B2 — 16-dars: Reported speech to'liq (ko'chirma gapni o'zlashtirish)

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 16-dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Kun bo'yi biz boshqalarning so'zlarini qayta aytamiz: "U kelmayman dedi", "Onam charchaganini aytdi", "Boshliq loyihani tugatishimni so'radi". Boshqaning gapini o'z gapimizga aylantirib yetkazish — bu reported speech (ko'chirma gap, indirect speech). Bu — kundalik suhbat, hikoya, email, intervyu va jurnalistikaning markazidir.

B1-da (15/16-darslar) reported speech'ga kirgandingiz. B2-da uni to'liq, chuqur va istisnolari bilan o'rganamiz: barcha zamonlarning siljishi (backshift), modallarning o'zgarishi, vaqt-joy so'zlarining almashishi, va — eng muhimi — qachon siljimaslik kerakligi. Bu dars boy: chunki reported speech ingliz grammatikasining "katta tugun"laridan biri, va uni mukammal egallash sizni B2 dan C1 ga olib chiqadi.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Hikoya/suhbat: "She told me she'd already left."
• Ish/email: "He said the deadline had been moved to Friday."
• Jurnalistika: "The minister announced that taxes would rise."
• Intervyu (o'z tajribangiz): "They asked if I had experience with React, and I explained that I had worked with it for years."

ASOSIY tushuncha — "vaqt nuqtasi siljiydi". To'g'ridan-to'g'ri nutq (direct speech) gapirilgan paytda turadi. Reported speech esa keyinroq aytiladi — shuning uchun vaqt bir qadam orqaga suriladi (backshift). Mantiqan: "hozir" gapirgan odam uchun "hozir" edi, lekin men buni keyin aytayotganimda, u "o'tmish"ga aylanadi.

Direct (gapirilgan payt)	Reported (keyin aytilgan)
"I am tired."	He said he was tired.
"I saw her."	He said he had seen her.
"I will come."	He said he would come.

O'xshatish — "fotosurat vs xotira": direct speech — voqea fotosurati (aynan o'sha payt, o'sha so'zlar). Reported speech — o'sha voqeaning xotirasi, keyinroq qayta hikoya qilingan. Xotirada "bugun" "o'sha kun", "men" "u", "hozirgi zamon" "o'tgan zamon" bo'ladi. Vaqt o'tgani uchun hamma narsa "bir qadam uzoqlashadi".

Til-tarix fakti: "backshift" (zamon siljishi) — ingliz, nemis va boshqa Yevropa tillariga xos. O'zbek/rus tilida ko'chirma gapda zamon siljimaydi ("U charchadim dedi" — zamon o'zgarmaydi). Aynan shu sabab o'zbeklar reported speech'da xato qiladi: ingliz tili "vaqt mantiqini" gapga majburan singdiradi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-15 (reported gaplar): say/tell + backshift asoslari. Bugun to'liq + istisnolar + modallar.
• B1-16 (reported savol/buyruq): keyingi dars (B2-17) da chuqurlashtiriladi.
• B2-4 (future in the past): will would — bugun tizimda.
• B2-1 (zamonlar): Past Perfect (had + V3) — backshift natijasi.
• Tez mashq: "I am happy" (direct) He said he ___ happy (was).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Asosiy mexanizm — to'rt narsa o'zgaradi

Reported speech'ga aylantirishda bir vaqtda 4 narsa o'zgarishi mumkin:

1. ZAMON       bir qadam orqaga (backshift)
2. OLMOSH      I  he/she, you  I/they, we  they...
3. VAQT/JOY    now  then, today  that day, here  there...
4. KO'RSATISH  this  that, these  those

Direct:   "I will finish this report here today."
Reported: He said (that) he would finish that report there that day.
          Ihe  willwould  thisthat  herethere  todaythat day

3.2. ZAMON siljishi (backshift) — TO'LIQ jadval

Naqsh: har zamon "bir pog'ona pastga" tushadi. Lekin eng pastdagilar (Past Perfect, would, could, might, should) o'zgarmaydi — ortga surishga "joy yo'q".

