B2 — 18-dars: Relative clauses — defining/non-defining to'liq

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 18-dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Yaxshi ingliz tili — bu qisqa, uzuq-yuluq gaplar emas, balki bog'langan, oqib turuvchi gaplar. Ikki sodda gapni bitta silliq gapga aylantiruvchi vosita — relative clauses (nisbiy ergash gaplar): "This is the man. He helped me." "This is the man who helped me."

O'zbekchada bu "sifatdosh oborot" yoki "...gan kishi" tarzida beriladi: "menga yordam bergan kishi". Lekin ingliz tili buni who/which/that/where/whose kabi nisbiy olmoshlar bilan, gapdan keyin qo'yib yasaydi — bu tartib o'zbek tilidan teskari, shuning uchun mashq talab qiladi.

B1-da (20/21-darslar) relative clauses'ga kirdingiz. B2-da uni to'liq, chuqur va nozikliklari bilan mustahkamlaymiz: defining vs non-defining (vergulning ma'no o'zgartiruvchi roli), olmosh tushishi, predloglar, whose, va which butun gapga ishora qilishi. Bu — yozuv sifatini oshiradigan, IELTS band 7 ga olib chiqadigan mavzu.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Tavsif: "She's the colleague who taught me everything."
• Akademik: "The theory, which was proposed in 1905, changed physics."
• Texnik: "This is the function that handles authentication."
• Aniqlik: "The report (that) I sent yesterday needs revising."

ASOSIY tushuncha — ikki tur, ikki vazifa:

Tur	Vazifa	Vergul	"that"
Defining	KERAKLI ma'lumot — qaysi birini aniqlaydi	vergulsiz	mumkin
Non-defining	QO'SHIMCHA ma'lumot — olib tashlasa ham ma'no buzilmaydi	vergul bilan	that mumkin emas

The man who lives next door is a doctor. (qaysi odam — aniqlaydi, defining) My father, who lives next door, is a doctor. (otam — qo'shimcha, non-defining)

O'xshatish — "yorliq vs izoh": defining relative clause — kitobdagi yorliq (qaysi kitob ekanini aytadi, olib tashlasa topolmaysiz). Non-defining — kitob ichidagi izoh-eslatma (qiziq, lekin olib tashlasa ham kitob tushunarli). Vergullar — bu "izoh"ni qavs ichiga olgandek ajratadi.

Til fakti: ingliz nisbiy olmoshi (who/which) — ergash gapni ot-dan keyin qo'yadi (head noun + clause). O'zbek tili esa ot-dan oldin ("yordam bergan kishi"). Bu "yo'nalish farqi" o'zbeklar uchun eng katta qiyinchilik: ingliz tilida fikr "ot keyin tafsilot" tartibida quriladi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-20 (defining relative): who/which/that/where/whose. Bugun chuqur + predlog.
• B1-21 (non-defining + reduced): vergulli. Bugun mustahkamlash + which butun gapga.
• B2-13 (participle): reduced relative bilan bog'liq (keyingi darsda).
• Tez mashq: "The book ___ I bought" (which/that yoki bo'sh). "The woman ___ car is red" (whose).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Nisbiy olmoshlar — to'liq jadval

3.2. Defining relative clause — kerakli ma'lumot

The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
The phone that I bought is amazing.
This is the house where I grew up.

Vergulsiz — chunki bu ma'lumot gapni to'ldiradi (qaysi ayol? qaysi telefon?). Olib tashlasangiz, ma'no noaniq qoladi.

3.3. Object olmoshining TUSHISHI (defining)

Agar nisbiy olmosh obyekt bo'lsa (ega emas), uni tushirsa bo'ladi:

The film (that/which) I watched was great.    obyekt  tushadi
The man (who/that) I met is a lawyer.          obyekt  tushadi

Qachon tushadi, qachon yo'q?

• Obyekt bo'lsa tushadi: The book (that) I read. (I read it — it = obyekt).
• Ega bo'lsa tushmaydi: The man who called me. (he called — he = ega). Tekshirish: olmoshdan keyin ega kelsa (I, he, we) obyekt tushirsa bo'ladi. Olmoshdan keyin fe'l kelsa ega tushmaydi.

3.4. Non-defining relative clause — qo'shimcha ma'lumot

My brother, who lives in London, is a teacher.
The Eiffel Tower, which was built in 1889, is iconic.
Tashkent, where I was born, is the capital.

