LUG'AT · C2 — 5-partiya: akademik register, nuans, kamyob so'zlar
C2 · akademik/rasmiy register, nozik nuans, kamyob so'zlar · ~124 birlik
1. Akademik/rasmiy bog'lovchi va so'zlar
Kitobiy, huquqiy va ilmiy matnda uchraydigan "og'ir" bog'lovchilar. Gapni rasmiy va zich qiladi.
| Inglizcha | IPA | T | O'zbekcha | Misol | Eslatma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| notwithstanding | /ˌnɒtwɪθˈstændɪŋ/ | prep/adv | -ga qaramay, shunga qaramay | notwithstanding the risks | juda rasmiy; huquqiy |
| hitherto | /ˌhɪðəˈtuː/ | adv | shu vaqtgacha, hozirgacha | a hitherto unknown text | kitobiy; o'tmish uchun |
| henceforth | /ˌhensˈfɔːθ/ | adv | bundan buyon, shu vaqtdan | henceforth it shall apply | rasmiy; kelajak uchun |
| heretofore | /ˌhɪətuˈfɔː/ | adv | shu paytgacha | heretofore unregulated | juda kitobiy; huquqiy |
| thereby | /ˌðeəˈbaɪ/ | adv | shu tariqa, natijada | ...thereby reducing cost | -ing bilan keladi |
| thereof | /ˌðeərˈɒv/ | adv | uning ( shuning) | the terms thereof | huquqiy shartnoma tili |
| therein | /ˌðeərˈɪn/ | adv | shu ichida, o'sha yerda | the rights therein | huquqiy/rasmiy |
| hereinafter | /ˌhɪərɪnˈɑːftə/ | adv | quyida (keyin shunday ataladi) | ...hereinafter "the Buyer" | shartnoma standarti |
| wherein | /weərˈɪn/ | adv | unda, qaysida | a system wherein all agree | kitobiy; nisbiy |
| whereby | /weəˈbaɪ/ | adv | shu orqali, unga ko'ra | a rule whereby members vote | rasmiy nisbiy |
| whereas | /weərˈæz/ | conj | holbuki, -sa esa | X rose whereas Y fell | qarama-qarshilik |
| albeit | /ɔːlˈbiːɪt/ | conj | garchi (bo'lsa-da) | useful, albeit costly | rasmiy; sifat oldidan |
| insofar as | /ˌɪnsəʊˈfɑːr æz/ | conj | qay darajada, shu darajada | valid insofar as proven | akademik cheklov |
| inasmuch as | /ˌɪnəzˈmʌtʃ æz/ | conj | chunki, shu jihatdan | ...inasmuch as it holds | juda rasmiy |
| vis-à-vis | /ˌviːz ɑː ˈviː/ | prep | -ga nisbatan, -ga qarshi | policy vis-à-vis trade | lotincha/fransuzcha |
| notwithstanding that | /.../ | conj | shunga qaramay-ki | — | rasmiy variant |
| ipso facto | /ˌɪpsəʊ ˈfæktəʊ/ | adv | shuning o'zi bilan, ayni shu sabab | guilty ipso facto | lotincha; huquqiy |
| hence | /hens/ | adv | shuning uchun; shu yerdan | ...hence the delay | rasmiy sabab |
| thence | /ðens/ | adv | u yerdan, o'shandan | — | arxaik/kitobiy |
| forthwith | /ˌfɔːθˈwɪθ/ | adv | zudlik bilan, darhol | pay forthwith | huquqiy tili |
2. Rasmiy fe'l va otlar
Akademik/professional yozuvda oddiy fe'lni almashtiruvchi zich, aniq so'zlar.
