B2 — 11-dars: Semi-modallar (be supposed to, be bound to, had better, dare, need)

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 11-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Asosiy modallarni (can, must, should, will...) bilasiz. Lekin ingliz tilida "yarim-modallar" (semi-modals) ham bor — modal kabi ishlaydigan, lekin maxsus ma'no va shaklga ega iboralar: be supposed to, be bound to, be likely to, had better, dare, need. Bular kundalik nutqda juda ko'p uchraydi va ko'pincha asosiy modal bera olmaydigan nozik ma'noni beradi.

Masalan, must "majburiyat" beradi, lekin be supposed to "kutilmoqda/qoidaga ko'ra (lekin balki bo'lmas)" deydi: "You must wear a seatbelt" (qonun) ≠ "You're supposed to wear a tie" (kutilyapti, lekin majbur emas). Bu nozikliklar — B2 ravonligining belgisi.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Kutish/qoida: "You're supposed to check in two hours early."
• Muqarrarlik: "If you don't sleep, you're bound to feel tired."
• Kuchli ogohlantirish: "You'd better apologise before it's too late."
• Jur'at: "How dare you talk to me like that!"

ASOSIY tushuncha — yarim-modallar "be + ... + to" yoki maxsus shaklda. Ular asosiy modallardan farqli o'laroq zamonga moslashadi (was supposed to, will be able to):

Yarim-modal	Ma'no	Tuzilma
be supposed to	kutilmoqda / qoidaga ko'ra	am/is/are supposed to + V1
be bound to	albatta, muqarrar	am/is/are bound to + V1
be likely to	ehtimol	am/is/are likely to + V1
had better	yaxshisi (ogohlantirish)	'd better + V1
dare	jur'at etmoq	dare (to) + V1
need	kerak bo'lmoq	need to / needn't + V1

O'xshatish — "yordamchi mutaxassislar": asosiy modallar = umumiy shifokorlar (can, must). Yarim-modallar = tor mutaxassislar: be supposed to (kutish bo'yicha), be bound to (muqarrarlik bo'yicha), had better (ogohlantirish bo'yicha). Har biri o'z sohasida aniqroq.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-18 (had better / would rather / be supposed to kirish): bugun chuqurroq + bound/likely/dare/need.
• A2-33 (be able to): will/have been able to — zamon bo'yicha modal.
• B2-8 (would rather): afzallik. Bugun yarim-modallar oilasida.
• Tez mashq: "Yaxshisi ketsangiz" You'd ___ go (better).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. be supposed to — kutilmoqda / qoidaga ko'ra

(a) Qoida/majburiyat (lekin "must" emas — yumshoqroq):

You're supposed to wear a uniform. (kiyish kerak — qoida)
We're not supposed to use phones in class. (ruxsat yo'q)

(b) Kutilgan/rejalashtirilgan:

The train is supposed to arrive at 6. (kelishi kerak edi)
I'm supposed to meet him at noon. (uchrashishim kerak)

(c) Aytiladigan/mashhur (= it is said):

This restaurant is supposed to be excellent. (yaxshi deyishadi)

was supposed to — ko'pincha "kerak edi, lekin bo'lmadi": I was supposed to call her, but I forgot. (afsus — B2-4 future in the past bilan bog'liq).

3.2. be bound to — muqarrar, albatta

He works so hard — he's bound to succeed. (albatta muvaffaqiyat qozonadi)
If you lie, you're bound to get caught. (albatta qo'lga tushasiz)

be bound to = "100% muqarrar, tabiiy natija". will definitely bilan bir xil, lekin tabiiy/mantiqiy muqarrarlikni urg'ulaydi.

3.3. be likely / unlikely to — ehtimol

Prices are likely to rise next year. (ko'tarilishi ehtimol)
She's unlikely to agree. (rozi bo'lmasligi ehtimol)
It's likely (that) it will rain. (that bilan ham)

Shakl: be likely to + V1 yoki It's likely that + gap.

3.4. had better — kuchli maslahat/ogohlantirish

You'd better leave now, or you'll miss the train. (yaxshisi ketsangiz — aks holda...)
We'd better not be late. (inkor: had better NOT + V1)
You'd better hurry! (ogohlantirish — yomon oqibat bor)

had better qoidalari:

• Shakl: had better + V1 (to siz!). had (past shakl), lekin ma'no hozir/kelajak.
• Inkor: had better not (NOT hadn't better).
• Ma'no: should dan kuchliroq — "aks holda yomon bo'ladi" tahdidi/ogohlantirishi bor.
• Faqat aniq vaziyat uchun (umumiy maslahat should): You should exercise (umumiy) vs You'd better see a doctor (hozir, jiddiy).