Vergul bilan — chunki bu ma'lumot qo'shimcha (otam/Eyfel allaqachon aniq). Olib tashlasangiz ham asosiy ma'no qoladi. MUHIM qoidalar (non-defining):

1. that ISHLATILMAYDI: My brother, that lives... who lives.
2. Olmosh TUSHMAYDI (hatto obyekt bo'lsa ham): My car, which I bought last year, ...
3. Doim vergul (yoki tire/qavs).

3.5. Vergul MA'NONI o'zgartiradi (juda muhim!)

DEFINING (vergulsiz):
My sister who lives in Paris is a doctor.
 Bir nechta opa-singlim bor; PARIJDAGISI shifokor.

NON-DEFINING (vergulli):
My sister, who lives in Paris, is a doctor.
 Menda BITTA opa-singil bor; u Parijda yashaydi (qo'shimcha).

Vergul — shunchaki tinish belgisi emas, ma'no farqi! Defining = "qaysi birini" tanlaydi; non-defining = "bitta narsa haqida qo'shimcha".

3.6. Predloglar relative clause'da (rasmiy vs norasmiy)

NORASMIY (predlog oxirda, olmosh tushadi):
The man (who) I spoke to is the boss.
The house (which) we live in is old.

RASMIY (predlog + whom/which oldinda):
The man to whom I spoke is the boss.
The house in which we live is old.

who whom predlogdan keyin (rasmiy): the person to whom I wrote. Norasmiy nutqda predlog oxirda qoladi: the person (who) I wrote to.

3.7. whose — egalik (kimning)

The author whose book won the prize is here.
I met a man whose car had been stolen.

whose = "kimning" — odam va narsaga (ba'zan): a company whose profits doubled.

3.8. which — butun gapga ishora (non-defining)

He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.
She arrived late, which annoyed the manager.

Bu yerda which bitta otga emas, butun oldingi gapga ishora qiladi ("u imtihondan o'tdi" — buning o'zi hammani hayratga soldi). Doim vergul bilan.

4. Native nozikliklari va qo'shimcha qoidalar

• that vs who/which (defining): ikkalasi to'g'ri, lekin that og'zaki/norasmiyroq; who/which yozma/rasmiyroq. The man that/who called.
• "the reason why" "the reason (that)" / "the reason": the reason (why) he left — why ko'pincha tushadi.
• where vs which + preposition: the house where I live = the house in which I live = the house (which) I live in.
• Non-defining + quantifier: I have three brothers, all of whom are doctors. / ...many of which were broken. (B2-19).
• Reduced relative (B2-20 ko'prik): The man standing there (= who is standing); the letter sent yesterday (= which was sent).
• "what" = "the thing that": What I need is rest (= the thing that I need). Bu — relative emas, lekin yaqin (nominal relative).

5. Ko'p misollar (defining vs non-defining)

DEFINING (vergulsiz, that mumkin, obyekt tushadi):
- The keys (that) I lost were expensive.
- People who smoke risk their health.
- The restaurant where we ate was lovely.

NON-DEFINING (vergulli, that yo'q, olmosh tushmaydi):
- My laptop, which I bought last week, has crashed.
- Einstein, who was born in 1879, revolutionised physics.
- We visited Rome, where we stayed for a week.

WHICH (butun gapga):
- He forgot my birthday, which upset me.

6. Holat/case yechimlari (kengaytirilgan)

1. "Menga yordam bergan ayol shifokor."

• The woman who helped me is a doctor. (ega who tushmaydi).

2. "Men sotib olgan telefon ajoyib."

• The phone (that) I bought is amazing. (obyekt tushsa bo'ladi).

3. "Otam, Londonda yashaydigan, o'qituvchi." (bitta otam)

• My father, who lives in London, is a teacher. (non-defining, vergul, that yo'q).

4. Vergul farqini ko'ring:

• My friend who speaks French will translate. (bir nechta do'st — fransuz tilini bilgani).
• My friend, who speaks French, will translate. (bitta do'st — qo'shimcha ma'lumot).

5. "Men gaplashgan odam — boshliq." (rasmiy/norasmiy)

• Norasmiy: The man (who) I spoke to is the boss.
• Rasmiy: The man to whom I spoke is the boss.

