B2 — 24-dars: Determiners & quantifiers — ilg'or

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 24-dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

"Hamma", "har bir", "ikkalasi", "hech qaysi", "ozgina", "ko'pchilik" — bu miqdor va aniqlash so'zlari (determiners & quantifiers) har gapda kerak. Lekin ingliz tilida ular nozik farqlarga ega: each va every (ikkalasi "har bir", lekin boshqacha), few va a few ("oz" — biri salbiy, biri ijobiy!), all va whole ("butun" — boshqa joylashuv). Bu farqlarni xato qilish — ma'noni butunlay o'zgartiradi.

B1-da (30-dars) asoslarni ko'rdingiz. B2-da bu so'zlarni chuqur, juftliklari va istisnolari bilan o'rganamiz. Bu — yozuv aniqligi va native ravonlik uchun hal qiluvchi. Masalan, "Few people came" (kam — afsus) ≠ "A few people came" (bir nechta — ijobiy). Bitta a — butun ma'noni o'zgartiradi.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Aniqlik: "Each student* has** a laptop."* (har biri alohida)
• His/ohang: "Few understood." (afsus — kam) vs "A few understood." (ijobiy)
• Tanlov: "Neither option works." / "Either is fine."
• Akademik: "The majority of respondents agreed."

ASOSIY tushuncha — miqdor so'zlari uch o'lchov bilan farqlanadi:

1. Sanaladigan (count) yoki sanalmaydigan (uncount)? many (count) vs much (uncount); few vs little.
2. Birlik yoki ko'plik fe'l? each/every/either/neither + BIRLIK fe'l.
3. Ijobiy yoki salbiy ohang? a few (ijobiy) vs few (salbiy).

O'xshatish — "tarozi va sanagich": quantifierlar ikki turli "o'lchagich". Sanaladigan narsalar uchun — sanagich (many, few, several, each). Sanalmaydigan uchun — tarozi (much, little, a great deal of). Noto'g'ri asbobni ishlatsangiz (much books ), o'lchov noto'g'ri chiqadi.

Til fakti: each/every/everyone/everybody/nobody/none — ma'no jihatdan "ko'plik"ni anglatsa-da, grammatik jihatdan BIRLIK (singular verb). Bu ingliz tilining "shakl ≠ ma'no" nozikligi: Everybody is here (NOT are), Each of them has.... O'zbek tilida bu farq yo'q, shuning uchun xato bo'ladi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-30 (quantifiers review): all/most/each/every/both/none. Bugun chuqur + juftliklar.
• A2-13/14 (some/any/much/many/enough): poydevor.
• B2-23 (articles): all the / both the bilan bog'liq.
• Tez mashq: "___ student has a book" (Each/Every + birlik). "___ of them are here" (All/Both).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. each vs every — "har bir" (NOZIK farq)

Each student received a certificate. (har biri alohida)
Every student passed. (hammasi — guruh)
Each of us has a role. (of + birlik fe'l)
I see her every day. (har kuni — every, each emas)

each — "birma-bir" (alohida e'tibor); every — "istisnosiz hammasi" (umumlashtirish). every takrorlanuvchi vaqt bilan (every day/week); each — alohida tahlil bilan.

3.2. both / either / neither — IKKI narsa

Both options are valid.        (ikkalasi — ko'plik)
You can take either road.       (qaysisi bo'lsa ham)
Neither answer is correct.      (hech biri — birlik)
both ... and / either ... or / neither ... nor
  - Both Tom and Sam came.
  - You can have either tea or coffee.
  - Neither he nor I knew.

either/neither + BIRLIK fe'l (rasmiy): Neither of them is here. (og'zaki: are ham eshitiladi).

3.3. all / whole — "butun/hamma"

All (of) the students passed.   = The whole class passed.
I worked all day. = I worked the whole day.
all my life = my whole life

all — the/my dan oldin; whole — the/my dan keyin. whole ko'pincha birlik sanaladigan ot bilan (the whole book); all ko'plik/sanalmaydigan bilan ham.

