir xil, lekin "ortiqcha" so'zlar (who is, which was) siqilib chiqarib tashlanadi. Tajribali yozuvchi avtomatik "zip" qiladi: "a building that is located downtown" "a building located downtown".

Til fakti: participle (V-ing / V3) — "qisqartirilgan ergash gap"ning yuragi. Bu ingliz tilining iqtisodlilik tamoyilini ko'rsatadi: kerakli ma'noni eng kam so'z bilan berish. Akademik ingliz bunday "siqilgan" tuzilmalarni juda yaxshi ko'radi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B2-18 (relative clauses): who/which/that, defining/non-defining. Bugun qisqartirish + miqdor.
• B2-13 (participle passive): V-ing / V3 sifat sifatida. Bugun reduced relative'da.
• B2-20 (participle clauses): keyingi dars — bevosita davomi.
• B1-30 (quantifiers): all/most/none — bugun of whom/which bilan.
• Tez mashq: "the people who are waiting" qisqartiring (the people waiting).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Reduced relative — AKTIV (V-ing)

Agar relative clause aktiv bo'lsa (who/which + be + V-ing yoki davom etayotgan harakat), who/which is/are tushadi V-ing qoladi:

The man who is talking to Sarah is my boss.
 The man talking to Sarah is my boss.

The road which leads to the village is closed.
 The road leading to the village is closed.

Anyone who wants to join should sign up.
 Anyone wanting to join should sign up.

who/which + (is/are) + V-ing V-ing. Davomli ma'no yoki doimiy xususiyat: people living abroad (= who live abroad).

3.2. Reduced relative — PASSIV (V3)

Agar relative clause passiv bo'lsa (who/which + be + V3), who/which is/are/was/were tushadi V3 qoladi:

The letter which was sent yesterday arrived today.
 The letter sent yesterday arrived today.

The books that were left on the table are mine.
 The books left on the table are mine.

A man arrested last night has been released.
 (= who was arrested)

who/which + (was/were) + V3 V3. Passiv ma'no: the project completed in 2020 (= which was completed).

3.3. Reduced relative — to-infinitive

the first/last/only/next + ot, yoki superlativdan keyin to-infinitive:

She was the first person who arrived.  the first person to arrive.
He is the only one who can help.  the only one to help / who can help.
This is the best book that I've ever read.  (to-inf bilan: the best book to read)

the first/last/only/next/best + ot + to + V1 (= who/that...).

3.4. Miqdor olmoshi + of whom / of which (non-defining)

Rasmiy/nafis ko'rinish — miqdor + of whom (odam) / of which (narsa):

I have many friends, most of whom are abroad.
The company made several mistakes, none of which were corrected.
He gave three reasons, all of which were valid.
She has two cars, one of which is electric.

Bu doim non-defining (vergul bilan). of whom/which — that bilan ishlatilmaydi.

3.5. Rasmiy predlogli nisbiy gaplar (the ... of which)

The problem, the cause of which is unknown, persists.
(= whose cause is unknown / the cause of which...)
She wrote a novel, the success of which surprised everyone.
A theory, the implications of which are huge, has emerged.

the + ot + of which = "uning [oti]" — narsalar uchun whose o'rnini bosadi (rasmiy/akademik): a building whose roof = a building the roof of which.

3.6. Maxsus rasmiy iboralar — in which case, by which time, at which point

We may be delayed, in which case we'll call you. (bu holatda)
He arrived at 10, by which time everyone had left. (o'shanga kelib)
She paused, at which point the audience clapped. (o'sha lahzada)

Bular — butun oldingi gapga ishora qiluvchi rasmiy bog'lovchilar (non-defining).

4. Native nozikliklari va qo'shimcha qoidalar

• Reduced relative faqat be bo'lsa. who has a car qisqarmaydi (has — be emas) the man having a car. Faqat who is/was + V-ing/V3.
• "There is/are" + reduced: There were several people waiting. / There's a parcel left for you.
• -ing reduced ham doimiy, ham vaqtinchalik: passengers boarding the plane (hozir), students studying medicine (umuman).
• of which/whom — yozma uslub. Og'zaki nutqda ko'pincha ikki gapga bo'linadi: I have many friends. Most of them live abroad.
• "the former / the latter" — non-defining alternativ: two options, the former of which... (birinchisi).
• Reduced relative + sifat: anyone available, the people present, the money owed — sifat ham "qisqartirilgan relative" bo'lishi mumkin.
• Non-defining ham qisqaradi — vergul saqlanadi. Faqat defining emas, non-defining gaplar ham qisqaradi; farqi — vergul qoladi: Marie Curie, born in Poland, won two Nobel Prizes. (= who was born); The novel, published in 1999, became a bestseller. (= which was published). who was / which was tushadi, ammo vergul o'z o'rnida turadi.

5. Ko'p misollar

AKTIV (V-ing):
- The girl wearing the red dress is my sister.
- Cars parked illegally will be towed.  (passiv aslida)
- Anyone needing assistance should ask.