| Inglizcha | IPA | T | O'zbekcha | Misol | Eslatma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| constitute | /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/ | v | tashkil etmoq, -ga teng bo'lmoq | this constitutes a breach | "is/forms" rasmiy |
| comprise | /kəmˈpraɪz/ | v | o'z ichiga olmoq, iborat bo'lmoq | the set comprises ten | "comprised of" xato |
| encompass | /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/ | v | qamrab olmoq, o'z ichiga olmoq | it encompasses all fields | keng qamrov |
| entail | /ɪnˈteɪl/ | v | taqozo etmoq, o'zi bilan olib kelmoq | reform entails cost | oqibat/talab |
| pertain (to) | /pəˈteɪn/ | v | -ga taalluqli bo'lmoq | data pertaining to users | rasmiy "relate to" |
| warrant | /ˈwɒrənt/ | v | asosli qilmoq, talab qilmoq | this warrants review | "justify" rasmiy |
| denote | /dɪˈnəʊt/ | v | bevosita bildirmoq, anglatmoq | red denotes danger | to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ma'no |
| connote | /kəˈnəʊt/ | v | qo'shimcha ma'no bildirmoq | "home" connotes warmth | yashirin/hissiy ma'no |
| espouse | /ɪˈspaʊz/ | v | (g'oyani) qo'llab-quvvatlamoq | espouse a cause | kitobiy; e'tiqod |
| posit | /ˈpɒzɪt/ | v | (asos qilib) ilgari surmoq | he posits that... | akademik faraz |
| postulate | /ˈpɒstjʊleɪt/ | v | (isbotsiz) qabul qilmoq, farazlamoq | postulate an axiom | ilmiy asos |
| adduce | /əˈdjuːs/ | v | (dalil) keltirmoq | adduce evidence | juda rasmiy |
| eschew | /ɪsˈtʃuː/ | v | ataylab chetlamoq, voz kechmoq | eschew violence | kitobiy; ongli rad |
| obviate | /ˈɒbvieɪt/ | v | (zaruratni) bartaraf etmoq | obviate the need for X | rasmiy; oldini olish |
| militate (against) | /ˈmɪlɪteɪt/ | v | qarshi ishlamoq, to'sqinlik qilmoq | facts militate against it | "mitigate" bilan adashmang |
| supersede | /ˌsuːpəˈsiːd/ | v | o'rnini egallamoq, bekor qilmoq | new law supersedes old | rasmiy almashtirish |
| promulgate | /ˈprɒmlɡeɪt/ | v | (qonun) e'lon qilmoq, joriy etmoq | promulgate a decree | huquqiy/rasmiy |
| tenet | /ˈtenɪt/ | n | asosiy aqida, tamoyil | a core tenet | e'tiqod tamoyili |
| corollary | /kəˈrɒləri/ | n | mantiqiy natija, oqibat | a corollary of the theory | akademik |
| caveat | /ˈkæviæt/ | n | ogohlantirish-shart, izoh | with one caveat | rasmiy shart |
| purview | /ˈpɜːvjuː/ | n | vakolat doirasi, qamrov | within its purview | rasmiy/huquqiy |
| aegis | /ˈiːdʒɪs/ | n | homiylik, himoya (ostida) | under the aegis of the UN | kitobiy |
| impetus | /ˈɪmpɪtəs/ | n | turtki, harakatlantiruvchi kuch | give fresh impetus | rasmiy |
| dearth | /dɜːθ/ | n | tanqislik, kamchilik | a dearth of data | kitobiy "lack" |
| plethora | /ˈpleθərə/ | n | mo'l-ko'llik, haddan ziyodlik | a plethora of options | rasmiy "ko'p" |
3. Nozik nuans juftliklari
Bir-biriga o'xshaydi, ammo ma'nosi/qo'llanishi turlicha. = ko'p adashtiriladi.