6. "Mashinasi o'g'irlangan odam." (egalik)

• The man whose car was stolen. (whose — kimning).

7. "U kech keldi, bu meni bezovta qildi." (butun gapga)

• He arrived late, which annoyed me. (which butun gap).

8. "Men tug'ilgan shahar."

• The city where I was born. / ...in which I was born / ...(which) I was born in.

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya

Tayyor iboralar:

• This is the kind of thing that... — Bu shunday narsaki, ...
• There are people who... — Shunday odamlar borki, ...
• It's a situation in which... — Bu shunday vaziyatki, unda ...

8. Dialog

A: So, tell me about your new team. B: Well, there's Sarah, who's been here for ten years and who knows everything. A: Sounds useful. B: Definitely. Then there's the project that we're working on — it's the one (which) I told you about last week. A: The app, right? The one whose launch keeps getting delayed? B: Exactly. Our manager, who is usually very calm, lost his temper yesterday, which shocked everyone. A: Wow. Why? B: Because a client, whose account is worth millions, threatened to leave — which, as you can imagine, put us all under pressure. It's a situation (that) nobody wants to be in.

Tahlil: Sarah, who's been... who knows (non-defining), the project that we're working on (defining), (which) I told you about (obyekt tushadi), the one whose launch (whose), our manager, who is... which shocked everyone (non-defining + which butun gapga), a client, whose account... which put us... (whose + which). To'liq tizim.

9. O'qish — graded matn (kengaytirilgan)

The house that built a family

The old house, which had stood empty for years, finally found a buyer. The woman who bought it, Mrs. Carter, was an architect whose dream had always been to restore something historic.

The first room (that) she renovated was the kitchen, where the previous family had once gathered. She kept the fireplace, which was original, and the wooden floor, (which) she had polished by hand.

Neighbours, many of whom had known the old owners, often stopped by. One of them, an elderly man whose grandfather had built the house, told her stories that brought the walls to life.

By the time the work was finished — by which time two years had passed — the house had become something (that) money couldn't buy: a home in which memories, old and new, lived side by side.

Savollar: (1) Defining va non-defining gaplarni ajrating (vergulga qarab). (2) "many of whom" — bu kimga ishora qiladi? (3) "by which time" ma'nosi? (4) Matndan obyekt olmoshi tushgan 2 ta misol toping.

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri) — kengaytirilgan

Asosiy tuzoqlar (4 ta): (1) odam=who, narsa=which, egalik=whose; (2) non-defining = vergul + that yo'q + olmosh tushmaydi; (3) obyekt olmoshini takrorlamang (who I met him ); (4) where = in which, predlogni takrorlamang.

11. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar

B2 dan C1 ga ko'prik.

(a) "that" qachon AFZAL? Superlativ, all/everything/nothing/only, va aralash (odam+narsa) dan keyin that tabiiyroq: the best film that I've seen, everything that matters, the people and places that I love.

(b) Obyekt tushishi — faqat DEFINING. Non-defining'da olmosh hech qachon tushmaydi: My car, which I love, ... (which majburiy).

(c) "whom" — yo'qolib borayotgan. Rasmiy/yozma: the candidate whom we selected. Og'zaki: the candidate (who/that) we selected yoki olmoshsiz. Predlogdan keyin whom hali ham kuchli: to whom, with whom.

(d) Non-defining = "qavs/tire" o'rnini bosadi. Einstein (born 1879) ... = Einstein, who was born in 1879, .... Yozuvda tinish belgisi tanlovi.

(e) "which" + quantifier (B2-19 ko'prik): He gave three reasons, none of which convinced me. / ...the last of which was absurd. — rasmiy, nafis.

(f) Nominal relative ("what/whatever/whoever"): What he said was true (= the thing that). Whoever wins gets a prize. Bu — head noun-siz relative.

(g) "where/when/why" o'rniga "that"/bo'sh: the day (that) we met = the day when we met; the place (that) we stayed = the place where we stayed. Norasmiy nutqda that/bo'sh ko'p.

(h) Ohang (intonatsiya). Og'zaki nutqda non-defining clause pauza bilan aytiladi (vergul = pauza). Defining — pauzasiz, bir nafasda. Ohang ma'noni ko'rsatadi.

