B1 — 20-dars: Relative clauses — defining (who / which / that / where / whose)

B1 — O'RTA · 20-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda nisbiy ergash gaplar (relative clauses) ni o'rganasiz — otni aniqlovchi, ta'riflovchi ergash gap. Ular who, which, that, where, whose, when bilan boshlanadi va ikki gapni bittaga birlashtiradi.

The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (Yonimda yashaydigan ayol — shifokor.) This is the book that I told you about. (Bu — sizga aytgan kitobim.) That's the café where we met. (O'sha — biz uchrashgan kafe.) He's the man whose car was stolen. (U — mashinasi o'g'irlangan odam.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Aniqlash/ta'riflash (doimiy): "the person who called", "the file that I sent", "the place where I work" — kim/qaysi birini aniqlaydi.
• Gaplarni birlashtirish (ravon nutq): qisqa gaplar o'rniga bitta uzun, tabiiy gap.
• Ta'rif berish (so'z bilmaganda): "It's a thing that you use to…" — so'zni eslay olmaganda!

Asosiy tushuncha — otni "qaysi birini" aniqlaydi: defining (aniqlovchi) relative clause otning qaysi birini aytayotganingizni ko'rsatadi — u muhim, ajralmas ma'lumot. "The man who lives here" — qaysi odam? — bu yerda yashaydigani. Bu gapni olib tashlasangiz, kim ekani noma'lum qoladi. Shuning uchun vergul YO'Q (gapning ajralmas qismi).

O'xshatish: defining relative clause — otga "yorliq/manzil" yopishtirish: "the book" (qaysi?) "the book that I bought yesterday" (aynan o'sha). Yorliqsiz "the book" — qaysi kitob noma'lum; yorliq bilan — aniq. who/which/that — yorliqni ulaydigan bog'lovchi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-16 (so'roq so'zlar): who, which, where — bugun nisbiy olmosh sifatida.
• A2-16,24 (olmoshlar): who (kim) — odam uchun nisbiy olmosh.
• A2-31 (tasvirlash): the man with… — bugun the man who….
• B1-15,16 (gap birlashtirish): murakkab gap tuzish.
• Tez mashq: odam who; narsa which/that; joy where; egalik whose.

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Nisbiy olmoshlar — qaysi biri qachon

The doctor who treated me was very kind.     — Meni davolagan shifokor juda mehribon edi.
The phone which/that I bought is great.       — Sotib olgan telefonim zo'r.
The town where I grew up is small.            — O'sib-ulg'aygan shaharcham kichkina.
The woman whose son is famous lives here.     — O'g'li mashhur bo'lgan ayol shu yerda yashaydi.

3.2. Ikki gapni birlashtirish — qanday

1-gap: The man is my uncle.   2-gap: He lives next door.
 The man WHO lives next door is my uncle. (he  who, ikki gap  bitta)

1: This is the book.   2: I read it last week.
 This is the book (THAT) I read last week. (it  that)

Usul: ikkinchi gapdagi takror so'z (he, it, there) nisbiy olmosh (who, which/that, where), va u otdan keyin keladi.

3.3. Ega va to'ldiruvchi nisbiy olmosh — that/which tushirish

Nisbiy olmosh ega bo'lsa — tushirib bo'lmaydi:

The man WHO called is my boss. (who = ega — TUSHIRIB BO'LMAYDI)

Nisbiy olmosh to'ldiruvchi (object) bo'lsa — tushirib bo'ladi:

The book (that) I read. = The book I read. (that = object — TUSHIRSA BO'LADI)
The person (who/that) I met. = The person I met.

Eng foydali qoida: ot + (olmosh) + ega + fe'l bo'lsa olmoshni tushirish mumkin ("the film I saw"). Ot + olmosh + fe'l (boshqa ega yo'q) bo'lsa olmosh kerak ("the man who saw me").

3.4. Defining clause'da VERGUL YO'Q

Defining (aniqlovchi) clause — otning ajralmas qismi, shuning uchun vergul ishlatilmaydi:

 The students who study hard pass.    (vergulsiz — qaysi talabalar? — qattiq o'qiganlar)
 The students, who study hard, pass.   (vergul — bu non-defining, boshqa ma'no — B1-21)

Vergul = boshqa ma'no: vergulsiz (defining) — "qaysi birini" aniqlaydi; vergul bilan (non-defining, B1-21) — "qo'shimcha ma'lumot". Hozir — vergulsiz, defining.