| Juftlik | Farqi | Eslatma |
|---|---|---|
| imply (v: yashirin bildirmoq) / infer (v: xulosa chiqarmoq) | so'zlovchi imply qiladi, tinglovchi infer qiladi | eng ko'p xato |
| continual (takror-takror, uzilishlar bilan) / continuous (uzluksiz, to'xtovsiz) | continual = qayta-qayta; continuous = uzilmasdan | |
| discreet (ehtiyotkor, og'zi mahkam) / discrete (alohida, ajralgan) | -eet = sirni saqlaydigan; -ete = ajratilgan | imlo |
| disinterested (xolis, manfaatsiz) / uninterested (qiziqmaydigan) | disinterested = beg'araz; uninterested = befarq | |
| flout (v: mensimay buzmoq) / flaunt (v: ko'z-ko'z qilmoq) | flout the rules; flaunt wealth | |
| comprise (butun qismlardan iborat) / compose (qismlar butunni tashkil etadi) | whole comprises parts; parts compose whole | "is comprised of" xato |
| fewer (sanaladigan) / less (sanalmaydigan) | fewer items; less water | |
| amount (sanalmaydigan) / number (sanaladigan) | amount of sugar; number of cars | — |
| affect (v: ta'sir qilmoq) / effect (n: ta'sir; v: amalga oshirmoq) | affect=fe'l; effect=ot (asosan) | |
| principle (n: tamoyil) / principal (asosiy; direktor) | -ple=qoida; -pal=asosiy/odam | |
| elicit (chiqarib olmoq) / illicit (adj: noqonuniy) | elicit a response; illicit trade | |
| prescribe (buyurmoq, tavsiya etmoq) / proscribe (taqiqlamoq) | qarama-qarshi ma'no! | tuzoq |
| censure (v: rasman qoralamoq) / censor (v: senzura qilmoq) | -ure=tanqid; -or=to'sib qo'yish | — |
| ingenious (zukko, topqir) / ingenuous (soddadil, g'o'r) | -ious=aqlli; -uous=beg'ubor | |
| fortuitous (tasodifiy) / fortunate (baxtli, omadli) | fortuitous ≠ har doim "yaxshi tasodif" | ko'p qorishtiriladi |
| enormity (dahshatli qabihlik) / enormousness (ulkanlik) | enormity = axloqiy dahshat, o'lcham emas | nozik |
| refute (dalil bilan rad etmoq) / deny (inkor qilmoq) | refute = isbot bilan; deny = shunchaki inkor | rasmiy farq |
| credible (ishonchli) / credulous (soddadil, tez ishonuvchi) / creditable (maqtovga sazovor) | uch xil ma'no | |
| temerity (surbetlik, dadillik) / timidity (qo'rqoqlik) | qarama-qarshi! temerity = beadab jasorat | tuzoq |
| venal (poraga sotiluvchi) / venial (kechirimli, mayda gunoh) | venal = korrupt; venial = arzimas | |
| luxuriant (bujur, sershox) / luxurious (hashamatli) | luxuriant hair; luxurious hotel | nozik |
| judicial (sud-adliy) / judicious (oqilona) | judicial system; judicious choice | — |
| precipitate (v/adj: shoshqaloq) / precipitous (tik, keskin) | precipitate action; precipitous cliff | kitobiy |
| turbid (loyqa, xira) / turgid (dabdabali, shishgan) | turbid water; turgid prose | kamyob juftlik |
4. Kamyob sofistikatsiyalangan so'zlar
Boy va aniq nutq belgisi. Adabiy, ilmiy va yuqori register.
