B1 — 2-dars: Present Perfect — for / since va "How long?"

B1 — O'RTA · 2-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

O'tgan darsda Present Perfect tushunchasini (tajriba, natija) o'rgandingiz. Bu darsda uning yana bir eng muhim ishlatilishini o'rganasiz: qancha vaqtdan beri biror holat/ish davom etayotganini aytish — for (davr) va since (boshlanish nuqtasi) bilan, hamda "How long…?" savoli.

I've lived here for five years. (Bu yerda besh yildan beri yashayman.) I've known her since 2019. (Uni 2019 yildan beri tanayman.) "How long have you worked here?" — "For ten months." (Qancha vaqtdan beri ishlaysiz? — O'n oydan beri.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• O'zi haqida (intervyu!): "I've worked as a developer for three years." "I've been with this company since 2021."
• Tanishuv: "How long have you been learning English?"
• Munosabat/holat: "We've been friends since school." "I've had this laptop for two years."

ENG MUHIM tushuncha — o'zbekcha "hozirgi", inglizcha Present Perfect: o'zbek tilida "Men bu yerda 5 yildan beri yashayman" — bu hozirgi zamon (yashayman). Lekin ingliz tilida bu Present Perfect: "I've lived* here for 5 years."* Sababi: harakat o'tmishda boshlangan va hozirgacha davom etyapti — ingliz tili bu "o'tmishhozir" cho'zilishini Present Perfect bilan ko'rsatadi. Eng katta xato: "I live here for 5 years" ( — hozirgi zamon) "I've lived here for 5 years" ().

O'xshatish: for/since bilan Present Perfect — bu "hali uzilmagan ip": ip o'tmishda boshlangan (since 2019) yoki ma'lum uzunlikda (for 5 years), va u hozirgacha yetib keladi. O'zbekcha "yashayman" — faqat hozirni ko'rsatadi; inglizcha "I've lived" — boshlanish + hozir, ikkala uchini ham.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-1 (Present Perfect): have/has + V3 — bugun for/since bilan kengaytiramiz.
• A2-2 (was/were): since I was a child — since dan keyin Past Simple.
• A1-12/13 (sonlar/vaqt): for five years, since 2019 — vaqt iboralari.
• Tez mashq: V3 ayting: live ?, know ?, be ?, have ? (lived, known, been, had).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. for vs since — asosiy farq

FOR + DAVR (qancha vaqt — uzunlik):
  for five years, for two weeks, for ten minutes, for a long time, for ages, for a while
SINCE + BOSHLANISH NUQTASI (qachondan beri — nuqta):
  since 2019, since Monday, since this morning, since I was a child, since we met

I've worked here for three years.   — Bu yerda uch yildan beri ishlayman. (davr — 3 yil)
I've worked here since 2021.         — 2021 yildan beri ishlayman. (nuqta — 2021)

Test: "qancha vaqt?" (uzunlik) for; "qachondan?" (boshlanish) since.

text

for: 5 years, 2 hours, a week, a long time, ages    (DAVR)
since: Monday, June, 2020, 9 o'clock, last week, lunchtime    (NUQTA)

O'zbek tilidagi TUZOQ — "…dan beri" ikkalasiga ham to'g'ri keladi: o'zbekchada for ham, since ham ko'pincha bir xil — "…dan beri" deb tarjima bo'ladi: for five years = "besh yildan beri", since 2019 = "2019 yildan beri". Shu sababli o'zbek o'quvchi tarjimaga qarab qaysi biri kerakligini ajrata olmaydi — inglizcha mantiqni eslash shart: uzunlik for, boshlanish nuqtasi since. Tekshirish savoli: "besh yil" = qancha vaqt (uzunlik) for; "2019" = qachondan (nuqta) since. Aynan shuning uchun eng ko'p uchraydigan xato — "since two years" (davrga since qo'yish) yoki "for Monday" (nuqtaga for qo'yish); to'g'risi "for two years" / "since Monday" .

Mini-mashq (for/since): ___ Monday · ___ two hours · ___ I left school · ___ ages · ___ 6 o'clock · ___ a few days · ___ last winter · ___ half an hour. Javob: since Monday · for two hours · since I left school · for ages · since 6 o'clock · for a few days · since last winter · for half an hour.

