LUG'AT · B2 — 3-partiya: mavhum va akademik otlar
B2 · sofistikatsiyalangan otlar (akademik, mavhum) · ~185 birlik
1. Mavhum tushunchalar
| Inglizcha |
IPA |
T |
O'zbekcha |
Misol |
Eslatma |
| notion / concept |
/ˈnəʊʃn, ˈkɒnsept/ |
n |
tushuncha, g'oya |
the notion that |
notion: ≈ idea |
| theory / hypothesis |
/ˈθɪəri, haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/ |
n |
nazariya / faraz |
— |
hypotheses |
| principle / premise |
/ˈprɪnsəpl, ˈpremɪs/ |
n |
tamoyil / asos (mulohaza) |
on the premise that |
— |
| assumption / presumption |
/əˈsʌmpʃn, prɪˈzʌmpʃn/ |
n |
taxmin / gumon |
— |
— |
| perception / perspective |
/pəˈsepʃn, pəˈspektɪv/ |
n |
idrok / nuqtai nazar |
from a ... perspective |
— |
| viewpoint / standpoint |
/ˈvjuːpɔɪnt, ˈstændpɔɪnt/ |
n |
qarash / mavqe |
— |
— |
| outlook / mindset |
/ˈaʊtlʊk, ˈmaɪndset/ |
n |
dunyoqarash / fikrlash tarzi |
— |
— |
| ideology / doctrine |
/ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi, ˈdɒktrɪn/ |
n |
mafkura / ta'limot |
— |
— |
| philosophy / framework |
/fɪˈlɒsəfi, ˈfreɪmwɜːk/ |
n |
falsafa / asos (tizim) |
— |
— |
| criterion / parameter |
/kraɪˈtɪəriən, pəˈræmɪtə/ |
n |
mezon / parametr |
— |
criteria |
| dimension / aspect / facet |
/daɪˈmenʃn, ˈæspekt, ˈfæsɪt/ |
n |
o'lcham / jihat / qirra |
— |
— |
| component / element |
/kəmˈpəʊnənt, ˈelɪmənt/ |
n |
tarkibiy qism / unsur |
— |
— |
| factor / variable |
/ˈfæktə, ˈveəriəbl/ |
n |
omil / o'zgaruvchi |
a key factor |
— |
| attribute / trait |
/ˈætrɪbjuːt, treɪt/ |
n |
xususiyat / fe'l-atvor |
personality trait |
— |
| essence / substance / core |
/ˈesns, ˈsʌbstəns, kɔː/ |
n |
mohiyat / mag'iz |
the essence of |
— |
| context / framework |
/ˈkɒntekst/ |
n |
kontekst / doira |
in this context |
— |
2. Jarayon, hodisa, tendensiya
| Inglizcha |
IPA |
T |
O'zbekcha |
Misol |
Eslatma |
| phenomenon |
/fɪˈnɒmɪnən/ |
n |
hodisa |
a natural phenomenon |
phenomena |
| mechanism / procedure |
/ˈmekənɪzəm, prəˈsiːdʒə/ |
n |
mexanizm / tartib |
— |
— |
| structure / hierarchy |
/ˈstrʌktʃə, ˈhaɪərɑːki/ |
n |
tuzilma / ierarxiya |
— |
— |
| pattern / trend / tendency |
/ˈpætn, trend, ˈtendənsi/ |
n |
naqsh / yo'nalish / moyillik |
a growing trend |
— |
| inclination / disposition |
/ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃn, ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃn/ |
n |
moyillik / fe'l-mijoz |
— |
rasmiy |
| phase / stage / cycle |
/feɪz, steɪdʒ, ˈsaɪkl/ |
n |
bosqich / davr |
— |
— |
| sequence / progression |
/ˈsiːkwəns, prəˈɡreʃn/ |
n |
ketma-ketlik / rivojlanish |
— |
— |
| transition / shift |
/trænˈzɪʃn, ʃɪft/ |
n |
o'tish / siljish |
a transition to |
— |
| transformation |
/ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/ |
n |
tubdan o'zgarish |
— |
— |
| evolution / progress |
/ˌiːvəˈluːʃn, ˈprəʊɡres/ |
n |
evolyutsiya / taraqqiyot |
— |
— |
| decline / deterioration |
/dɪˈklaɪn, dɪˌtɪəriəˈreɪʃn/ |
n |
pasayish / yomonlashish |
— |
— |
| fluctuation / variation |
/ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃn, ˌveəriˈeɪʃn/ |
n |
tebranish / o'zgarish |
— |
— |
3. Sabab, oqibat, bog'liqlik
| Inglizcha |
IPA |
T |
O'zbekcha |
Misol |
Eslatma |
| cause / source / origin |
/kɔːz, sɔːs, ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/ |
n |
sabab / manba / kelib chiqishi |
— |
— |
| root / basis / foundation |
/ruːt, ˈbeɪsɪs, faʊnˈdeɪʃn/ |
n |
ildiz / asos / poydevor |
the root cause |
— |
| rationale / motive |
/ˌræʃəˈnɑːl, ˈməʊtɪv/ |
n |
asos-mantiq / sabab-niyat |
— |
rasmiy |
| incentive / stimulus |
/ɪnˈsentɪv, ˈstɪmjələs/ |
n |
rag'bat / turtki |
an incentive to |
stimuli |
