B1 — 21-dars: Relative clauses — non-defining + reduced

B1 — O'RTA · 21-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

O'tgan darsda defining (aniqlovchi, vergulsiz) relative clause'ni o'rgandingiz. Bu darsda non-defining (vergulli, qo'shimcha ma'lumot beruvchi) clause'ni va reduced (qisqartirilgan) shaklini o'rganasiz.

My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. (Akam — Londonda yashaydi — shifokor.) This phone, which I bought last year, still works perfectly. (Bu telefon — o'tgan yil olgandim — hali ham mukammal ishlaydi.) He passed the exam, which surprised everyone. (U imtihondan o'tdi — bu hammani hayratga soldi.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Qo'shimcha ma'lumot (yozma, rasmiy): "Our CEO, who joined in 2020, announced new plans."
• Izoh berish: "The report, which took weeks, is finally done."
• Butun gapga izoh: "She was late, which annoyed everyone."
• Qisqartirish (reduced): "the people waiting outside", "a book written in 1990" — ravon, ixcham nutq.

Asosiy tushuncha — "ajralmas" vs "qo'shimcha": ikki turli relative clause bor:

• Defining (B1-20) — ajralmas, muhim ma'lumot (qaysi birini aniqlaydi), vergulsiz: "The man who called me…" (qaysi odam?).
• Non-defining (bugun) — qo'shimcha, ortiqcha ma'lumot (olib tashlasangiz ham asosiy ma'no qoladi), vergul bilan: "My father, who is 60, still works." (otam — bittagina, "who is 60" qo'shimcha).

Test: clause'ni olib tashlab ko'ring. Ma'no buzilsa (kim ekani noma'lum qolsa) defining (vergulsiz). Asosiy ma'no qolsa (faqat qo'shimcha yo'qolsa) non-defining (vergul bilan).

O'xshatish: non-defining clause — gapga qavs ichidagi izoh qo'shish kabi: "Mening akam (u Londonda yashaydi) — shifokor." Qavs ichi — qo'shimcha. Inglizcha qavs o'rniga vergul ishlatiladi. Defining esa — izoh emas, otning o'zi.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-20 (defining): vergulsiz, ajralmas. Bugun — non-defining (vergulli, qo'shimcha).
• A2-25 (V-ing / V3): waiting, written — reduced clause'da.
• B1-13,14 (passive V3): stolen, built — reduced passive.
• Tez mashq: defining yoki non-defining? "The book that I read" (defining); "This book, which I love," (non-defining).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Defining vs non-defining — yonma-yon

DEFINING:     The students who passed celebrated. (faqat o'tganlar — qaysi birini)
NON-DEFINING: My students, who all passed, celebrated. (hammasi o'tdi — qo'shimcha)

Birinchisida — ba'zi talabalar (o'tganlari); ikkinchisida — hammasi (qo'shimcha izoh). Vergul ma'noni o'zgartiradi!

3.2. Non-defining — vergul bilan, that EMAS

Non-defining clause vergul bilan ajratiladi va who/which/whose/where (NOT that!):

My sister, who is a nurse, works nights.       — Opam — hamshira — tunda ishlaydi.
Paris, which is the capital of France, is beautiful. — Parij — Fransiya poytaxti — chiroyli.
Mr Karimov, whose son I know, called me.        — Karimov janoblari — o'g'lini taniyman — qo'ng'iroq qildi.

that ishlatilmaydi: non-defining'da faqat who (odam), which (narsa), whose, where — that EMAS. "Paris, that is…" () "Paris, which is…" (). olmosh tushmaydi: non-defining'da olmosh majburiy (defining'dagidek tushirib bo'lmaydi).

Atoqli ot va yagona narsa doim non-defining: agar ot allaqachon aniq/yagona bo'lsa (atoqli ot: Tashkent, Barcelona, my father; yoki dunyoda bittagina narsa), unga qo'shilgan clause faqat qo'shimcha bo'la oladi — shuning uchun doim vergul bilan. Aniqlashning hojati yo'q, chunki qaysi biri ekani allaqachon ma'lum:

• Tashkent, which is the capital, is growing. (Toshkent bitta — clause faqat izoh).
• My mother, who is a doctor, is retiring. (agar bitta onangiz bo'lsa — hammada bitta — vergul majburiy). Solishtiring: umumiy ot bo'lsa, ikkalasi ham mumkin — vergul ma'noni tanlaydi (My brother who lives in London = bir necha akadan biri; My brother, who lives in London, = bitta aka + izoh).