(i) Fe'lning kelishuvi — "one of the ... who". Relative clause ichidagi fe'l who/which ishora qilayotgan otga mos keladi, oldingi so'zga emas. One of the students who work here — work (ko'plik), chunki who students (ko'plik), onega emas. Solishtiring: He is the only one of the students who works hard — bu yerda only one ta'kidlanadi, shuning uchun works (birlik). Bu — IELTS va Cambridge imtihonlarida tez-tez sinaladigan nozik nuqta: a person who speaks... (birlik) vs people who speak... (ko'plik).

C1 ko'prik: murakkab akademik gaplarda zanjirli relative clause (..., which..., whose..., in which...) fikrni zich va aniq qiladi — lekin ortiqchasi o'qishni qiyinlashtiradi. Mutanosiblik — mahorat.

12. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. To'g'ri olmoshni qo'ying (who/which/that/whose/where) yoki "—" (tushadi):

1. The man ___ lives next door is friendly.
2. The book ___ I borrowed was boring.
3. That's the woman ___ son won the prize.
4. This is the café ___ we first met.
5. My phone, ___ I bought last month, is broken.
6. He didn't call, ___ worried me.

B. Defining yoki non-defining? Vergul qo'ying (kerak bo'lsa):

1. My brother who is a doctor lives abroad. (bitta aka)
2. Students who cheat will be punished.
3. The Mona Lisa which is in Paris is famous.

C. Ikki gapni birlashtiring:

1. This is the house. I grew up in it.
2. She's the teacher. Her lessons changed my life.
3. He lost the match. It disappointed his fans.

D. Production: O'zingiz tanigan 4 ta odam/joy/narsani relative clause bilan ta'riflang (kamida 1 non-defining + 1 whose + 1 where).

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: gaplarni relative clause bilan bog'lab, silliq qilish. Vazifa: "A person/place that means a lot to me" — 7 gaplik paragraf. Mezon: (1) 2 ta defining (1 tasida obyekt olmoshi tushadi); (2) 2 ta non-defining (vergul, that yo'q); (3) 1 ta whose; (4) 1 ta which butun gapga; (5) vergullar to'g'ri (ma'noga mos).

13. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. who/that · 2. (—) / which / that · 3. whose · 4. where · 5. which (non-defining) · 6. which

B: 1. My brother, who is a doctor, lives abroad. (vergul — bitta aka, qo'shimcha) · 2. Students who cheat will be punished. (vergulsiz — qaysi talabalar) · 3. The Mona Lisa, which is in Paris, is famous. (vergul — bitta, qo'shimcha)

C: 1. This is the house where I grew up / (which) I grew up in · 2. She's the teacher whose lessons changed my life · 3. He lost the match, which disappointed his fans

O'qish: (1) Defining: who bought it, (that) she renovated, that brought... life, (that) money couldn't buy, in which memories... ; Non-defining: which had stood empty, whose dream..., which was original, (which) she had polished, many of whom, whose grandfather... · (2) qo'shnilarga (neighbours) · (3) "o'shanda / o'sha vaqtga kelib" · (4) (that) she renovated, (which) she had polished, (that) money couldn't buy.

Tez ma'lumotnoma

NISBIY OLMOSHLAR:  who (odam) · which (narsa) · that (defining)
                   whose (egalik) · where (joy) · when (vaqt) · why (sabab)

DEFINING (kerakli ma'lumot):
  - VERGULSIZ · that mumkin · OBYEKT olmoshi TUSHADI
  - The book (that) I read.

NON-DEFINING (qo'shimcha ma'lumot):
  - VERGUL bilan · that MUMKIN EMAS · olmosh TUSHMAYDI
  - My car, which I love, ...

 Vergul MA'NONI o'zgartiradi (qaysi biri vs qo'shimcha)
 obyekt olmoshini takrorlamang (who I met HIM )
 where = in which (predlog takrorlanmaydi)
which  butun gapga ishora (He left, which upset me)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B1-20/21 (relative clauses kirish).
• Keyingi: B2-19 (Relative clauses — reduced + predlogli + miqdor olmoshi).
• Aloqador: B2-20 (participle clauses), B2-30 (cleft sentences — what...).

Manba

Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 92–96); Swan Practical English Usage (relative clauses); Cambridge B2 First & Advanced; Quirk A Comprehensive Grammar; Oxford Practical English Usage.