| trigger / catalyst |
/ˈtrɪɡə, ˈkætəlɪst/ |
n |
qo'zg'atuvchi / katalizator |
— |
— |
| consequence / outcome |
/ˈkɒnsɪkwəns, ˈaʊtkʌm/ |
n |
oqibat / natija |
— |
— |
| effect / impact |
/ɪˈfekt, ˈɪmpækt/ |
n |
ta'sir |
a profound impact |
— |
| repercussion / implication |
/ˌriːpəˈkʌʃn, ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/ |
n |
aks-sado / yashirin ma'no/oqibat |
far-reaching implications |
— |
| ramification |
/ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ |
n |
murakkab oqibat |
— |
rasmiy |
| correlation / connection |
/ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn, kəˈnekʃn/ |
n |
o'zaro bog'liqlik / aloqa |
a correlation between |
— |
| link / association |
/lɪŋk, əˌsəʊsiˈeɪʃn/ |
n |
bog'lanish / uyushma |
— |
— |
| interaction / interplay |
/ˌɪntərˈækʃn, ˈɪntəpleɪ/ |
n |
o'zaro ta'sir |
— |
— |
4. Bahs, dalil, xulosa
| Inglizcha |
IPA |
T |
O'zbekcha |
Misol |
Eslatma |
| argument / claim |
/ˈɑːɡjumənt, kleɪm/ |
n |
dalil-bahs / da'vo |
a strong argument |
— |
| assertion / proposition |
/əˈsɜːʃn, ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃn/ |
n |
qat'iy fikr / taklif-da'vo |
— |
rasmiy |
| thesis / contention |
/ˈθiːsɪs, kənˈtenʃn/ |
n |
tezis / da'vo-nuqtai nazar |
— |
theses |
| stance / position |
/stɑːns, pəˈzɪʃn/ |
n |
mavqe |
take a stance on |
— |
| judgement / verdict |
/ˈdʒʌdʒmənt, ˈvɜːdɪkt/ |
n |
hukm / qaror |
— |
— |
| conclusion / inference |
/kənˈkluːʒn, ˈɪnfərəns/ |
n |
xulosa |
draw a conclusion |
— |
| reasoning / logic |
/ˈriːzənɪŋ, ˈlɒdʒɪk/ |
n |
mulohaza / mantiq |
— |
— |
| evidence / proof |
/ˈevɪdəns, pruːf/ |
n |
dalil / isbot |
— |
evidence sanalmas. |
| justification |
/ˌdʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ |
n |
asoslash |
— |
— |
| controversy / dispute |
/ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi, dɪˈspjuːt/ |
n |
bahs-munozara / nizo |
— |
— |
| dilemma / paradox |
/dɪˈlemə, ˈpærədɒks/ |
n |
dilemma / paradoks |
face a dilemma |
— |
| contradiction / discrepancy |
/ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkʃn, dɪˈskrepənsi/ |
n |
qarama-qarshilik / nomuvofiqlik |
— |
— |
| consensus / agreement |
/kənˈsensəs/ |
n |
umumiy kelishuv |
reach a consensus |
— |
5. Jamiyat, axloq, siyosat
| Inglizcha |
IPA |
T |
O'zbekcha |
Misol |
Eslatma |
| civilization / heritage |
/ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn, ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ |
n |
tsivilizatsiya / meros |
cultural heritage |
— |
| norm / value / standard |
/nɔːm, ˈvæljuː/ |
n |
me'yor / qadriyat |
social norms |
— |
| morality / ethics |
/məˈræləti, ˈeθɪks/ |
n |
axloq / etika |
— |
— |
| justice / equality / liberty |
/ˈdʒʌstɪs, ɪˈkwɒləti, ˈlɪbəti/ |
n |
adolat / tenglik / ozodlik |
— |
— |
| democracy / regime |
/dɪˈmɒkrəsi, reɪˈʒiːm/ |
n |
demokratiya / tuzum |
— |
— |
| authority / hierarchy |
/ɔːˈθɒrəti, ˈhaɪərɑːki/ |
n |
hokimiyat / ierarxiya |
— |
— |
| status / class |
/ˈsteɪtəs, klɑːs/ |
n |
maqom / tabaqa |
social status |
— |
| discrimination / prejudice |
/dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn, ˈpredʒudɪs/ |
n |
kamsitish / xurofot |
— |
— |
| bias / stereotype |
/ˈbaɪəs, ˈsteriətaɪp/ |
n |
noxolislik / qolip |
— |
— |
| inequality / injustice |
/ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti, ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs/ |
n |
tengsizlik / adolatsizlik |
— |
— |
| corruption / poverty |
/kəˈrʌpʃn, ˈpɒvəti/ |
n |
korrupsiya / qashshoqlik |
— |
— |
| reform / revolution |
/rɪˈfɔːm, ˌrevəˈluːʃn/ |
n |
islohot / inqilob |
— |
— |
6. Sifat, kamchilik, to'siq, xavf
| Inglizcha |
IPA |