3.3. which — butun gapga izoh

which butun oldingi gapga izoh berishi mumkin (qo'shimcha sharh):

He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.   — U imtihondan o'tdi, bu hammani hayratga soldi.
She didn't call, which was strange.              — U qo'ng'iroq qilmadi, bu g'alati edi.
They cancelled the trip, which was disappointing. — Sayohatni bekor qilishdi, bu xafa qildi.

Bu yerda which — bitta otga emas, butun vaziyat/gapga ishora qiladi ("bu narsa"). O'zbekcha "bu" ga to'g'ri keladi. (Bunda what EMAS — which!)

3.4. Reduced relative clauses — qisqartirish

Relative clause'ni qisqartirish mumkin (olmosh + be tushadi):

ACTIVE  -ing:
  the man who is waiting  the man waiting
  the people who live here  the people living here
PASSIVE  V3:
  the car which was stolen  the car stolen
  a book that was written in 1990  a book written in 1990

The woman talking to Tom is my boss.          — Tom bilan gaplashayotgan ayol — boshlig'im. (who is talking)
The letter sent yesterday arrived today.       — Kecha jo'natilgan xat bugun yetdi. (which was sent)
Most of the people invited came.               — Taklif qilingan odamlarning ko'pi keldi. (who were invited)

Qoida: who/which + be + V-ing V-ing (active); who/which + be + V3 V3 (passive). Be va olmosh tushadi. Bu — yozma va rasmiy tilda juda keng (ixcham, ravon).

Reduced faqat olmosh EGA (subject) bo'lganda: clause'ni bu tarzda (V-ing / V3) qisqartirish faqat relative olmosh ega bo'lgan holatda ishlaydi. Agar olmosh object bo'lsa (o'zidan keyin yangi ega — I, we, they — kelsa), uni V3 ga qisqartirib bo'lmaydi, chunki ma'no o'zgarib ketadi:

• the man who is waiting the man waiting (who = ega, aktiv).
• the letter which was sent the letter sent (which = passiv ega).
• the book which I read the book read — bu "o'qilgan kitob" (passiv) degani, "men o'qigan kitob" emas! Bu yerda which — object, I — ega. Object bo'lganda olmoshni shunchaki tushirasiz, lekin V3 qilmaysiz: the book I read (to'liq shakl qoladi). Xulosa: aktiv V-ing faqat ega olmosh bilan; passiv V3 faqat passiv (ega) olmosh bilan.

Mini-mashq (reduced qilsa bo'ladimi?): qaysilarini -ing / V3 ga qisqartirish mumkin? 1. the girl who is dancing · 2. the girl who I met · 3. the parcel which was delivered · 4. the food which we ordered · 5. the students who are studying Javob: 1. the girl dancing (ega, aktiv) · 2. (I — ega, who — object to'liq: the girl I met) · 3. the parcel delivered (passiv ega) · 4. (we — ega the food we ordered) · 5. the students studying (ega, aktiv).

3.5. where / when non-defining

I visited Bukhara, where my grandparents live. — Buxoroga bordim, u yerda bobom-buvim yashaydi.
We met in 2019, when I was still a student.     — 2019 da uchrashdik, o'shanda hali talaba edim.

3.6. Predloglar non-defining'da (rasmiy)

My boss, for whom I have great respect, is retiring.  — Boshlig'im, men juda hurmat qiladiganim, nafaqaga chiqyapti.
The book, the title of which I forget, was excellent.  — Kitob, sarlavhasini unutdim, a'lo edi.

Rasmiy yozuvda predlog + whom/which (oldinga). So'zlashuvda kamroq.

3.7. Miqdor + of whom / of which (guruh haqida)

Bir guruh haqida gapirib, uning bir qismini ajratib ko'rsatganda some / many / most / all / none / both / several / a few + of whom (odam) yoki of which (narsa) ishlatiladi — bu ham non-defining (vergul bilan):

I have three sisters, all of whom are teachers.     — Uch opam bor, hammasi o'qituvchi.
She wrote ten books, most of which are famous.       — U o'nta kitob yozdi, ko'pchiligi mashhur.
We invited fifty guests, none of whom came late.     — Ellik mehmon chaqirdik, hech biri kech qolmadi.
He gave three reasons, one of which made sense.      — U uch sabab keltirdi, bittasi mantiqli edi.