| Inglizcha | IPA | T | O'zbekcha | Misol | Eslatma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| quintessential | /ˌkwɪntɪˈsenʃl/ | adj | eng tipik, mukammal namunaviy | the quintessential gentleman | mohiyatan eng "asl" |
| idiosyncratic | /ˌɪdiəsɪŋˈkrætɪk/ | adj | o'ziga xos, g'alati individual | an idiosyncratic style | shaxsiy g'ayrioddiylik |
| ostensible | /ɒsˈtensəbl/ | adj | ko'rinishdagi, soxta rasmiy | the ostensible reason | asl sabab boshqa |
| ubiquitous | /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ | adj | hamma joyda mavjud | phones are ubiquitous | rasmiy/kitobiy |
| ineffable | /ɪnˈefəbl/ | adj | so'z bilan ifodalab bo'lmas | ineffable joy | adabiy |
| quixotic | /kwɪkˈsɒtɪk/ | adj | xayolparast, amalga oshmas orzuli | a quixotic scheme | Don Kixotdan |
| ephemeral | /ɪˈfemərəl/ | adj | o'tkinchi, qisqa umrli | ephemeral fame | adabiy |
| inexorable | /ɪnˈeksərəbl/ | adj | to'xtatib bo'lmas, muqarrar | the inexorable rise | kitobiy |
| inscrutable | /ɪnˈskruːtəbl/ | adj | tushunib bo'lmas, sirli | an inscrutable smile | — |
| mercurial | /mɜːˈkjʊəriəl/ | adj | o'zgaruvchan kayfiyatli | a mercurial temperament | kitobiy |
| sanguine | /ˈsæŋɡwɪn/ | adj | umidvor, optimistik | sanguine about the future | rasmiy |
| taciturn | /ˈtæsɪtɜːn/ | adj | kamgap, indamas | a taciturn man | kitobiy |
| garrulous | /ˈɡærələs/ | adj | vaysaqi, ko'pgapiruvchi | a garrulous old man | salbiy |
| pernicious | /pəˈnɪʃəs/ | adj | zararli, halokatli (sekin) | a pernicious influence | rasmiy |
| insidious | /ɪnˈsɪdiəs/ | adj | sezdirmay ziyon keltiruvchi | an insidious disease | — |
| egregious | /ɪˈɡriːdʒəs/ | adj | dahshatli darajada yomon | an egregious error | rasmiy salbiy |
| nebulous | /ˈnebjələs/ | adj | noaniq, mavhum | nebulous ideas | kitobiy |
| ostentatious | /ˌɒstenˈteɪʃəs/ | adj | ko'z-ko'z qiluvchi, dabdabali | ostentatious wealth | salbiy |
| pusillanimous | /ˌpjuːsɪˈlænɪməs/ | adj | qo'rqoq, irodasiz | a pusillanimous retreat | juda kitobiy |
| perspicacious | /ˌpɜːspɪˈkeɪʃəs/ | adj | o'tkir zehnli, farosatli | a perspicacious analyst | kamyob |
| recalcitrant | /rɪˈkælsɪtrənt/ | adj | itoatsiz, o'jar | a recalcitrant student | rasmiy |
| obsequious | /əbˈsiːkwiəs/ | adj | xushomadgo'y, laganbardor | an obsequious waiter | salbiy |
| sycophant | /ˈsɪkəfænt/ | n | xushomadgo'y, laganbardor | surrounded by sycophants | salbiy |
| iconoclast | /aɪˈkɒnəklæst/ | n | an'analarni buzuvchi, isyonkor | a true iconoclast | ijobiy/neytral |
| pariah | /pəˈraɪə/ | n | jamiyatdan quvilgan, nafratlangan | a social pariah | kitobiy |