3.2. Eng muhim ma'no — hozirgacha davom etgan holat/ish

Present Perfect + for/since = harakat/holat o'tmishda boshlangan va hali davom etyapti:

I've known him for ten years.       — Uni o'n yildan beri tanayman. (hali tanayman)
She's lived in London since 2018.    — 2018 dan beri Londonda yashaydi. (hali yashaydi)
We've been married for 20 years.     — 20 yildan beri turmush qurganmiz. (hali birgamiz)

ENG katta xato (o'zbekcha kalka): "I know him for ten years" ( — hozirgi zamon) / "I live here since 2018" () "I've known him for ten years" () / "I've lived here since 2018" (). O'zbekcha "tanayman/yashayman" hozirgi zamon, lekin inglizcha Present Perfect (boshlanish + hozir).

3.3. How long…? — davomiylik so'rovi

How long have you + V3 …?
  How long have you lived here?       — Bu yerda qancha vaqtdan beri yashaysiz?
   For five years. / Since 2019.
  How long have you known each other?  — Bir-biringizni qancha vaqtdan tanaysiz?
   For ages. / Since we were kids.

How long…? — javob for… yoki since… bilan. (Solishtiring: When did you move here? aniq vaqt Past Simple: In 2019.)

3.4. since + clause (Past Simple) — "…ganidan beri"

since dan keyin vaqt nuqtasi (since 2019) yoki butun gap (Past Simple) kelishi mumkin:

since + nuqta:  since 2019, since Monday, since lunch
since + gap (Past Simple):  since I started, since I moved here, since I was a child

I've felt much better since I started exercising. — Sport bilan shug'ullanishni boshlaganimdan beri ancha yaxshiman.
A lot has changed since we last met.              — Oxirgi marta uchrashganimizdan beri ko'p narsa o'zgardi.

3.5. Stative fe'llar (know, have, be, like) — for/since bilan Present Perfect

Holat fe'llari (A2-1) Continuous'da ishlatilmaydi, lekin Present Perfect (oddiy) bilan davomiylik beradi:

I've had this car for years.        — Bu mashina menda yillardan beri. (have = ega)
We've been friends since school.     — Maktabdan beri do'stmiz.
I've liked jazz since I was young.   — Yoshligimdan beri jazzni yoqtiraman.

(Harakat fe'llari — work, live, study — Present Perfect Continuous bilan ham bo'ladi: I've been working — B1-6. Stative fe'llar esa faqat oddiy Present Perfect.)

Oldinga nazar (B1-6) — holat vs harakat: for/since bilan harakat fe'llari (work, live, study, wait, learn) ham oddiy, ham davomli (Continuous) shaklda keladi: "I've worked here for three years" (fakt/natija) ≈ "I've been working here for three years" (jarayonni, davomiylikni ta'kidlaydi) — ma'no deyarli bir xil. Ammo holat fe'llari (know, have, be, like) — faqat oddiy Present Perfect: "I've known him for years" , "I've been knowing him" . Qoida: holat faqat oddiy Present Perfect; harakat ikkala shakl ham mumkin (batafsili — 06-dars, Present Perfect Continuous).

3.6. ago vs for/since (aralashtirmang!)

ago = o'tmishdagi NUQTAga "orqaga" sanash  Past Simple:
  I came here three years ago. (uch yil oldin keldim — Past Simple)
for/since = hozirgacha davom  Present Perfect:
  I've been here for three years. (uch yildan beri shu yerdaman)
  I've been here since 2021.

"I've been here three years ago" ( — ago + Present Perfect aralash) "I came here three years ago" () yoki "I've been here for three years" (). ago Past Simple; for/since Present Perfect.

3.7. "It's … since" / "It's been … since"

"…ganiga … bo'ldi" ma'nosi:

It's (been) two years since I saw her.    — Uni ko'rganimga ikki yil bo'ldi.
It's ages since we last spoke.             — Oxirgi gaplashganimizga ancha bo'ldi.

"Long time no see!" / "It's been a while!" — uzoq ko'rishmaganda (B1-1 chunk).

4. Misollar (for/since bo'yicha)

FOR (davr):

I've studied English for two years.      — Inglizchani ikki yildan beri o'rganaman.
He's been ill for a week.                 — U bir haftadan beri kasal.
We've waited for over an hour.            — Bir soatdan ko'proq kutdik.