3.5. dare — jur'at etmoq (modal + leksik)

(a) Modal (inkor/savol — to siz):

I daren't tell him the truth. (aytishga jur'atim yo'q)
How dare you! (qanday jur'at qilyapsiz!)
Dare she ask? (so'rashga jur'ati bormi?)

(b) Leksik (oddiy fe'l — to bilan):

I don't dare (to) ask. (so'rashga jur'atim yetmaydi)
She didn't dare (to) move.

dare ikki yo'l bilan: modal (daren't, dare you) yoki oddiy fe'l (don't dare to). How dare you! — qotib qolgan ibora (g'azab).

3.6. need — modal (needn't) yoki leksik (don't need to)

(a) Modal — needn't (inkorda):

You needn't worry. (xavotirlanishingiz shart emas — modal, to siz)
Need I say more? (rasmiy savol)

(b) Leksik — need to / don't need to:

You don't need to come. (kelishingiz shart emas)
I need to finish this. (tugatishim kerak)

Ijobiyda odatda need to (leksik): I need to go. Inkorda ikkalasi: needn't go (modal) = don't need to go (leksik). needn't have V3 — B2-10 ni eslang.

4. Native nozikliklari va qo'shimcha qoidalar

• be supposed to talaffuzi: ko'pincha "suppose-to" /səˈpəʊstə/ — d eshitilmaydi.
• had better — odatda 'd better: You'd better..., og'zaki ba'zan "you better" (norasmiy).
• be bound to vs be likely to: bound = muqarrar (99%); likely = ehtimol (70%).
• be due to (B2-3) — yarim-modal sifatida: The flight is due to land at 9. (belgilangan).
• be meant to = be supposed to (mashhur/kutilgan): It's meant to be a good film.
• dare say: I dare say you're right = "ehtimol haqsiz" (rasmiy ibora).
• was/were supposed to = tanbeh: o'tgan shakl ko'pincha "kutilgandek bo'lmadi" tanqidini beradi: You were supposed to lock the door! (lekin qulflamadingiz — ayblov). It was supposed to be easy (lekin qiyin bo'ldi).
• need modal sifatida faqat inkor/savolda: needn't, Need I...? — bor; lekin ijobiy gapda modal need ishlatilmaydi ( I need go), faqat need to: I need to go.
• had better — yuqoriga nisbatan ehtiyot: had better da ogohlantirish/tahdid ohangi bor, shuning uchun rahbar yoki katta yoshli kishiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aytilmaydi (qo'pol tuyuladi) — bunday holatda should yoki might want to yumshoqroq.

5. Ko'p misollar

SUPPOSED TO:  You're supposed to book in advance. / It was supposed to be sunny.
BOUND TO:     With that talent, she's bound to go far.
LIKELY TO:    The deal is likely to fall through.
HAD BETTER:   You'd better save your work before it crashes.
DARE:         I daren't look at my exam results. / How dare he!
NEED:         You needn't apologise. / I need to leave by five.

6. Holat/case yechimlari

1. "Forma kiyish kerak (qoida)."

• You're supposed to wear a uniform. (qoida — yumshoq).
• You must wear... — kuchliroq (qat'iy qoida/qonun).

2. "U albatta yutadi." (muqarrar)

• He's bound to win.

3. "Yaxshisi hoziroq ketsangiz." (ogohlantirish)

• You'd better leave now. (aks holda yomon bo'ladi).
• You'd better to leave. (to siz!).

4. "Unga rost gapni aytishga jur'atim yo'q."

• I daren't tell him the truth. / I don't dare to tell him.

5. "Xavotirlanishingiz shart emas."

• You needn't worry. / You don't need to worry. (ikkalasi to'g'ri).

6. "Uchrashishimiz kerak edi, lekin u kelmadi."

• We were supposed to meet, but he didn't show up.

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya

Tayyor iboralar:

• You're supposed to..., aren't you? — ... kerak edi-ku?
• It's bound to work out. — Albatta yaxshi bo'ladi.
• You'd better not... — Yaxshisi ... qilmasangiz.
• There's no need to worry. — Xavotirlanishga hojat yo'q.