PASSIV (V3):
- The bridge built in 1950 is still standing.
- The questions asked were difficult.
- Goods damaged in transit will be replaced.

to-INFINITIVE:
- The last guest to leave turned off the lights.
- He was the only candidate to pass.

MIQDOR + of which/whom:
- The team has 11 players, three of whom are injured.
- She made several points, all of which were ignored.

6. Holat/case yechimlari (kengaytirilgan)

1. "Sara bilan gaplashayotgan odam — boshlig'im."

• The man talking to Sarah is my boss. (= who is talking — reduced aktiv).

2. "Kecha yuborilgan xat bugun keldi."

• The letter sent yesterday arrived today. (= which was sent — reduced passiv).

3. "Birinchi kelgan odam chiroqni yoqdi."

• The first person to arrive turned on the lights. (the first + to-inf).

4. "Mening ko'p do'stlarim bor, aksariyati chet elda."

• I have many friends, most of whom are abroad. (miqdor + of whom).

5. "U uchta xato qildi, hech biri tuzatilmadi."

• He made three mistakes, none of which were corrected.

6. "Sababi noma'lum bo'lgan muammo." (rasmiy)

• The problem, the cause of which is unknown, ... (= whose cause is unknown).

7. "Mashinasi bor odam" — qisqartirib bo'lmaydi:

• The man who has a car. The man having a car (has ≠ be — qisqartirilmaydi!).

8. "Biz kechikishimiz mumkin, u holda qo'ng'iroq qilamiz."

• We may be late, in which case we'll call you.

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya

Tayyor iboralar:

• those interested / those present / those concerned — qiziquvchilar / hozir bo'lganlar / aloqadorlar
• anyone wishing to... — ... istagan har kim
• the people involved — aloqador odamlar

8. Dialog

A: How was the conference? B: Great. There were about 200 people attending, many of whom were experts in the field. A: Did you give your talk? B: Yes. The topic, the focus of which was AI ethics, got a lot of attention. I was actually the first speaker to mention regulation. A: Impressive. Any interesting connections? B: Definitely. I met three investors, two of whom seemed genuinely interested. The proposals discussed could lead to funding. A: That's huge. B: It is. The slides prepared by my team really helped. Anyone wanting to collaborate was told to email me — in which case I'll follow up next week.

Tahlil: people attending, many of whom (reduced + quantifier), the focus of which (rasmiy predlogli), the first speaker to mention (to-inf), two of whom (quantifier), proposals discussed, slides prepared (reduced passiv), anyone wanting (reduced aktiv), in which case (rasmiy bog'lovchi). To'liq tizim.

9. O'qish — graded matn (kengaytirilgan)

The expedition

In 1911, two teams racing to the South Pole set off within weeks of each other. The Norwegian team, led by Amundsen, was small and well prepared. The British team, commanded by Scott, was larger but faced problems, many of which proved fatal.

Amundsen's men, all of whom survived, reached the Pole first. They used dogs, the speed of which gave them a crucial advantage. Scott's team, relying on ponies, moved slowly.

By the time the British arrived — by which time the Norwegians had already left — morale collapsed. The supplies stored along the route were not enough. The decisions made in those final weeks, the consequences of which were tragic, are still studied today.

Of the five men attempting the final stretch, none of whom returned, Scott was the last to die. His diary, the contents of which moved a nation, became one of history's most famous documents.

Savollar: (1) Matndan 3 ta reduced relative (V-ing yoki V3) toping. (2) "many of which proved fatal" — which nimaga ishora qiladi? (3) "the speed of which" ni whose bilan yozing. (4) "the last to die" — bu qaysi qisqartirish?

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri) — kengaytirilgan

Asosiy tuzoqlar (4 ta): (1) reduced faqat be bo'lsa (has/wants qisqarmaydi lekin wanting = who wants, OK; has ≠ OK); (2) aktiv V-ing, passiv V3; (3) odam of whom, narsa of which; (4) first/last/only to-infinitive.

Tuzatish: wanting (= who wants) — OK, chunki "want" davomli ma'noda. Lekin stative have (egalik) qisqarmaydi: who has a car , having a car .

11. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar

B2 dan C1 ga ko'prik.

(a) -ing reduced — stative fe'llarda ehtiyot. who wants/needs/contains wanting/needing/containing (OK). Lekin who has (egalik) having odatda boshqa ma'no (sabab: "having finished, he left"). Egalik uchun qisqartirmaslik xavfsiz.

(b) Reduced passiv = "past participle as adjective". the broken window, the stolen car, the written exam — bu reduced relative'lar (= which was broken/stolen). Ot oldida bir so'zli, ot keyin uzun.

(c) "to-infinitive reduced" ikki ma'no: the first to arrive (= who arrived — fakt) yoki the place to visit (= which you should visit — maslahat). Kontekst ajratadi.