| zeitgeist | /ˈzaɪtɡaɪst/ | n | davr ruhi, zamona kayfiyati | capture the zeitgeist | nemischa |
| schadenfreude | /ˈʃɑːdnfrɔɪdə/ | n | o'zganing baxtsizligidan zavq | felt a pang of schadenfreude | nemischa |
| serendipity | /ˌserənˈdɪpəti/ | n | baxtli tasodif, kutilmagan omad | a moment of serendipity | ijobiy |
| epitome | /ɪˈpɪtəmi/ | n | eng yorqin timsol, mujassam | the epitome of elegance | rasmiy |
| panacea | /ˌpænəˈsiːə/ | n | barcha dardga davo, universal yechim | no panacea for poverty | ko'pincha inkor bilan |
| catalyst | /ˈkætəlɪst/ | n | turtki beruvchi omil, katalizator | a catalyst for change | ko'chma |
| paragon | /ˈpærəɡən/ | n | mukammallik namunasi, o'rnak | a paragon of virtue | kitobiy |
| harbinger | /ˈhɑːbɪndʒə/ | n | darak beruvchi, xabarchi (belgi) | a harbinger of spring | adabiy |
| watershed | /ˈwɔːtəʃed/ | n | burilish nuqtasi, hal qiluvchi payt | a watershed moment | ko'chma |
| juggernaut | /ˈdʒʌɡənɔːt/ | n | to'xtatib bo'lmas ulkan kuch | a corporate juggernaut | — |
| anathema | /əˈnæθəmə/ | n | nafratlangan/qabul qilinmas narsa | such ideas are anathema to him | kitobiy |
| conundrum | /kəˈnʌndrəm/ | n | chigal jumboq, boshqotirma | an ethical conundrum | — |
| juxtaposition | /ˌdʒʌkstəpəˈzɪʃn/ | n | yonma-yon qo'yish, qiyoslash | a stark juxtaposition | akademik |
| nuance | /ˈnjuːɑːns/ | n | nozik farq, ma'no tovlanishi | subtle nuances | — |
| propensity | /prəˈpensəti/ | n | moyillik, mayl | a propensity for risk | rasmiy |
| predilection | /ˌpriːdɪˈlekʃn/ | n | (kuchli) xush ko'rish, mayl | a predilection for jazz | kitobiy |
| penchant | /ˈpɒnʃɒn/ | n | qiziqish, mayl | a penchant for drama | fransuzcha |
| acumen | /ˈækjəmən/ | n | o'tkirlik, farosat (biznesda) | business acumen | ijobiy |
| aplomb | /əˈplɒm/ | n | vazminlik, dadil o'zini tutish | handled it with aplomb | ijobiy |
| candour | /ˈkændə/ | n | ochiqko'ngillilik, samimiyat | spoke with candour | ijobiy; BrE imlo |
| rapport | /ræˈpɔː/ | n | o'zaro yaqinlik, til topishish | build a rapport | ijobiy |
| repertoire | /ˈrepətwɑː/ | n | to'plam, arsenal (mahorat) | expand one's repertoire | fransuzcha |
| nadir | /ˈneɪdɪə/ | n | eng past nuqta, tubanlik cho'qqisi | the nadir of his career | zenith teskarisi |
| zenith | /ˈzenɪθ/ | n | cho'qqi, eng yuqori nuqta | at the zenith of power | kitobiy |
| hubris | /ˈhjuːbrɪs/ | n | takabburlik, manmanlik (halokatli) | brought down by hubris | adabiy/klassik |
| catharsis | /kəˈθɑːsɪs/ | n | ruhiy poklanish, yengillashuv | emotional catharsis | adabiy/psixologik |
5. Diskurs markerlari (yuqori register)
Argumentni boshqaruvchi, yozma va ilmiy nutqni "yog'lab" turuvchi so'zlar.