3.5. that vs who/which

odam: who (rasmiy) yoki that (norasmiy):  the man who/that called
narsa: which (rasmiy) yoki that (norasmiy): the book which/that I read

that — odam va narsa uchun ham, norasmiy va keng. who (faqat odam), which (faqat narsa) — aniqroq/rasmiyroq. Defining clause'da that ko'p ishlatiladi.

3.6. Predlogli nisbiy gaplar — preposition oxirda

So'zlashuvda predlog oxirda qoladi, olmosh tushadi:

The person I spoke to.        (= the person to whom I spoke — rasmiy)
The house I live in.           (= the house in which I live)
The man (that) I work with.    — Birga ishlaydigan odamim.

So'zlashuv: predlog oxirda ("the house I live in"); rasmiy: "the house in which I live". Birinchisi tabiiyroq.

3.7. where / when / whose

where = "in/at which" (joy):  the office where I work (= in which I work)
when = "on/at which" (vaqt):   the year when I was born (= in which)
whose = "kimning" (egalik):    the writer whose book won (yozuvchining kitobi)

That's the restaurant where we had dinner.   — O'sha — kechki ovqat qilgan restoranimiz.
I remember the day when we first met.         — Birinchi uchrashgan kunimizni eslayman.
She's the artist whose paintings I love.      — U — rasmlarini yoqtiradigan rassom.

3.8. why — sabab ("the reason why")

why — sabab ergash gapini boshlaydi va deyarli har doim the reason so'zidan keyin keladi. U "for which" (buning uchun) degani, lekin so'zlashuvda ko'pincha tushib qoladi.

The reason why I called is simple.   — Qo'ng'iroq qilganimning sababi oddiy. (= the reason for which)
Tell me the reason (why) you left.   — Ketganingizning sababini ayting. (why — tushsa ham bo'ladi)
That's why she was late.             — Mana shuning uchun u kechikdi. (that's why — tayyor ibora)

the place where, the day when kabi the reason why ham juftlik: why faqat reason (sabab) bilan yuradi. So'zlashuvda the reason (that) I came yoki oddiy the reason I came ham to'g'ri.

3.9. what — bu nisbiy olmosh EMAS!

what ni ko'pincha nisbiy olmosh deb xato qilishadi, aslida u "the thing that" (ot + olmosh birga) degani — shuning uchun oldida ot bo'lmaydi. Oldida ot bor bo'lsa that/which/who; ot yo'q bo'lsa (mavhum "narsa/nima") what.

 Tell me what you want.         — Nima xohlayotganingizni ayting. (= the thing that you want)
 I didn't hear what she said.   — U aytgan narsani eshitmadim.
 The book WHAT I read...         — (XATO! oldida ot bor  that/which kerak)
 The book THAT I read...         — O'qigan kitobim...

Qoida: oldida ot (the book, the man) bo'lsa that/which/who. Oldida ot yo'q (faqat "narsa/nima") bo'lsa what. Ya'ni what = the thing that — ot va olmoshni bitta so'zga jamlaydi.

3.10. O'zbek vs ingliz — nisbiy gap qayerda turadi (eng muhim farq!)

O'zbek tilida aniqlovchi ergash gap otdan OLDIN keladi (-gan/-adigan sifatdoshi bilan), ingliz tilida esa otdan KEYIN. Aynan shu almashinuv o'zbeklar uchun eng qiyini.

O'zbek:  [Yonimda yashaydigan]  AYOL           (ergash gap  ot)
Ingliz:  The WOMAN  [who lives next door]       (ot  ergash gap)

O'zbek:  [meni davolagan]  SHIFOKOR
Ingliz:  The DOCTOR  [who treated me]

• O'zbekchada nisbiy olmosh yo'q — -gan qo'shimchasi shu vazifani bajaradi. Inglizchada esa who/which/that shart.
• Shuning uchun o'zbekcha o'ylab so'zma-so'z tarjima qilsangiz, "who lives next door woman" kabi teskari, noto'g'ri tartib chiqadi.

  Amaliy usul: avval bosh otni ayting (The woman…), so'ng who/which/that qo'shib, ergash gapni orqasidan ulang (…who lives next door). "Ot olmosh ergash gap" — inglizchada doim shu tartib.