SINCE (nuqta):

I've worked here since last March.        — O'tgan martdan beri shu yerda ishlayman.
She's been awake since 5 a.m.             — Ertalab 5 dan beri uyg'oq.
I haven't seen him since the wedding.     — To'ydan beri uni ko'rmadim.

How long + javob:

"How long have you had your phone?" — "For about a year." — Telefoning qancha vaqtdan? — Bir yilcha.
"How long have they been together?" — "Since university." — Qancha vaqtdan birga? — Universitetdan beri.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

for /fɔː/ (kuchli) yoki /fə/ (zaif, odatdagi): "for five years"  "fə-fayv-yiəz"
since /sɪns/ "sins"
How long /haʊ lɒŋ/ "hau-loŋ"
I've had /aɪv hæd/ "ayv-hed"   I've known /nəʊn/ "noun"

Native siri: for gapda zaif "fə" bo'ladi: "I've lived here for years" "ayv-livd-hiə-fə-yiəz". Faqat ta'kidda "fo:".

Topshiriq (shadowing): "for five years, since 2019, How long have you...?" ni ayting; for ni zaif "fə" qiling. Youglish: "how long have you", "for years".

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• I've been with this company for/since… — intervyu (ish staji).
• How long have you been learning English? — tanishuv savoli.
• for as long as I can remember — "eslay olganimdan beri".
• It's been a while. — "Ancha bo'ldi."
• for the time being — "hozircha".

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — tanishuv (for/since):

A: How long have you lived in Tashkent?            — Toshkentda qancha vaqtdan beri yashaysiz?
B: For about six years. I moved here in 2019.       — Olti yilcha. Bu yerga 2019 da ko'chdim.
A: And how long have you worked as a developer?     — Dasturchi bo'lib qancha vaqt ishlaysiz?
B: Since I finished university — so for four years now. — Universitetni tugatganimdan beri — demak to'rt yildan beri.
A: Nice. Have you always worked for the same company? — Yaxshi. Doim bitta kompaniyada ishlaganmisiz?
B: No, I've been with my current team for just a year. — Yo'q, hozirgi jamoamda atigi bir yildan beri.
A: And how long have you been learning English?      — Inglizchani qancha vaqtdan o'rganasiz?
B: For a long time, but I've been serious about it since last year. — Uzoq vaqt, lekin o'tgan yildan beri jiddiy.

O'qish matni — "Ten years in the city" (davomiylik):

I've lived in this city for ten years now. — Bu shaharda endi o'n yildan beri yashayman.
I came here as a student, and I've stayed ever since. — Bu yerga talaba bo'lib keldim va o'shandan beri qoldim.
I've had the same small flat since my second year. — Ikkinchi kursimdan beri o'sha kichik kvartiradaman.
I've made some great friends here — I've known some of them for nearly a decade. — Bu yerda zo'r do'stlar orttirganman — ba'zilarini deyarli o'n yildan beri tanayman.
A lot has changed since I arrived: the city has grown, and so have I. — Kelganimdan beri ko'p narsa o'zgardi: shahar ham o'sdi, men ham.
I haven't decided to leave yet. For now, this is home. — Hali ketishni qaror qilmadim. Hozircha, bu yer — uy.

Topshiriq: matnda for, since va Present Perfect fe'llarni belgilang. So'ng o'zingiz haqingizda 6 gap yozing (I've … for/since …): qancha vaqtdan beri qayerda yashaysiz, ishlaysiz, kimni tanaysiz.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Hozirgi zamon (Present Perfect o'rniga): I live here for 5 years. I know him since 2018. Sabab: o'zbekcha "yashayman/tanayman" — hozirgi zamon. I've lived here for 5 years. I've known him since 2018. (boshlanish+hozir Present Perfect). Eng katta xato!

• since + davr: since 5 years, since a long time. for 5 years, for a long time (davr for). since faqat nuqta: since 2019.

• for + nuqta: for 2019, for Monday. since 2019, since Monday (nuqta since).

• ago + Present Perfect: I have come here 3 years ago. I came here 3 years ago (ago Past Simple) yoki I've been here for 3 years.

• How long savoliga aniq vaqt: "How long have you been here?" — "In 2019." "For five years / Since 2019." (How long for/since). In 2019 = When…? javobi.

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. for yoki since?

___ 2020, ___ five years, ___ Monday, ___ a long time, ___ I was a child,
___ ten minutes, ___ last week, ___ ages, ___ this morning, ___ two hours

Mashq 2. Present Perfect tuzing (for/since):

1. I ___ (live) here ___ ten years.
2. She ___ (know) him ___ 2015.
3. We ___ (be) friends ___ school.
4. They ___ (not / see) each other ___ the summer.