(d) "of which" vs "whose" (narsalar). Ikkalasi to'g'ri: a house whose windows... = a house the windows of which.... whose qisqaroq/og'zaki; of which rasmiy/akademik.

(e) Quantifier+of which — gapni ulash usuli. Ikki gapni ulashning nafis yo'li: "He made errors. None were fixed." "He made errors, none of which were fixed." — bir gap, professional.

(f) Sentential "which" + quantifier. He said nothing, all of which suggested he was hiding something — bunda which butun vaziyatga ishora qilishi mumkin (kamroq, lekin uchraydi).

(g) Reduced relative + joy/holat ergashishi (B2-20 ko'prik): Built in 1900, the house still stands. (gap boshida participle clause). Keyingi dars buni kengaytiradi.

(h) Rasmiylik shkalasi. the man I talked to (eng norasmiy) the man who/that I talked to the man to whom I talked (eng rasmiy). of which/whom tuzilmalar — yuqori rasmiy uchun.

(i) Eng jiddiy tuzoq: o'tgan zamon AKTIV bir martalik harakat V-ing ga qisqarmaydi. the man who saw the accident ≠ the man seeing the accident (ikkinchisi davomiy/odatiy ma'no beradi, "guvoh bo'lgan odam"ni anglatmaydi). V-ing reduced faqat davomli yoki doimiy aktiv uchun ishlaydi: who is waiting waiting, who lives here living here. Bir martalik, tugagan aktiv harakatni (who saw / who broke / who scored) qisqartirib bo'lmaydi — yo to'liq nisbiy gap qoldiring, yo passivga aylantiring (the accident seen by the man). IELTS'da bu xato juda ko'p uchraydi.

C1 ko'prik: akademik insho/maqolada reduced relative + of which tuzilmalar fikrni zich va obro'li qiladi. Ammo ortiqcha "siqish" o'qishni qiyinlashtiradi — balans muhim.

12. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. Reduced relative'ga aylantiring (qisqartiring):

1. The woman who is sitting there is famous.
2. The parcel which was delivered today is for you.
3. Anyone who wants a ticket should queue.
4. The man who was injured in the crash is recovering.
5. She was the first person who noticed the mistake.

B. Miqdor olmoshi + of whom/which bilan birlashtiring:

1. I have five cousins. All of them live in Canada.
2. He suggested three options. None of them worked.
3. The class has 30 students. Most of them passed.

C. Xatoni tuzating:

1. The man having a beard is my uncle.
2. The books leaving on the table are mine.
3. friends, most of them are teachers.
4. a problem the cause of whom is unclear.

D. Production: Bir guruh odam/narsa haqida 4 gap — kamida 2 ta reduced relative + 1 ta of whom/which.

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: zich, rasmiy nisbiy tuzilmalar. Vazifa: "An event / group / project I was part of" — 7 gaplik paragraf. Mezon: (1) 2 ta reduced relative (1 aktiv V-ing, 1 passiv V3); (2) 1 ta to-infinitive (first/last/only); (3) 1 ta miqdor + of whom/which; (4) 1 ta rasmiy (the ... of which yoki in which case).

13. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. The woman sitting there is famous · 2. The parcel delivered today is for you · 3. Anyone wanting a ticket should queue · 4. The man injured in the crash is recovering · 5. She was the first person to notice the mistake

B: 1. I have five cousins, all of whom live in Canada · 2. He suggested three options, none of which worked · 3. The class has 30 students, most of whom passed

C: 1. The man with a beard / who has a beard is my uncle · 2. The books left on the table are mine · 3. friends, most of whom are teachers · 4. a problem the cause of which is unclear

O'qish: (1) racing, led, prepared, commanded, relying, stored, made, attempting (har qaysi 3 tasi) · (2) "problems" (muammolarga) · (3) dogs, whose speed gave them... · (4) the last who died — to-infinitive reduced (the last to die).

Tez ma'lumotnoma

REDUCED RELATIVE (olmosh + be ni o'chirish):
  AKTIV:   who/which is + V-ing    V-ing  (the man waiting)
  PASSIV:  who/which was + V3      V3      (the letter sent)
  to-INF:  first/last/only/next + to + V1   (the first to arrive)
   faqat BE bo'lsa (has/owns  qisqarmaydi)

MIQDOR + of whom/which (non-defining, vergul):
  all/most/many/some/none/both/several + OF WHOM (odam) / OF WHICH (narsa)
  friends, most of whom are abroad.

RASMIY:  the [ot] of which (= whose, narsa) · in which case · by which time

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B2-18 (relative clauses), B2-13 (participle passive).
• Keyingi: B2-20 (Participle clauses — V-ing/V3/having done, sabab/vaqt/natija).
• Aloqador: B1-30 (quantifiers), B2-30 (cleft).

Manba

Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 95–97); Swan Practical English Usage (relative clauses, participles); Cambridge Advanced; Quirk A Comprehensive Grammar; Oxford Practical English Usage.