T |
O'zbekcha |
Misol |
Eslatma |
| merit / virtue |
/ˈmerɪt, ˈvɜːtʃuː/ |
n |
fazilat / yutuq |
the merits of |
— |
| asset / strength |
/ˈæset, streŋθ/ |
n |
qadrli narsa / kuchli tomon |
a great asset |
— |
| drawback / flaw |
/ˈdrɔːbæk, flɔː/ |
n |
kamchilik / nuqson |
— |
— |
| deficiency / shortcoming |
/dɪˈfɪʃnsi, ˈʃɔːtkʌmɪŋ/ |
n |
kamchilik / nuqson |
— |
rasmiy |
| limitation / constraint |
/ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃn, kənˈstreɪnt/ |
n |
cheklov |
— |
— |
| obstacle / barrier / hurdle |
/ˈɒbstəkl, ˈbæriə, ˈhɜːdl/ |
n |
to'siq |
overcome an obstacle |
— |
| hindrance / setback |
/ˈhɪndrəns, ˈsetbæk/ |
n |
to'sqinlik / orqaga qaytish |
— |
— |
| challenge / threat |
/ˈtʃælɪndʒ, θret/ |
n |
sinov / tahdid |
pose a threat |
— |
| risk / hazard / peril |
/rɪsk, ˈhæzəd, ˈperəl/ |
n |
xavf / xavf-xatar |
— |
peril: adabiy |
| danger / vulnerability |
/ˈdeɪndʒə, ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/ |
n |
xavf / zaiflik |
— |
— |
| crisis / emergency |
/ˈkraɪsɪs, ɪˈmɜːdʒənsi/ |
n |
inqiroz / favqulodda holat |
— |
crises |
| burden / liability |
/ˈbɜːdn, ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ |
n |
yuk / mas'uliyat-yuk |
a burden on |
— |
7. Miqdor, daraja, qamrov
| Inglizcha |
IPA |
T |
O'zbekcha |
Misol |
Eslatma |
| extent / degree |
/ɪkˈstent, dɪˈɡriː/ |
n |
daraja / miqdor |
to a great extent |
— |
| magnitude / scale |
/ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd, skeɪl/ |
n |
kattalik / miqyos |
— |
— |
| scope / range / spectrum |
/skəʊp, reɪndʒ, ˈspektrəm/ |
n |
qamrov / oraliq / spektr |
the scope of |
— |
| proportion / ratio |
/prəˈpɔːʃn, ˈreɪʃiəʊ/ |
n |
nisbat |
a high proportion of |
— |
| majority / minority |
/məˈdʒɒrəti, maɪˈnɒrəti/ |
n |
ko'pchilik / ozchilik |
— |
— |
| surplus / deficit |
/ˈsɜːpləs, ˈdefɪsɪt/ |
n |
ortiqcha / taqchillik |
— |
— |
| abundance / scarcity |
/əˈbʌndəns, ˈskeəsəti/ |
n |
mo'l-ko'llik / taqchillik |
— |
rasmiy |
| excess / shortage |
/ɪkˈses, ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/ |
n |
ortiqcha / yetishmovchilik |
in excess of |
— |
| threshold / limit |
/ˈθreʃhəʊld, ˈlɪmɪt/ |
n |
bo'sag'a / chegara |
— |
— |
8. Tadqiqot, ilm
| Inglizcha |
IPA |
T |
O'zbekcha |
Misol |
Eslatma |
| research / investigation |
/rɪˈsɜːtʃ, ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn/ |
n |
tadqiqot / tergov |
conduct research |
— |
| analysis / examination |
/əˈnæləsɪs/ |
n |
tahlil |
— |
analyses |
| survey / experiment |
/ˈsɜːveɪ, ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ |
n |
so'rov / tajriba |
carry out a survey |
— |
| observation / finding |
/ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn, ˈfaɪndɪŋ/ |
n |
kuzatuv / topilma |
— |
— |
| discovery / breakthrough |
/dɪˈskʌvəri, ˈbreɪkθruː/ |
n |
kashfiyot / yutuq |
a major breakthrough |
— |
| methodology / approach |
/ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi/ |
n |
metodologiya / yondashuv |
— |
— |
| data / statistics |
/ˈdeɪtə, stəˈtɪstɪks/ |
n |
ma'lumotlar / statistika |
— |
data: ko'plik |
| evidence / source |
/ˈevɪdəns, sɔːs/ |
n |
dalil / manba |
— |
— |
| reference / citation |
/ˈrefrəns, saɪˈteɪʃn/ |
n |
havola / iqtibos |
— |
— |
| insight / interpretation |
/ˈɪnsaɪt, ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃn/ |
n |
tushuncha-idrok / talqin |
insight into |
— |
B2-3 partiya tugadi (~185 ot). B2 jami ~530. Keyingi: B2-4 — nozik sifat va ravishlar (kuchli baho, akademik).
Manba
Oxford 5000 (B2 nouns); Academic Word List (Coxhead); Cambridge EVP B2; Oxford Learner's Thesaurus.
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