3.3. MODALLAR siljishi (chuqur)

"I can swim."           She said she could swim.
"You must leave."       He said I had to leave.   (majburiyat)
"It must be true."      He said it must be true.   (xulosa — o'zgarmaydi)
"I would help."         She said she would help.   (o'zgarmaydi)

Ko'p e'tibordan chetda qoladigan modallar — mustn't va needn't. must had to naqshi hammaga ma'lum, lekin uning inkori boshqacha ishlaydi:

text

"You mustn't tell anyone."  She said I mustn't tell anyone.   (taqiq — o'zgarmaydi)
"You needn't wait."         He said I needn't wait / didn't need to wait.

mustn't (taqiq) siljimaydi — chunki inglizchada "hadn't to" degan shakl yo'q. needn't esa yo needn't holida qoladi, yo didn't need to ga aylanadi. Diqqat: must had to faqat tasdiq (majburiyat) uchun; taqiqni hech qachon had to ga aylantirmang.

3.4. VAQT va JOY so'zlari — TO'LIQ jadval

"I saw her yesterday."       He said he had seen her the day before.
"I'll call you tomorrow."    She said she would call me the next day.
"I live here now."           He said he lived there then.

3.5. OLMOSH va EGALIK o'zgarishi

"I love MY job."         She said she loved HER job.
"WE need YOUR help."     They said they needed MY help.
"YOU are late."          He told me I was late.

Olmosh kim kimga gapirayotganiga qarab o'zgaradi — mexanik emas, mantiqiy. Doim "kim aytdi, kim eshitdi" ni o'ylang.

3.6. say vs tell — eng ko'p xato

Boshqa reporting fe'llar: explain, mention, admit, reply, announce, claim, add, point out, complain, promise, warn — ko'pchiligi say kabi (odamsiz), lekin to sb qo'shsa bo'ladi: He explained (to me) that.... (B2-17 da chuqur.)

4. Backshift QILINMAYDIGAN holatlar (juda muhim — chuqur)

Backshift har doim majburiy emas. Quyidagi hollarda zamon o'zgarmaydi (yoki ixtiyoriy):

4.1. Umumiy haqiqat / hamisha rost

"The earth is round."  He said the earth is round.   (hali ham rost)
"Water boils at 100°."  She explained that water boils at 100°.

4.2. Hozir ham rost / yaqin o'tmishdagi gap

"I'm 25."  He said he's 25.   (hali ham 25 — siljitish shart emas)
"I love you."  He said he loves me.   (his hali davom etadi)

4.3. Reporting fe'l HOZIRGI zamonda

She says (that) she is busy.   (says — hozir  backshift yo'q)
The sign says the shop closes at 6.

4.4. Modal allaqachon "past" shaklda

"I would help."  He said he would help.   (would o'zgarmaydi)

4.5. 2nd/3rd conditional, wish — o'zgarmaydi

"If I were rich, I'd travel."  She said if she were rich, she'd travel.
"I wish I knew."  He said he wished he knew.

Tamoyil: backshift "gapirilgan vaqt o'tdi" degani. Agar gap hali ham amal qilsa (rost, his davom etsa), uni siljitmaslik tabiiyroq. Ekzamenda esa siljitilgan shakl ham, siljitilmagan ham (mantiq to'g'ri bo'lsa) qabul qilinadi.

5. Ko'p misollar — har zamonda (direct reported)

"I work hard."             He said he worked hard.
"I'm studying."           She said she was studying.
"I've finished."          He said he had finished.
"I saw it."               She said she had seen it.
"I was sleeping."         He said he had been sleeping.
"I had eaten."            She said she had eaten. (o'zgarmaydi)
"I will go."              He said he would go.
"I can drive."            She said she could drive.
"I must go."              He said he had to go.
"I may be late."          She said she might be late.
UMUMIY HAQIQAT:
"The sun rises in the east."  He said the sun rises in the east.

6. Holat/case yechimlari (kengaytirilgan)

1. "U: 'Men charchadim' dedi."

• He said (that) he was tired. (Present Past).
• He said me... (say + odam = xato).

2. "U menga: 'Kecha sizni ko'rdim' dedi."

• He told me (that) he had seen me the day before.
• told me (tell + odam), saw had seen, yesterday the day before, you me.