3.11. Mini-mashq — ikki gapni birlashtiring (darrov tekshiring)

Har juftlikni bitta nisbiy gapga aylantiring, so'ng javobga qarang:

1. I know a girl. She speaks five languages.   I know a girl WHO speaks five languages.
2. This is the pen. I lost it yesterday.        This is the pen (THAT) I lost yesterday.
3. That's the school. I studied there.          That's the school WHERE I studied.
4. He's the man. His wallet was found.          He's the man WHOSE wallet was found.
5. I liked the film. We saw it last night.      I liked the film (THAT) we saw last night.

2 va 5 — olmosh object (tushirsa bo'ladi); 1 — olmosh ega (who tushmaydi). Diqqat: "the pen that I lost it" — takror it tushishi shart.

4. Misollar (olmosh bo'yicha)

who:   The people who live upstairs are noisy.
which: The car which broke down was new.
that:  Everything that happened was my fault.
where: This is the village where I was born.
whose: He's the student whose project won first prize.
when:  Autumn is the season when leaves fall.
why:   The reason (why) she resigned is still unclear.
tushirilgan: The song (that) you played was beautiful. / The man (who) I saw left.
preposition: The chair (that) you're sitting on is broken.
what ( ot yo'q): I believe what you said. (= the thing that — nisbiy EMAS)

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

who /huː/ "hu:"   which /wɪtʃ/ "wich"   that /ðæt/  zaif /ðət/ "ðət"
whose /huːz/ "hu:z"   where /weə/ "weə"
"the man who called"  "ðə-man-hu-ko:ld"
"the book that I read"  "ðə-buk-ðət-ay-red"

Native siri: that nisbiy gapda zaif "ðət" yoki butunlay tushadi ("the book I read"). who/which aniq. Nisbiy gap bitta intonatsiya bo'ligi bo'lib oqadi (defining — pauzasiz).

Topshiriq (shadowing): "The man who called. The book that I read. The place where we met." ni ayting; that zaif — deyarli eshitilmaydi. Nisbiy gapni pauzasiz, bir tekis o'qing.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• It's a thing that you use to… — narsani ta'riflash (so'z eslamasangiz!).
• the person who… / the place where… — aniqlash.
• That's the reason why… — "Mana shuning uchun…".
• the one (that) I like — "menga yoqadigani".
• everything/something/anyone that… — that bilan.

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — ta'riflash (relative clauses):

A: Do you remember Aziz? The guy who used to work with us? — Azizni eslaysanmi? Biz bilan ishlagan yigit?
B: The one whose desk was next to mine? — Stoli meniki yonida bo'lganmi?
A: Exactly. He's the person who started that company everyone's talking about. — Aynan. U — hamma gapirayotgan kompaniyani ochgan odam.
B: No way! The app that helps people learn languages? — Yo'g'-e! Odamlarga til o'rganishga yordam beradigan ilovami?
A: That's the one. The idea that he had was simple but brilliant. — O'sha. Unda bo'lgan g'oya oddiy, lekin zo'r edi.
B: I should download it. Is it the app which won an award last year? — Yuklab olishim kerak. O'tgan yili mukofot olgan ilovami?
A: Yes! It's a tool that I use every day now. — Ha! Bu — men hozir har kuni ishlatadigan vosita.
B: Amazing. He's someone whose success really inspires me. — Ajoyib. U — muvaffaqiyati meni chinakam ruhlantiradigan inson.

O'qish matni — "The place that changed me" (joy ta'rifi — relative clauses):

There's a small library that changed my life. — Hayotimni o'zgartirgan kichik kutubxona bor.
It's in the town where I spent my summers as a child. — U bolaligimda yozni o'tkazgan shaharchada.
The librarian who worked there knew every book on the shelves. — U yerda ishlagan kutubxonachi javondagi har bir kitobni bilardi.
She was the person who introduced me to stories that opened my mind. — U — ongimni ochgan hikoyalar bilan tanishtirgan inson edi.
The corner where I used to sit and read is still there. — O'tirib o'qiydigan burchagim hali ham bor.
Every book that I borrowed taught me something new about the world. — Olgan har bir kitob menga dunyo haqida yangi narsa o'rgatdi.
That library is the reason why I fell in love with reading. — O'sha kutubxona — kitob o'qishni sevib qolganimning sababi.

Topshiriq: matnda har relative clause'ni (that changed…, where I spent…, who worked…) belgilang; olmosh ega-mi yoki object-mi (tushirish mumkinmi)? So'ng o'zingizga muhim bir odam, bir narsa, bir joyni relative clause bilan ta'riflang (har biriga 2 gap).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• which odam uchun: The man which called… The man who/that called… (odam who/that; narsa which).

