B2 — 21-dars: Gerunds & infinitives — ilg'or

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · 21-dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Ingliz tilida fe'l ikki "ot-sifat" shaklga kiradi: gerund (-ing: swimming, reading) va infinitive (to + V1: to swim, to read). Qaysi biri qachon kelishini bilish — ingliz grammatikasining eng katta amaliy qiyinchiliklaridan biri, chunki mantiqiy qoidasi yo'q — har fe'l o'z naqshini "talab qiladi": enjoy doing lekin want to do .

B1-da (22-dars) asoslarni ko'rdingiz. B2-da bu mavzuni ilg'or shakllar bilan kengaytiramiz: perfekt (having done / to have done), passiv (being done / to be done), continuous infinitiv (to be doing), va eng nozigi — ma'noni o'zgartiruvchi fe'llar (remember/stop/try/regret). Bu shakllar sizga vaqt, nisbat va niyatni juda aniq ifodalash imkonini beradi — C1 ga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ko'prik.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Afsus: "I regret not having studied harder." (perfekt gerund)
• Da'vo: "He claims to have met the president." (perfekt infinitiv)
• Nozik ma'no: "I stopped smoking" (tashladim) ≠ "I stopped to smoke" (chekish uchun to'xtadim)
• Rasmiy: "I'm honoured to have been chosen." (perfekt passiv infinitiv)

ASOSIY tushuncha — har shaklning vaqt/nisbat "kengaytmasi" bor. Oddiy gerund/infinitiv (doing / to do) — bir vaqt, aktiv. Lekin ularning kengaytirilgan shakllari ham bor:

Shakl	Gerund	Infinitive	Ma'no
Oddiy	doing	to do	bir vaqt, aktiv
Perfekt	having done	to have done	oldingi vaqt
Passiv	being done	to be done	aktiv emas, qabul
Perfekt passiv	having been done	to have been done	oldingi + passiv
Continuous	—	to be doing	davom etayotgan

O'xshatish — "fe'lning niqoblari": har bir fe'l vaziyatga qarab niqob kiyadi. Oddiy ish uchun — oddiy niqob (to do). O'tmishga ishora uchun — perfekt niqob (to have done). Qabul qilish uchun — passiv niqob (to be done). Niqobni to'g'ri tanlash — fikrni aniq ifodalash demakdir.

Til fakti: gerund vs infinitive tanlovi ingliz tilida ko'p hollarda tarixiy/idiomatik — mantiqiy qoida yo'q. Shuning uchun eng yaxshi strategiya — fe'llarni naqshi bilan birga yodlash (enjoy + -ing, decide + to), va ma'no o'zgartiruvchi fe'llarni alohida o'rganish.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-22 (gerund/infinitive kengaytirilgan): asosiy ro'yxatlar. Bugun ilg'or shakllar + ma'no farqi.
• B2-13 (passiv gerund/infinitiv): being done / to be done. Bugun tizimda.
• B2-17 (reporting verb naqshlari): verb + -ing / to. Bugun chuqur.
• B1-22 (remember/stop/try): bugun mukammal ajratamiz.
• Tez mashq: I enjoy ___ (swim) (swimming). I want ___ (go) (to go).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Asosiy tanlov — qaysi fe'l qaysini oladi (review)

Predloglardan keyin doim gerund: interested in doing, good at swimming, instead of going, before leaving.

3.2. PERFEKT gerund/infinitiv — oldingi vaqtga ishora

PERFEKT GERUND (having + V3):
  I regret not having called. (qo'ng'iroq qilmaganimdan afsus — o'tmish)
  She admitted having lied. (yolg'on gapirganini tan oldi)

PERFEKT INFINITIV (to have + V3):
  He claims to have met her. (uchratganini da'vo qiladi — o'tmish)
  I'm glad to have helped. (yordam berganimdan xursandman)
  She seems to have left. (ketganga o'xshaydi)

Perfekt shakl = harakat asosiy fe'ldan oldin bo'lgan: He seems to have left (avval ketdi, hozir "ketganga o'xshaydi").

3.3. PASSIV gerund/infinitiv

PASSIV GERUND (being + V3):
  I hate being criticised. (tanqid qilinishni yomon ko'raman)
  He avoided being seen. (ko'rinishdan qochdi)

PASSIV INFINITIV (to be + V3):
  I expect to be paid on time. (to'lanishimni kutaman)
  She wants to be left alone. (yolg'iz qoldirilishni xohlaydi)

(B2-13 da chuqur ko'rilgan — bu yerda tizimda.)