Mashq 3. How long savolini tuzing:

1. (you / work / here)  ___ ?
2. (she / have / that car)  ___ ?

Mashq 4. Past Simple yoki Present Perfect?

1. I ___ (move) here in 2019. (aniq vaqt)
2. I ___ (live) here since 2019. (since)
3. I ___ (know) her for ten years. (for)
4. I ___ (meet) her ten years ago. (ago)

Mashq 5. Xatoni to'g'rilang: I live here for 5 years., I know him since 2018., since five years, I have come 3 years ago., "How long...?" — "In 2019."

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Bu yerda besh yildan beri yashayman. = ___
2. Uni 2019 yildan beri tanayman. = ___
3. Qancha vaqtdan beri ishlaysiz? = ___
4. Maktabdan beri do'stmiz. = ___
5. To'ydan beri uni ko'rmadim. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — for yoki since: to'ldiring:

"I've worked here ___ 2021."  since
"I've worked here ___ three years."  ___
"We've been married ___ ten years."  ___
"I haven't seen her ___ Monday."  ___

Drill B — How long + javob (o'zingiz haqingizda):

"How long have you lived in your city?"  "For/Since ___ ."
"How long have you been learning English?"  ___
"How long have you had your phone?"  ___

Drill C — ago for/since:

"I started this job two years ago."  "I've ___ this job for two years."
"We met in 2018."  "We've known each other since ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill A): for three years / for ten years / since Monday. So'ng o'zingiz haqingizda 4 ta for/since gapi (yashash, ish, do'stlik, ko'nikma) tuzing va model javoblar hamda yuqoridagi qoidalar yordamida o'zingizni tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: since 2020 / for five years / since Monday / for a long time / since I was a child / for ten minutes / since last week / for ages / since this morning / for two hours. Mashq 2: 1. have lived ... for · 2. has known ... since · 3. have been ... since · 4. haven't seen ... since. Mashq 3: 1. How long have you worked here? · 2. How long has she had that car? Mashq 4: 1. moved · 2. have lived (I've lived) · 3. have known · 4. met. Mashq 5: I've lived here for 5 years. / I've known him since 2018. / for five years. / I came 3 years ago. / "For ... / Since 2019." Mashq 6: 1. I've lived here for five years. · 2. I've known him since 2019. · 3. How long have you worked here? · 4. We've been friends since school. · 5. I haven't seen him since the wedding.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Present Perfect + for/since = o'tmishda boshlangan, HOZIR ham davom etgan holat/ish
  FOR + DAVR (uzunlik): for 5 years, for ages, for a while
  SINCE + NUQTA (boshlanish): since 2019, since Monday, since I was a child
   o'zbekcha "yashayman"  inglizcha "I've LIVED" (NOT "I live for 5 years")
  How long...?  For... / Since...   (When...?  aniq vaqt  Past Simple)
  since + gap (Past Simple): since I started
  stative (know/have/be)  Present Perfect (I've known him for years)
  ago (≠ for/since): "3 years ago"  Past Simple

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. for + davr (5 years); since + nuqta (2019).
2. O'tmishda boshlangan + hozir davom Present Perfect (NOT hozirgi zamon).
3. How long…? for/since javob.
4. since + gap (Past Simple: since I started).
5. ago Past Simple (≠ for/since).

Bog'lanish: for/since + Present Perfect — davomiylikning asosi. Keyingi dars just/already/yet ni beradi (yaqinda tugatgan ish). B1-6 da Present Perfect Continuous (I've been living here for…) — for/since bilan harakat fe'llari uchun. Bu — intervyu va tanishuvning markaziy tili.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 3-dars: Present Perfect — just / already / yet. Endi "endigina, allaqachon, hali" ni o'rganamiz: I've just finished. She's already left. Have you done it yet? — yaqinda bo'lgan ish va kutish bilan bog'liq.

Keyingi darsga o'tishdan oldin yuqoridagi barcha mashqlarni bajaring va o'zingiz haqingizdagi for/since gaplaringizni ovoz chiqarib ayting.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (Present Perfect with for/since, Units 11–12; How long...?); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (for/since; present perfect duration); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Present perfect with 'for' and 'since'".