3. "U: 'Ertaga qo'ng'iroq qilaman' dedi."

• She said she would call me the next day. (will would, tomorrow the next day).

4. "U: 'Yer dumaloq' dedi." (umumiy haqiqat)

• He said the earth is round. (siljimaydi — hamisha rost).

5. "U: 'Borishim kerak' dedi." (majburiyat)

• He said he had to go. (must had to).

6. "U: 'Bu rost bo'lsa kerak' dedi." (xulosa-must)

• He said it must be true. (xulosa-must o'zgarmaydi).

7. "Onam: 'Men seni yaxshi ko'raman' dedi." (his davom etadi)

• My mum said she loves/loved me. (ikkalasi to'g'ri — his hali bor).

8. "U: 'Boy bo'lsam, sayohat qilardim' dedi." (2nd conditional)

• He said if he were rich, he would travel. (conditional o'zgarmaydi).

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya (reporting fe'llari)

Tayyor iboralar:

• He said something along the lines of... — U taxminan shunday dedi: ...
• She made it clear that... — U ... ekanini aniq aytdi.
• To paraphrase what he said, ... — Uning gapini boshqacha aytsam, ...
• Word for word, she said... — So'zma-so'z, u dedi: ...

8. Dialog (reported speech tabiiy)

A: Did you talk to the manager? B: Yeah. She said the project was behind schedule, and she told me I had to work faster. A: Ouch. Did she explain why? B: She explained that the client had changed the requirements. She also mentioned that the deadline would be moved to Friday. A: So what did you say? B: I admitted that I was struggling, but I pointed out that no one had told me about the changes. She agreed and promised she would keep me informed. A: Sounds fair. Anything else? B: She added that if I needed help, I should just ask. Honestly, I wish I had spoken to her earlier.

Tahlil: said the project was (PresentPast), told me I had to (musthad to), explained the client had changed (PastPast Perfect), mentioned the deadline would be moved (willwould passive), admitted I was, pointed out no one had told (backshift), promised she would, added I should (o'zgarmaydi), wish I had spoken (B2-8). To'liq tizim — chuqur.

9. O'qish — graded matn (kengaytirilgan)

The misunderstanding

When Daniel got home, his wife asked him how the meeting had gone. He said it had been a disaster.

Apparently, his boss had announced that the company was restructuring. She explained that several roles would be cut, and she told the team that everyone had to reapply for their jobs. Daniel admitted that he had panicked.

"But here's the strange part," he said. "Afterwards, a colleague mentioned that the boss had actually said the opposite — that no one would lose their job, and that the company was simply growing. I had misheard the whole thing."

His wife laughed and pointed out that he always assumed the worst. She added that he should listen more carefully. Daniel agreed — and promised that next time, he would ask questions before panicking. He also said, with a smile, that he wished he had married someone less right all the time.

Savollar: (1) Matndan 3 ta backshift (zamon siljishi) misolini toping. (2) "everyone had to reapply" — had to qaysi modaldan kelgan? (3) "he wished he had married" — nega bu o'zgarmaydi?

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri) — kengaytirilgan

Asosiy tuzoqlar (3 ta): (1) say (odamsiz) vs tell sb (odam shart); (2) backshift (zamon bir qadam orqaga); (3) vaqt/joy/olmosh mos o'zgaradi.

11. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar

Bu bo'lim — B2 dan C1 ga ko'prik: reported speech haqida ingichka faktlar.

(a) "that" tushishi. He said (that) he was tired — that deyarli doim tushirilishi mumkin (norasmiy). Rasmiy yozuvda saqlanadi. Lekin explain, point out, reply dan keyin that ko'pincha saqlanadi.

(b) Reporting fe'l Past bo'lsa ham, hozir rost gap siljimasligi mumkin. He told me he's vegetarian — agar u hali ham vegetarian bo'lsa, is qoldirilishi tabiiy.

(c) "would" ikki manba: reported'dagi would (1) will dan ("I will" he said he would) yoki (2) allaqachon would bo'lgan ("I would" he said he would). Kontekst ajratadi.

(d) Past Continuous ko'pincha siljimaydi. "I was watching TV" He said he was watching TV (Past Continuous ko'pincha qoladi, had been watching ham mumkin).