3.4. PERFEKT PASSIV + CONTINUOUS infinitiv

PERFEKT PASSIV INF (to have been + V3):
  He is believed to have been kidnapped.
  I'm honoured to have been invited.

CONTINUOUS INF (to be + V-ing):
  He seems to be working hard. (hozir ishlayotganga o'xshaydi)
  She pretended to be sleeping. (uxlayotgandek qildi)

PERFEKT CONTINUOUS INF (to have been + V-ing):
  They appear to have been waiting for hours.

3.5. Verb + OBJECT + infinitive

want / expect / would like / need / ask / tell / advise / allow / force / persuade
  + OBYEKT + to + V1

I want you to help me. / She expected him to apologise.
They allowed us to stay. / I'd like everyone to listen.

want/expect — I want that you help I want you to help. (O'zbek/rus "that" ni qo'yishga moyil — xato!)

3.6. BARE infinitive (to-siz)

Sezgi fe'llar (see/hear/watch/feel) + V1 yoki V-ing:

• I saw him cross the road. (butun harakat — boshidan oxirigacha)
• I saw him crossing the road. (jarayonda — yarmida ko'rdim)

3.7. MA'NONI o'zgartiruvchi fe'llar — to'liq

4. Adjective/Noun + infinitive; for + obj + to

4.1. Sifat + infinitiv

It's easy to learn. / I'm happy to help. / She was glad to see me.
He's likely to win. / They're ready to leave.

4.2. "It is + sifat + (for sb) + to"

It's important (for you) to rest.
It was kind of you to come.   (of sb — xarakter sifati bilan)

4.3. for + obyekt + to-infinitive

I'm waiting for him to reply. / It's time for us to go.
The plan is for everyone to meet at 6.
There's no need for you to worry.

4.4. Maqsad — to / in order to / so as to

I came to help. (oddiy maqsad)
I left early in order to / so as to avoid traffic. (rasmiy)
I left early so that I could avoid traffic. (so that + gap)

Inkor maqsad: to not be late so as not to / in order not to be late.

5. Ko'p misollar

PERFEKT:    She seems to have forgotten. / I regret having said that.
PASSIV:     I don't like being told off. / He hopes to be promoted.
PERF PASSIV: He's proud to have been selected.
CONTINUOUS: They appear to be struggling.
OBJ + to:   I want you to succeed.
BARE:       Let me explain. / I'd rather walk. / Why not try?
MA'NO FARQ: Remember to send it. (esda tuting) / I remember sending it. (yubordim)
MAQSAD:     I study hard in order to pass.

6. Holat/case yechimlari (kengaytirilgan)

1. "Eshikni qulflaganimni eslayman." vs "Eshikni qulflashni unutmang."

• I remember locking the door. (o'tmish — qildim).
• Remember to lock the door. (kelajak — qiling).

2. "Chekishni tashladim." vs "Chekish uchun to'xtadim."

• I stopped smoking. (tashladim) ≠ I stopped to smoke. (to'xtadim).

3. "Siz yordam berishingizni xohlayman."

• I want you to help me. I want that you help.

4. "Tanlanganimdan faxrlanaman." (o'tmish + passiv)

• I'm proud to have been chosen. (perfekt passiv infinitiv).

5. "Uni uchratganini da'vo qiladi." (o'tmish)

• He claims to have met her. (perfekt infinitiv).

6. "Kech qolmaslik uchun erta chiqdim."

• I left early so as not to be late. / ...in order not to be late. to not be late.

7. "Uni ko'chani kesib o'tayotganini ko'rdim." (jarayon)

• I saw him crossing the road. (yarmida) vs I saw him cross (butun harakat).

8. "Buni aytganimdan afsuslanaman."

• I regret saying that. / I regret having said that. (afsus — o'tmish).

7. Kengaytirilgan lug'at + kollokatsiya

look forward to / be used to / object to / in addition to — bu yerdagi to = predlog, infinitiv emas! Keyin -ing: look forward to seeing (NOT to see).

Tayyor iboralar:

• I can't help thinking that... — ... deb o'ylamasdan ilojim yo'q.
• It's no use (+ -ing)... — ... ning foydasi yo'q.
• I'd hate to... — ... -ishni juda istamasdim.

8. Dialog

A: You look exhausted. Everything OK? B: Honestly, I regret having taken on this project. I keep trying to finish it, but it's impossible. A: Have you considered asking for help? B: I'd rather manage alone, but maybe you're right. I can't afford to fail. A: Why not delegate some tasks? There's no point in doing everything yourself. B: True. I expect the team to step up. I just hate being seen as someone who can't cope. A: Everyone needs help sometimes. Remember to take breaks, too — you seem to have been working non-stop. B: You're right. I'm looking forward to finishing this and getting some rest. I really appreciate you listening.