Diqqat: bu yerda ham that EMAS va olmosh tushmaydi (of whom / of which to'liq turadi). Odam uchun whom (of dan keyin har doim whom, who emas). Bu qurilma yozma va rasmiy tilda ko'p uchraydi.

4. Misollar (turlari bo'yicha)

non-defining (odam): My friend Ali, who studies medicine, is very busy.
non-defining (narsa): The Eiffel Tower, which was built in 1889, is iconic.
which (butun gap): He arrived late, which made the boss angry.
reduced (active): The girl wearing red is my cousin.
reduced (passive): The houses built last year are already sold.
where: London, where I was born, has changed a lot.
whose: My neighbour, whose dog barks all night, apologised.
when: We got married in 2015, when I finished university.
miqdor (of whom): I have two brothers, both of whom are engineers.

5. Talaffuz / ohang bo'limi

Non-defining clause — vergullar = PAUZA (ohangda):
  "My brother, [pauza] who lives in London, [pauza] is a doctor."
Defining — pauzasiz:
  "The man who called me."

Native siri: vergul = pauza + ohang pasayishi. Non-defining clause'ni aytganda ikki tomondan to'xtab (qo'shimcha izoh ohangi) aytasiz. Defining — bir tekisda (pauzasiz). Ohang ma'noni ajratadi!

Topshiriq (shadowing): "My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor" (pauza bilan) vs "The man who called me left" (pauzasiz) — farqni ohangda his qiling.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• …, which is great/why/when… — sharh ulash.
• …, who happens to be… — "…, aytgancha, … bo'ladi".
• the person responsible — "mas'ul odam" (reduced).
• …, most of whom… — "…, ko'pchiligi…".
• …, which reminds me… — "…, eslatdi-ya…".

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — odam haqida (non-defining):

A: Did you meet Dilshod, who joined our team last week? — O'tgan hafta jamoamizga qo'shilgan Dilshodni uchratdingmi?
B: The guy sitting near the window? — Deraza yonida o'tirgan yigitmi? (reduced)
A: That's him. His last project, which won an award, was amazing. — O'sha. Uning oxirgi loyihasi, mukofot olgan, ajoyib edi.
B: Impressive. He studied at MIT, didn't he? — Zo'r ekan. MITda o'qigan, shundaymi?
A: Yes, where he also met his co-founder. — Ha, u yerda hamkasbini ham uchratgan.
B: He seems modest, which is rare for someone so talented. — U kamtaringa o'xshaydi, bu shunchalik iste'dodli odam uchun kam uchraydi.
A: Exactly. The presentation he gave yesterday, which lasted an hour, was brilliant. — Aynan. Kecha qilgan taqdimoti, bir soat davom etgan, zo'r edi.
B: I'm sorry I missed it, which I really regret now. — Afsus, o'tkazib yubordim, bunga hozir juda achinyapman.

O'qish matni — "My hometown" (non-defining + reduced):

I grew up in a small town, which is in the east of the country. — Men kichik shaharchada o'sdim, u mamlakatning sharqida.
My grandfather, who built our house himself, lived next door. — Uyimizni o'zi qurgan bobom yonimizda yashardi.
The river running through the town was where we swam every summer. — Shaharcha bo'ylab oqadigan daryo biz har yozi cho'milgan joyimiz edi. (reduced)
The old school, which is now a museum, still stands in the centre. — Endi muzey bo'lgan eski maktab hali ham markazda turibdi.
Most of the people living there know each other. — U yerda yashaydigan odamlarning ko'pi bir-birini taniydi. (reduced)
I left at eighteen, which was hard, but I visit every year. — O'n sakkizda ketdim, bu qiyin edi, lekin har yili boraman.
The memories made there, which I'll never forget, shaped who I am. — U yerda yaratilgan, hech unutmaydigan xotiralar, meni shakllantirdi. (reduced + non-defining)

Topshiriq: matnda non-defining clause'lar (vergul bilan) va reduced clause'larni (qisqartirilgan) ajrating. Reduced'larni to'liq shakliga qaytaring (running which runs). So'ng o'z shahringiz/oilangiz haqida 5 gap yozing (non-defining + reduced).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• non-defining'da that: My car, that is red, is new. My car, which is red, is new. (non-defining who/which, that EMAS).

• Vergul yo'q (defining/non-defining farqi): My brother who lives in London is a doctor (agar bitta aka bo'lsa). My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. (qo'shimcha vergul).

• which o'rniga what (butun gapga): He was late, what annoyed me. He was late, which annoyed me. (butun gapga which, what EMAS).