8. Dialog

A: We're supposed to be there by nine. It's already 8:30. B: Then we'd better get moving. The traffic is bound to be terrible. A: I daren't think what the boss will say if we're late again. B: Relax. We're likely to make it if we leave now. You needn't panic. A: Easy for you to say. You're supposed to give the presentation, not me! B: True. I'm bound to be nervous, but I've prepared well. It's meant to go fine. A: Well, you'd better not forget the slides. B: I won't. Honestly, after all this stress, we deserve a holiday — and we're due one!

Tahlil: supposed to be (kutilgan), had better get moving (ogohlantirish), bound to be (muqarrar), daren't think (jur'at), likely to make it (ehtimol), needn't panic (shart emas), meant to go (kutilgan), due one (belgilangan/haqli). Butun yarim-modal oilasi.

9. O'qish — graded matn

Office etiquette

Every workplace has unwritten rules. You're supposed to arrive on time, but you're also supposed to look busy even when you're not. New employees who ignore these rules are bound to struggle.

Take lunch, for example. You needn't eat at your desk, but if everyone else does, you'd better follow the crowd — or you're likely to seem antisocial.

And email? You're meant to reply within a day. Wait too long, and people are bound to assume you're ignoring them. You daren't leave the boss's message unanswered overnight.

The truth is, these rules are rarely written down. But break them, and you're bound to find out — usually the hard way.

Savollar: (1) Matndan 3 ta "be bound to" toping. (2) "you'd better follow the crowd" — bu maslahatmi yoki ogohlantirishmi? (3) "You needn't eat at your desk" ma'nosi?

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri)

Asosiy tuzoqlar: (1) had better + V1 (to siz), inkor better not; (2) be supposed/bound/likely to + V1; (3) needn't + V1 (to siz).

11. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. To'g'ri yarim-modalni qo'ying (supposed to / bound to / likely to / had better / needn't):

1. You ___ wear a helmet on a building site (qoida).
2. Hurry up — we ___ miss the bus if we don't run! (... or)
3. With his experience, he ___ get the job (muqarrar).
4. You ___ worry — everything is under control (shart emas).
5. The weather ___ improve by the weekend (ehtimol).

B. dare yoki need — to'g'ri shaklni tanlang:

1. I ___ (not / dare) tell her the news. (modal)
2. You ___ (not / need) bring anything — just yourself.
3. How ___ you speak to me like that!

C. Xatoni tuzating:

1. You'd better to apologise.
2. He's bound win the race.
3. You needn't to worry about it.
4. I'm supposed meet her at five.

D. Production: Ish yoki maktab haqida 4 gap — be supposed to, had better, be bound to, needn't dan kamida 3 tasini ishlatib.

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: yarim-modallar bilan kutish/ogohlantirish/muqarrarlikni ifodalash. Vazifa: "The unwritten rules of my workplace/school" — 6 gaplik paragraf. Mezon: (1) 2 ta be supposed to; (2) 1 ta had better (ogohlantirish); (3) 1 ta be bound to yoki be likely to; (4) 1 ta needn't; (5) barcha shakllar to/V1 to'g'ri.

12. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. are supposed to · 2. 're bound to (yoki 'll) · 3. is bound to · 4. needn't · 5. is likely to

B: 1. daren't · 2. don't need to · 3. dare

C: 1. You'd better apologise · 2. He's bound to win · 3. You needn't worry · 4. I'm supposed to meet her

O'qish: (1) are bound to struggle, are bound to assume, you're bound to find out · (2) ogohlantirish (aks holda antisotsial ko'rinasiz) · (3) "stolda ovqatlanishingiz shart emas" (lekin mumkin).

Tez ma'lumotnoma

YARIM-MODALLAR:
  be supposed to + V1   kutilmoqda / qoidaga ko'ra (was supposed to = bo'lmadi)
  be bound to + V1      muqarrar (~99%)
  be likely to + V1     ehtimol (~70%)  | unlikely to = dargumon
  had better + V1       kuchli ogohlantirish (inkor: better NOT)
  dare (to) + V1        jur'at (daren't / don't dare to)
  need: needn't + V1    shart emas (= don't need to)

 had better + V1 (to YO'Q!), inkor: 'd better NOT
 supposed/bound/likely + TO + V1
 needn't + V1 (to YO'Q)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B1-18 (had better/supposed to kirish), B2-9/10 (modallar), A2-33 (be able to).
• Keyingi: B2-12 (Passive to'liq — barcha zamonlarda).
• Lug'at: [LUGAT/41-JADVAL-zamonlar-modallar.md].

Manba

Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 34–36, 65); Swan Practical English Usage (modals, semi-modals); Cambridge B2 First; Oxford Practical English Usage.