| Inglizcha | IPA | T | O'zbekcha | Misol | Eslatma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| conversely | /ˈkɒnvɜːsli/ | adv | aksincha, teskari holda | conversely, X may fall | qarama-qarshi |
| ostensibly | /ɒsˈtensəbli/ | adv | ko'rinishidan, go'yoki | ostensibly neutral | asl niyat boshqa |
| ergo | /ˈɜːɡəʊ/ | adv | demak, shuning uchun | I think, ergo I am | lotincha; kinoyaviy ham |
| nominally | /ˈnɒmɪnəli/ | adv | nomigagina, rasman | nominally independent | amalda emas |
| notably | /ˈnəʊtəbli/ | adv | ayniqsa, jumladan | notably in Asia | misol keltirish |
| arguably | /ˈɑːɡjuəbli/ | adv | bahsli ravishda, ehtimol | arguably the best | ehtiyotkor da'vo |
| seemingly | /ˈsiːmɪŋli/ | adv | ko'rinishidan, chamasi | a seemingly simple task | — |
| paradoxically | /ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkli/ | adv | paradoksal ravishda | paradoxically, less is more | ziddiyatni ta'kidlash |
| crucially | /ˈkruːʃəli/ | adv | eng muhimi, hal qiluvchi | and, crucially, it works | urg'u |
| accordingly | /əˈkɔːdɪŋli/ | adv | shunga muvofiq, shu bois | act accordingly | rasmiy natija |
| correspondingly | /ˌkɒrɪˈspɒndɪŋli/ | adv | shunga mos ravishda | costs rose correspondingly | — |
| moreover | /mɔːrˈəʊvə/ | adv | bundan tashqari, qolaversa | moreover, it is cheap | qo'shimcha dalil |
| furthermore | /ˌfɜːðəˈmɔː/ | adv | bundan tashqari, yana | furthermore, we note... | rasmiy qo'shimcha |
| nonetheless | /ˌnʌnðəˈles/ | adv | shunga qaramay, baribir | small, nonetheless vital | qarshi qo'yish |
| notwithstanding (adv) | /ˌnɒtwɪθˈstændɪŋ/ | adv | shunga qaramay | he went notwithstanding | rasmiy |
| granted | /ˈɡrɑːntɪd/ | adv | rost, tan olaman-ku | granted, it is risky, but... | yon berish |
| admittedly | /ədˈmɪtɪdli/ | adv | tan olish kerak, rostini aytsa | admittedly, I erred | e'tirof |
| by the same token | /.../ | phrase | shu mantiq bilan, xuddi shunday | by the same token, ... | bog'lash |
| in a similar vein | /.../ | phrase | shunga o'xshab, shu ruhda | in a similar vein, ... | kitobiy |
| to that end | /.../ | phrase | shu maqsadda | to that end, we propose... | rasmiy maqsad |
| that said | /.../ | phrase | shunday bo'lsa-da, ammo | that said, risks remain | yumshoq qarshi qo'yish |
| suffice it to say | /səˈfaɪs/ | phrase | shuni aytish kifoya | suffice it to say, we won | kitobiy |
| be that as it may | /.../ | phrase | qanday bo'lmasin, mayli | be that as it may, we go on | rasmiy yon berish |
| all things considered | /.../ | phrase | hammasini hisobga olganda | all things considered, it worked | xulosa |
C2 TO'LIQLIK TEKSHIRUVI (yuqori akademik / native register)
C2 5-partiyada qoplangan (~124 birlik):
Akademik/rasmiy bog'lovchi (notwithstanding, hitherto, henceforth, thereby, wherein, albeit, insofar as, vis-à-vis)
Rasmiy fe'l/ot (constitute, comprise, encompass, entail, pertain, warrant, denote, connote, tenet, corollary)
Nozik nuans juftliklari (imply/infer, continual/continuous, discreet/discrete, flout/flaunt, prescribe/proscribe)
Kamyob sofistikatsiyalangan so'zlar (quintessential, idiosyncratic, ostensible, ubiquitous, serendipity, ineffable, quixotic, sycophant, iconoclast, pariah, zeitgeist, schadenfreude)
Diskurs markerlari (conversely, ostensibly, ergo, notwithstanding, arguably, paradoxically)Holat: C2 register/nuans yadrosi to'liq — CPE / IELTS 8.5-9 / akademik-adabiy darajada har birida to'g'ri IPA, aniq tarjima, misol va register/nuans eslatmasi berilgan.
Manba
Academic Word List (Coxhead); Oxford 5000 (C2/CPE); Cambridge CPE wordlist; Garner's Modern Usage (confusables/nuance); Fowler's Modern English Usage.
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