• Reduced — be qoldirish: the man being waiting / the book being written in 1990 (noto'g'ri joyda). the man waiting / the book written in 1990. (V-ing active, V3 passive).

• non-defining'da olmosh tushirish: My dad, is 60, still works. My dad, who is 60, still works. (olmosh majburiy).

• object clause'ni V3 ga qisqartirish: the book read by me ("men o'qigan kitob" ma'nosida). the book I read (object olmosh tushadi, lekin V3 emas). Reduced -ing/V3 faqat olmosh ega bo'lganda.

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Defining (vergulsiz) yoki non-defining (vergul bilan)?

1. My mother ___ who is a teacher ___ loves her job. (bitta ona)
2. The book ___ that I'm reading ___ is exciting. (qaysi kitob)
3. Tashkent ___ which is the capital ___ is growing fast.

Mashq 2. who, which yoki that (to'g'risini)?

1. My phone, ___ I bought last year, is broken. (non-defining)
2. The man ___ called you is here. (defining)
3. She got the job, ___ made her happy. (butun gap)

Mashq 3. Reduced clause'ga aylantiring:

1. The man who is standing there  the man ___ .
2. The car which was repaired  the car ___ .
3. The people who were invited  the people ___ .

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: My car, that is red, is fast., He was late, what annoyed me., My dad, is 60, still works., Paris, that is in France, is nice.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Akam — Londonda yashaydi — shifokor. = ___
2. U imtihondan o'tdi, bu hammani hayratga soldi. = ___
3. Kutayotgan odam — boshlig'im. (reduced) = ___
4. 1990 da yozilgan kitob. (reduced) = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — non-defining qo'shing:

"My best friend is a teacher."  "My best friend, who I've known for years, is a teacher."
"This city is beautiful."  "This city, which ___ , is beautiful."

Drill B — which (butun gapga sharh):

"He forgot my birthday, which ___ ." (hissiy sharh)
"She got promoted, which ___ ."

Drill C — reduced ishlating:

"The people ___ (waiting/standing) over there..."
"A film ___ (made/written) in..."

Model javoblar (Drill B): …, which upset me. …, which she deserved. So'ng o'z hayotingizdan 5 gap (non-defining + which sharh + reduced) tuzing va ovoz chiqarib ayting; har birida vergul o'rnini va olmosh (who/which) tanlovini o'zingiz tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. non-defining (vergul: My mother, who is a teacher, loves...) · 2. defining (vergulsiz) · 3. non-defining (vergul). Mashq 2: 1. which · 2. who/that · 3. which. Mashq 3: 1. standing there · 2. repaired · 3. invited. Mashq 4: My car, which is red, is fast. / He was late, which annoyed me. / My dad, who is 60, still works. / Paris, which is in France, is nice. Mashq 5: 1. My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. · 2. He passed the exam, which surprised everyone. · 3. The man waiting is my boss. · 4. A book written in 1990.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Non-defining relative clause = qo'shimcha ma'lumot, VERGUL bilan:
  who (odam) / which (narsa) / whose / where — that MUMKIN EMAS!
  olmosh TUSHMAYDI (majburiy)
  My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.
which = butun gapga izoh: He was late, which annoyed me. (what EMAS!)
REDUCED (qisqartirilgan):
  active: who/which + be + V-ing  V-ing (the man waiting)
  passive: who/which + be + V3  V3 (a book written in 1990)
 vergul = pauza (ohang); defining (vergulsiz) ≠ non-defining (vergulli)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Non-defining — qo'shimcha ma'lumot, vergul bilan, that emas.
2. Olmosh tushmaydi (non-defining'da).
3. which — butun gapga izoh (what emas).
4. Reduced: active V-ing; passive V3.
5. Vergul ma'noni o'zgartiradi (defining ≠ non-defining).

Bog'lanish: relative clauses to'liq (defining + non-defining + reduced) — yozma va ravon nutqning asosi. Keyingi dars yangi blok — gerunds & infinitives (V-ing vs to) ni chuqurlashtiradi: want to do, enjoy doing, remember to/doing — fe'l + fe'l birikmalari.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 22-dars: Gerunds & infinitives — kengaytirilgan. "Qaysi fe'ldan keyin -ing, qaysidan keyin to" — enjoy doing, want to do, want you to do, remember to/doing (ma'no o'zgarishi).

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (relative clauses, Units 94–96; non-defining Unit 95; reduced Unit 97); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (relative clauses: non-defining); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Relative clauses: non-defining".