3.4. few / a few / little / a little — IJOBIY vs SALBIY

A few people came.   (bir nechta — ijobiy: kelishdi)
Few people came.     (kam — salbiy: deyarli hech kim)
I have a little money. (bir oz pulim bor — OK)
I have little money.  (pulim kam — muammo)

ENG MUHIM farq: a bor ijobiy ("bor, yetarli"); a yo'q salbiy ("kam, yetishmaydi"). "He has a few friends" (do'stlari bor) ≠ "He has few friends" (do'stlari kam — yolg'iz). Bitta a — ohangni teskari qiladi!

3.5. none / no / not any

None of the students passed.   (none + of — birlik/ko'plik fe'l ikkalasi)
No students passed.            (no + ot — to'g'ridan)
I don't have any money.        (not + any = no)
There are no apples. = There aren't any apples.

no + ot (no money); none — yolg'iz yoki of bilan (none of them); not any — fe'l bilan (don't have any). none of + ko'plik fe'l birlik (rasmiy) yoki ko'plik (og'zaki).

3.6. most / most of / almost all

Most people like music.        (umuman — most + ot, of YO'Q)
Most of the people here are students.  (aniq guruh — most OF the)
Almost all (of) the students passed.   (deyarli hammasi)

most (umumiy) — of siz: Most students.... most of (aniq) — the/my/these bilan: Most of the students.... Most of students.

3.7. another / other / others / the other

One twin is tall; the other is short.
Some like tea; others prefer coffee.
Would you like another (one)?

4. Native nozikliklari va qo'shimcha qoidalar

• Verb agreement (fe'l mosligi): each/every/either/neither/none(rasmiy)/everybody BIRLIK. both/all/most/several ko'plik.
• a number of + ko'plik fe'l: A number of people are waiting (ko'plik!). Lekin the number of + birlik: The number of cases is rising.
• the majority of + ko'plik fe'l: The majority of students agree.
• every + son: every three days = "har uch kunda" (= every third day).
• all/both + olmosh tartibi: we all / they both / us all — olmoshdan keyin: We all agree. / I've read them all.
• none + of + the/my/these: none of the people (artikl shart); none of them.
• fewer vs less (qiyosiy shakl): few fewer (sanaladigan: fewer people, fewer mistakes); little less (sanalmaydigan: less water, less time). less people — keng tarqalgan xato (og'zaki tilda eshitilsa ham, rasmiy yozuvda fewer to'g'ri). Belgida: "10 items or fewer" (aniq — items sanaladi).
• much/many tasdiq gapda — register: tasdiq gapda much/many biroz rasmiy/kitobiy eshitiladi (I have many friends). Kundalik nutqda ko'proq a lot of / lots of ishlatiladi (I have a lot of friends). Inkor va so'roqda esa much/many tabiiy (Do you have many? I don't have much.).

5. Ko'p misollar

EACH/EVERY:  Each of us has a copy. / Every seat was taken.
BOTH/EITHER: Both films are great. / Neither of them called.
ALL/WHOLE:   All the guests / The whole evening.
FEW/A FEW:   Few survived. (salbiy) / A few survived. (ijobiy)
LITTLE:      Little is known. (kam) / A little patience helps. (oz, OK)
NONE/NO:     None of them agreed. / No one came.
MOST:        Most people / Most of my friends.
OTHER:       One option... the other... / Some... others...
AGREEMENT:   A number of issues remain. / The number of issues is small.

6. Holat/case yechimlari (kengaytirilgan)

1. "Har bir talaba kitobga ega." (alohida)

• Each student has a book. (each + birlik fe'l).

2. "Har kuni mashq qilaman."

• I exercise every day. (takrorlanuvchi vaqt every, each emas).

3. "Ikkalasi ham to'g'ri." vs "Hech biri to'g'ri emas."

• Both are correct. (ko'plik) / Neither is correct. (birlik).

4. "Bir nechta odam keldi." vs "Kam odam keldi."

• A few people came. (ijobiy — kelishdi).
• Few people came. (salbiy — deyarli hech kim).