• Ikki ega (olmosh + ot/olmosh takror): The man who he called me… / The book that I read it. The man who called me… / The book that I read. (takror olmosh — it/he — tushadi!).

• Defining clause'da vergul: The students, who study hard, pass. (defining ma'noda). The students who study hard pass. (defining — vergulsiz).

• where + in/at (ortiqcha): the house where I live in. the house where I live yoki the house I live in (ikkalasi — biroq birga emas).

• whose o'rniga who's: the man who's car… (= who is). the man whose car… (whose = egalik; who's = who is).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. To'g'ri olmoshni tanlang (who/which/that/where/whose):

1. The woman ___ lives next door is a nurse.
2. The film ___ we watched was boring.
3. That's the restaurant ___ we had lunch.
4. He's the boy ___ bike was stolen.
5. The keys ___ I found are on the table.

Mashq 2. Ikki gapni birlashtiring:

1. The man is a teacher. He helped me.  The man ___ .
2. This is the house. I grew up in it.  This is the house ___ .
3. She has a brother. His name is Ali.  She has a brother ___ .

Mashq 3. Olmoshni tushirish mumkinmi? (ha/yo'q)

1. The book that I read.  ___
2. The man who called.  ___
3. The film which we saw.  ___

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: The man which called., The book that I read it., The man who he helped me., the house where I live in., the boy who's dog barked.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Yonimda yashaydigan ayol — shifokor. = ___
2. Sizga aytgan kitobim bu. = ___
3. Biz uchrashgan kafe — o'sha. = ___
4. Mashinasi o'g'irlangan odam. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — ta'riflang (relative clause):

"a doctor"  "A doctor is a person who treats sick people."
"a kitchen"  "A kitchen is a room where ___ ."
"a dictionary"  "A dictionary is a book that ___ ."

Drill B — narsani ta'riflang (so'z o'rniga):

"It's a thing that you use to ___ ." (so'zni eslamasangiz)

Drill C — o'zingizga muhim narsalar:

"My best friend is someone who ___ ."
"My favourite place is a place where ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill A): A kitchen is a room where you cook. A dictionary is a book that explains the meanings of words. So'ng odam/narsa/joyni relative clause bilan 5 gap ta'riflang va har birini yuqoridagi qoidalarga solishtirib o'zingiz tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. who · 2. which/that · 3. where · 4. whose · 5. which/that (yoki tushiriladi). Mashq 2: 1. who helped me · 2. where I grew up (yoki: I grew up in) · 3. whose name is Ali. Mashq 3: 1. ha (object — The book I read) · 2. yo'q (ega — who kerak) · 3. ha (object — The film we saw). Mashq 4: The man who called. / The book that I read. / The man who helped me. / the house where I live (yoki: I live in). / the boy whose dog barked. Mashq 5: 1. The woman who lives next door is a doctor. · 2. This is the book (that) I told you about. · 3. That's the café where we met. · 4. The man whose car was stolen.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Defining relative clause = otni aniqlaydigan ergash gap (VERGULSIZ):
  who (odam) | which (narsa) | that (odam/narsa, norasmiy) | where (joy) | whose (egalik) | when (vaqt)
  ega olmosh — TUSHMAYDI: the man WHO called
  object olmosh — TUSHADI: the book (that) I read
   ot + olmosh + ega + fe'l  tushirsa bo'ladi (the film I saw)
   takror olmosh (he/it) tushadi: the book that I read (NOT "read it")
   vergul YO'Q (defining); preposition oxirda (the house I live in)
  whose (egalik) ≠ who's (who is)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. who/which/that/where/whose/when — otni aniqlaydi.
2. Ega olmosh — tushmaydi; object olmosh — tushadi.
3. Defining clause — vergulsiz.
4. Takror olmosh (it/he) tushadi.
5. whose (egalik) ≠ who's (who is).

Bog'lanish: defining relative clauses — gaplarni bog'lash va ta'riflashning asosi. Keyingi dars non-defining (qo'shimcha ma'lumot, vergul bilan) va reduced clauses ni qo'shadi — farqi muhim. Relative clauses — yozma va ravon nutqning kaliti.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 21-dars: Relative clauses — non-defining + reduced. Vergul bilan qo'shimcha ma'lumot beradigan gaplar: "My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor." — defining'dan farqi va reduced shakllar.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (relative clauses, Units 92–95; defining Unit 92–93); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (relative clauses); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Relative clauses: defining".