Tahlil: regret having taken (perfekt gerund), trying to finish (try+to=harakat), considered asking (gerund), rather manage (bare inf), afford to fail (to), no point in doing (predlog+ing), expect the team to (obj+to), hate being seen (passiv gerund), remember to take (kelajak), seem to have been working (perfekt continuous inf), looking forward to finishing (predlog to+ing). To'liq ilg'or tizim.

9. O'qish — graded matn (kengaytirilgan)

The reluctant entrepreneur

Maya never intended to start a business. She remembers telling her friends she'd rather work for someone else. But after losing her job, she had no choice.

At first, she tried to find another position. Having sent dozens of applications without success, she stopped looking and decided to take a risk. It wasn't easy — she hated being judged by investors, and she couldn't afford to make mistakes.

She claims to have learnt more in one year than in a decade of employment. "I regret not having started sooner," she now says. "There's no point in waiting for permission. If you want to succeed, you have to be willing to fail."

Her advice to others? "Stop dreaming and start doing. And remember to enjoy the journey — because once you've succeeded, you'll wish you'd taken time to appreciate it."

Savollar: (1) "stopped looking" va "decided to take" — qaysi biri "ishni tashladi", qaysi "to'xtadi"? (2) "Having sent dozens of applications" — bu qaysi shakl? (3) "regret not having started" ni izohlang. (4) Matndan 1 ta perfekt infinitiv toping.

10. Keng tarqalgan xatolar (L1 ta'siri) — kengaytirilgan

Asosiy tuzoqlar (4 ta): (1) want/expect + obj + to (that emas!); (2) predlog (to/at/in/of) dan keyin -ing; (3) make/let + bare inf; (4) ma'no o'zgartiruvchi fe'llar (remember/stop/try) — kontekstga qarang.

11. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar

B2 dan C1 ga ko'prik.

(a) "to" — infinitiv belgisi yoki predlog? Tekshirish: to dan keyin fe'l asosi (to go) infinitiv. Lekin look forward to, be used to, object to, in addition to, when it comes to — bularda to = predlog keyin -ing/ot. Bu farqni bilmaslik — eng ko'p xato.

(b) Subject sifatida gerund vs infinitiv. Ega o'rnida ikkalasi: Swimming is healthy (umumiy — gerund tabiiyroq) / To err is human (rasmiy/maqol — infinitiv). Kundalik tilda ega = gerund.

(c) "advise/allow/permit/forbid/encourage" — ikki naqsh. Obyektsiz -ing: They don't allow smoking. Obyekt bilan to: They don't allow us to smoke.

(d) "see/hear + V1 vs V-ing". V1 = butun, tugagan harakat (I saw it happen — boshidan oxirigacha); V-ing = jarayon, qisman (I saw it happening — yarmida). Nozik, lekin native uchun aniq.

(e) "consider/imagine/suggest + V-ing". Bu fe'llar obyekt + to olmaydi: suggest me to go suggest going / suggest that I go (B2-17 takror).

(f) Perfekt infinitiv "bajarilmagan" niyat bilan. I meant to have called = "qo'ng'iroq qilmoqchi edim, lekin qilmadim" (adabiy). was to have + V3 (B2-4) bilan bog'liq.

(g) "the only way to..., a chance to..., the ability to...". Ko'p ot infinitiv oladi: the decision to leave, a desire to learn, an attempt to escape, the right to vote.

(h) "had better / would rather / would sooner" + bare infinitive. Lekin would prefer + to: I'd rather go vs I'd prefer to go. would rather + EGA + Past (boshqa odam — B2-8).

(i) Ba'zi sifatlarda "+ to" vs "+ of/for + -ing" ma'noni O'ZGARTIRADI. Bu nozik farq B2-da ko'p e'tibordan chetda qoladi:

• afraid to do = qo'rqqani uchun qilmayapman (ixtiyoriy, ongli qaror): I was afraid to ask. (so'rashga botina olmadim) · afraid of doing = tasodifiy yomon oqibatdan xavotir: I was afraid of losing my keys. (yo'qotib qo'yishdan).
• sorry to do = hozir/kelasi ish uchun uzr: I'm sorry to bother you. · sorry for/about doing = qilingan ish uchun kechirim: I'm sorry for shouting.
• ashamed to do = uyalgani uchun qilishga botinolmaslik: ashamed to admit it · shuningdek interested to hear/see (yangilikka reaksiya) vs interested in doing (umumiy qiziqish/niyat).