5. "Aksariyat odamlar musiqani yaxshi ko'radi." (umuman)

• Most people like music. (most + ot, of YO'Q). Most of people.

6. "Bir egiz baland, ikkinchisi past."

• One twin is tall; the other is short. (ikkidan ikkinchisi).

7. "Bir qancha muammo qoldi." (fe'l mosligi)

• A number of problems remain. (ko'plik fe'l!).

8. "Hech qaysi javob to'g'ri emas."

• None of the answers is/are correct. (rasmiy: is; og'zaki: are).

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya

Tayyor iboralar:

• Every single one of them... — Ularning har bittasi ...
• Few, if any, ... — Deyarli hech kim ...
• Each and every... — Har bir ... (ta'kid)
• All in all, ... — Umuman olganda, ...

8. Dialog

A: How did the team survey go? B: Mixed. Most of the staff responded, but few were truly happy. A: Really? I thought most people liked the changes. B: Some do; others don't. Each department has different concerns. Neither of the two main proposals got full support. A: So what now? B: Well, a few managers suggested another meeting. All of us agree we need to listen more. Every voice matters. A: Agreed. Both sides have valid points. B: Exactly. A number of ideas are worth exploring. The majority of people just want a little more communication — that's all.

Tahlil: Most of the staff (aniq), few were happy (salbiy), most people (umumiy), Some... others (ot o'rnida), Each department has (birlik), Neither of the two... got (birlik), a few managers (ijobiy), another meeting (yana bir), All of us agree (ko'plik), Every voice matters (birlik), Both sides (ko'plik), A number of ideas are (ko'plik fe'l!), The majority of people (ko'plik), a little more (oz). To'liq tizim — fe'l mosligi bilan.

9. O'qish — graded matn (kengaytirilgan)

The bystander effect

In 1964, a young woman was attacked in New York while, reportedly, many people watched. Yet few intervened. Why did so few act when so many could have helped?

Psychologists call this the "bystander effect." Each witness assumes that someone else will act — so, in the end, no one does. The more witnesses there are, the less likely any single person is to help.

Several experiments have confirmed this. In one study, most participants failed to react when they believed others were present. A few, however, did help — usually those who felt personally responsible.

The lesson is sobering: in a crowd, all of us may do nothing, each waiting for another to act. But it only takes one person — a single brave individual — for the rest to follow.

Savollar: (1) "few intervened" — ijobiy yoki salbiy ohang? Nega? (2) "Each witness assumes" — nega birlik fe'l (assumes)? (3) "the less likely any single person is" — the more... the less tuzilmasini ko'ring (B2-28). (4) Matndan most / others / another / the rest ni toping va ma'nosini ayting.

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri) — kengaytirilgan

Asosiy tuzoqlar (4 ta): (1) each/every/either/neither birlik fe'l; (2) few/little (salbiy) vs a few/a little (ijobiy); (3) most (umumiy, of-siz) vs most of the (aniq); (4) a number of ko'plik fe'l.

11. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar

B2 dan C1 ga ko'prik.

(a) "the number of" vs "a number of" — teskari fe'l. A number of (= several) people are... (ko'plik); The number of (= miqdor) people is rising (birlik — "soni"). Bu — eng nozik agreement xatosi.

(b) "none" — birlik yoki ko'plik? Rasmiy: None of them is... (= not one). Og'zaki/zamonaviy: None of them are... — keng qabul qilingan. Ekzamenda birlik xavfsizroq.

(c) "each" — gap ichida ko'chishi. Each of us has... (boshda) / We each have... (egadan keyin) / We have a copy each (oxirida — "har birimizda bittadan"). Joylashuv erkin.

(d) "every" + abstract takror. every now and then (vaqti-vaqti bilan), every other day (kun ora), every so often (goh-goh) — idiomatik.

(e) "either/neither" 2 dan ortiqda — . Texnik jihatdan faqat 2 narsa uchun. 3+ uchun none/any of: None of the three works (NOT neither).