(e) "ago" "before/previously": "two days ago" two days before / two days previously.

(f) Question word order. Reported savolda gap darak gap tartibida bo'ladi (B2-17): "Where do you live?" He asked where I lived (do yo'q, lived — darak tartibi).

(g) Imperative to-infinitive. "Sit down!" He told me to sit down. "Don't move!" He told me not to move. (B2-17).

(h) Tense "harmony" — adabiy. Yozuvda butun paragraf reported bo'lsa, zamonlar izchil "o'tmish"da turadi — bu matnga yagona ohang beradi (B2-2 narrative bilan bog'liq).

C1 ko'prik: professional yozuvda reporting fe'lni aniq tanlash (just "said" emas) — acknowledged, conceded, asserted, maintained, observed — fikrni nozik bo'yaydi. (LUGAT B2-1 reporting fe'llari.)

12. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. Reported speech'ga aylantiring:

1. "I am learning English." She said ___
2. "We have finished the project." They said ___
3. "I saw him last week." He said ___
4. "I will help you tomorrow." She told me ___
5. "You must be quiet." The teacher told us ___
6. "I can't swim." He said ___
7. "The meeting is at 3." She said ___ (hozir ham amal qiladi)

B. say yoki tell?

1. He ___ me that he was busy.
2. She ___ that she would come.
3. They ___ us a funny story.
4. He ___ to me that it was late.

C. Xatoni tuzating:

1. He said me he was tired.
2. She told that she had finished.
3. He said he will arrive tomorrow.
4. They said they are very happy (gapirilgan payt o'tgan).

D. Production: Yaqinda kimdir aytgan 4 ta gapni reported speech bilan yetkazing (turli reporting fe'l: said, told me, explained, mentioned).

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: suhbatni reported speech bilan qayta hikoya qilish. Vazifa: "A conversation I had recently" — 8 gaplik hikoya (kimdir bilan suhbatingizni reported speech'da). Mezon: (1) kamida 5 ta backshift (turli zamon); (2) say va tell to'g'ri; (3) 1 ta vaqt so'zi o'zgarishi (yesterdaythe day before...); (4) 1 ta umumiy haqiqat (siljimaydigan); (5) kamida 3 xil reporting fe'l.

13. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. she was learning English · 2. they had finished the project · 3. he had seen him the week before · 4. she would help me the next day · 5. we had to be quiet · 6. he couldn't swim · 7. the meeting is/was at 3

B: 1. told · 2. said · 3. told · 4. said

C: 1. He told me / said he was tired · 2. She said that / told me that she had finished · 3. He said he would arrive the next day · 4. They said they were very happy

O'qish: (1) had been a disaster, had announced, was restructuring, would be cut, had to reapply, had panicked, had misheard (har qaysi 3 tasi) · (2) must (majburiyat) had to · (3) wish + Past Perfect — noreal/afsus tuzilmasi backshift'dan tashqari (B2-8), o'zgarmaydi.

Tez ma'lumotnoma

REPORTED SPEECH — 4 o'zgarish:
  1. ZAMON: bir qadam orqaga (amwas, workworked, sawhad seen, willwould)
  2. OLMOSH: Ihe/she, youI/they (mantiqan)
  3. VAQT/JOY: nowthen, todaythat day, yesterdaythe day before, herethere
  4. KO'RSATISH: thisthat, thesethose

MODAL: cancould, maymight, must(majburiyat)had to, willwould
       (could/would/might/should/must-xulosa  O'ZGARMAYDI)

 say (odamsiz) ≠ tell SB (odam shart) — say me 
 BACKSHIFT YO'Q: umumiy haqiqat, hozir rost his, reporting fe'l hozir, conditional/wish

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B1-15/16 (reported kirish), B2-4 (future in the past), B2-2 (narrative).
• Keyingi: B2-17 (Reported savol/buyruq + reporting verbs + pattern — chuqur).
• Aloqador: B2-15 (passive reporting), LUGAT B2-1/C1-1 (reporting fe'llari).

Manba

Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 47–50); Swan Practical English Usage (reported speech, backshift); Cambridge B2 First & Advanced; Quirk A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (indirect speech); Oxford Practical English Usage.