(j) Reporting/tavsiya fe'llarida ikki naqsh — obyekt hal qiladi. recommend / suggest / propose: obyektsiz -ing (I recommend booking early), yoki that-gap (I recommend that you book), ammo hech qachon obyekt + to emas: recommend you to book. Solishtiring: advise/encourage/urge — bular obyekt + to oladi (I advise you to book). Bu ikki guruhni aralashtirish — yozma IELTS'da tez-tez uchraydigan xato.

C1 ko'prik: native ravonlik gerund/infinitiv tanlovini avtomatik qiladi — bu faqat ko'p o'qish va eshitish bilan keladi. Naqshlarni yodlash + EVP/Macmillan ro'yxatlari yordam beradi (LUGAT 40-JADVAL).

12. Mashqlar (drills) + production

A. To'g'ri shaklni (-ing yoki to) qo'ying:

1. I enjoy ___ (cook) for friends.
2. She decided ___ (study) abroad.
3. Would you mind ___ (close) the window?
4. He's good at ___ (solve) problems.
5. I look forward to ___ (hear) from you.
6. Let me ___ (help) you.

B. Ma'no o'zgartiruvchi fe'llar — to'g'risini tanlang:

1. Remember ___ (buy) milk on your way home. (esda tuting)
2. I'll never forget ___ (visit) Paris for the first time. (xotira)
3. He stopped ___ (work) at 6 and went home. (tashladi/to'xtadi?)
4. I regret ___ (tell) you this, but you've failed. (yomon xabar)

C. Xatoni tuzating:

1. I want that he comes early.
2. I'm used to drive on the left.
3. She made me to apologise.
4. I left early to not miss the train.

D. Production: O'zingiz haqida 4 gap — kamida 1 perfekt shakl (regret having... / glad to have...), 1 passiv (hate being... / hope to be...), 1 want sb to.

Amaliy topshiriq: Maqsad: ilg'or gerund/infinitiv shakllarni aniq ishlatish. Vazifa: "My biggest decision / regret / goal" — 7 gaplik paragraf. Mezon: (1) 1 perfekt (having done / to have done); (2) 1 passiv (being/to be done); (3) 1 want/expect + obj + to; (4) 1 ma'no farqli fe'l (remember/stop/regret); (5) 1 so as (not) to maqsad.

13. Javoblar kaliti

A: 1. cooking · 2. to study · 3. closing · 4. solving · 5. hearing · 6. help

B: 1. to buy (esda tuting — kelajak) · 2. visiting (xotira — o'tmish) · 3. working (ishlashni to'xtatdi — tashladi) · 4. to tell (yomon xabar berishdan afsus)

C: 1. I want him to come early · 2. I'm used to driving on the left · 3. She made me apologise · 4. I left early so as not to miss the train

O'qish: (1) stopped looking = qidirishni tashladi; decided to take = qaror qildi (to'xtash emas) · (2) perfekt participle (participle clause — B2-20) · (3) "ertaroq boshlamaganimdan afsuslanaman" (o'tmish — perfekt gerund) · (4) claims to have learnt.

Tez ma'lumotnoma

ILG'OR SHAKLLAR:
  Perfekt:        having done / to have done   (oldingi vaqt)
  Passiv:         being done / to be done       (qabul)
  Perfekt passiv: having been done / to have been done
  Continuous inf: to be doing                    (davom)

VERB + OBJ + to:  want/expect/ask/tell/advise + sb + to V1  (that EMAS!)
BARE inf (to-siz): make/let + sb + V1, modallar, would rather, why not, help

MA'NO FARQ: remember/forget/stop/try/regret/go on/mean/need (+ -ing ≠ + to)
  stop smoking (tashladi) ≠ stop to smoke (to'xtadi)

 predlog (to/at/in/of) + -ing: look forward TO seeing, good AT cooking
 inkor maqsad: so as NOT to / in order NOT to (NOT "to not")

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: B1-22 (gerund/infinitive kirish), B2-13 (passiv shakllar), B2-17 (reporting naqshlar).
• Keyingi: B2-22 (Verb + that-clause + subjunctive — suggest/insist + base).
• Lug'at: [LUGAT/40-JADVAL-koplik-predlog-gerund.md] (to'liq ro'yxatlar).

Manba

Murphy English Grammar in Use (Units 53–68); Swan Practical English Usage (-ing and infinitive); Cambridge B2 First & Advanced; Oxford Practical English Usage.