(f) "all" + that/relative — ta'kid. All (that) I want is peace (= the only thing). all bu yerda "yagona narsa" ma'nosini beradi.

(g) "few and far between" / "precious few" — idiomatik kuchaytirish: Opportunities are few and far between.

(h) Double quantifier — ehtiyot. all every, much many. Bitta determiner. Lekin all the many problems (all + the + many) — bu yerda all va many turli "qatlam"da (OK).

C1 ko'prik: quantifier + verb agreement — akademik yozuvda eng ko'p ko'rinmas xato. The data are / The criteria are / A number of factors contribute — ko'plik fe'l. Bu nozikliklar B2-C1 farqini ko'rsatadi.

12. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. To'g'ri so'zni tanlang:

1. (Each / Every) of the students has a tutor.
2. I see my parents (each / every) weekend.
3. (Both / Neither) answers are wrong — try again.
4. (Few / A few) people understood, so I explained again — but at least (few / a few) got it.
5. (Most / Most of) people enjoy music. (Most / Most of) my friends play an instrument.

B. Fe'l mosligini to'g'rilang (is/are):

1. Each of them ___ responsible.
2. A number of issues ___ unresolved.
3. The number of complaints ___ growing.
4. Neither of the options ___ ideal.
5. The majority of voters ___ undecided.

C. Xatoni tuzating:

1. Every students passed the exam.
2. I have few money this month.
3. Most of people agree.
4. Both is fine with me.

D. Production: Bir guruh (oila, jamoa, sinf) haqida 5 gap — kamida 1 each/every, 1 few/a few (ohangga e'tibor), 1 both/neither, 1 to'g'ri fe'l mosligi.

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: miqdor so'zlarini ohang va fe'l mosligi bilan to'g'ri ishlatish. Vazifa: "A survey / group I know" haqida 6 gaplik tahlil. Mezon: (1) each/every + birlik fe'l; (2) few va a few (yoki little/a little) — ohang farqi bilan; (3) most vs most of the; (4) 1 ta a number of/the majority of + to'g'ri fe'l; (5) both/either/neither.

13. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. Each · 2. every · 3. Both · 4. Few / a few · 5. Most / Most of

B: 1. is · 2. are · 3. is · 4. is · 5. are

C: 1. Every student passed · 2. I have little money · 3. Most people / Most of the people · 4. Both are fine

O'qish: (1) salbiy (kam — deyarli hech kim aralashmadi; afsus ohangi) · (2) each birlik fe'l (har bir guvoh alohida) · (3) "guvohlar qancha ko'p bo'lsa, har bir kishi shuncha kam yordam beradi" (the more...the less) · (4) most = aksariyat ishtirokchilar; others = boshqalar (hozir bo'lganlar); another = boshqa (birov); the rest = qolganlar.

Tez ma'lumotnoma

FE'L MOSLIGI:
  BIRLIK: each, every, either, neither, everyone, none(rasmiy), the number of
  KO'PLIK: both, all, most, several, a number of, the majority of

each (alohida) vs every (guruh; har kuni)
both (ko'plik) / either-neither (birlik, 2 narsa)
all (the/my dan oldin) / whole (the/my dan keyin)

 FEW/LITTLE (salbiy: kam) ≠ A FEW/A LITTLE (ijobiy: bir oz)
 FEWER + sanaladigan (fewer people) | LESS + sanalmaydigan (less time)
 most people (umumiy) ≠ most OF THE people (aniq)
 a number of + KO'PLIK fe'l | the number of + BIRLIK fe'l

another (yana bir) · other+ot · others (ko'plik) · the other (2-chi) · the rest (qolgani)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B1-30 (quantifiers review), A2-13/14, B2-23 (articles).
• Keyingi: B2-25 (Countable/uncountable — ilg'or + quantifier nozikliklari).
• Aloqador: B2-28 (the more...the less).

Manba

Swan Practical English Usage (determiners, quantifiers); Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 79–91); Cambridge B2 First & Advanced; Quirk A Comprehensive Grammar; Oxford Practical English Usage.