B1 — 22-dars: Gerunds & infinitives — kengaytirilgan (-ing vs to)

B1 — O'RTA · 22-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda ingliz tilining eng chalkash mavzularidan birini chuqurlashtiramiz: fe'ldan keyin -ing (gerund) yoki to (infinitive)? A2-25 da asosini ko'rgandingiz; bugun kengaytiramiz — verb + object + to, ma'no o'zgartiruvchi fe'llar (remember/stop/try), predloglardan keyin -ing.

I enjoy reading. (O'qishni yoqtiraman.) I want to read. (O'qishni xohlayman.) I want you to read it. (Siz o'qishingizni xohlayman.) I stopped smoking. (Chekishni tashladim.) I stopped to smoke. (Chekish uchun to'xtadim.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Har gapda: ingliz tilida fe'ldan keyin ko'pincha boshqa fe'l keladi — -ing yoki to tanlash doimiy.
• Ma'no farqi: "remember to call" (eslab qol) ≠ "remember calling" (esda) — xato ma'noni buzadi.
• Tabiiylik: to'g'ri tanlov native ohangni belgilaydi.

Asosiy tushuncha — fe'l "qaysi fe'lni xohlaydi": ingliz tilida har fe'lning o'z "didi" bor — ba'zilari -ing (enjoy doing), ba'zilari to (want to do) ni xohlaydi. Bu — ko'pincha yodlab olinadigan narsa, lekin tendensiyalar bor: davom/yoqimtirish -ing; maqsad/kelajak/qaror to. Ba'zi fe'llar ikkalasini ham oladi (ma'no o'zgarishi bilan).

O'xshatish: fe'llar — "tanlovchi mehmonlar": ba'zilari faqat -ing taom (enjoy, finish, avoid), ba'zilari faqat to taom (want, decide, hope), ba'zilari ikkalasini yeydi (start, like). Ba'zi "mehmon" (remember, stop) ikki taomni boshqacha ta'm bilan yeydi (ma'no o'zgaradi).

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-25 (V-ing / to asosi): enjoy doing, want to do, -ed/-ing sifatlar. Bugun — kengaytma.
• A2-18 (want to / would like to): to + V1. Bugun — want + odam + to.
• A2-20 (phrasal verbs): predlog + -ing.
• B1-27 (make/let — keyingi): bare infinitive.
• Tez mashq: -ing yoki to? enjoy ___ (doing), want ___ (to do), decide ___ (to do), finish ___ (doing).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Faqat -ing oladigan fe'llar (gerund)

enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, suggest, keep (on), practise, miss, give up,
can't stand, can't help, feel like, imagine, admit, deny, consider, postpone

I enjoy cooking.                  — Ovqat pishirishni yoqtiraman.
Would you mind waiting?            — Kutsangiz, xafa bo'lmaysizmi?
I can't stand queuing.             — Navbatda turishga chiday olmayman.
He suggested going out.            — U tashqariga chiqishni taklif qildi.
I feel like having a coffee.       — Kofe ichgim kelyapti.

Tendensiya: yoqtirish/yoqtirmaslik, davom, tugatish, qochish -ing.

3.2. Faqat to oladigan fe'llar (infinitive)

want, need, decide, hope, plan, promise, agree, offer, refuse, expect,
learn, manage, afford, pretend, seem, would like, choose, arrange, fail

I want to go home.                — Uyga ketmoqchiman.
She decided to study abroad.       — U chet elda o'qishga qaror qildi.
We can't afford to buy it.         — Uni sotib olishga qurbimiz yetmaydi.
He promised to help.               — U yordam berishga va'da berdi.
They refused to leave.             — Ular ketishdan bosh tortdi.

Tendensiya: kelajak, qaror, niyat, umid, reja, kelishuv to.

3.3. Verb + object + to-infinitive (someone to do)

Ba'zi fe'llar odam (object) + to + V1 oladi (kimnidir bir ish qilishini):

want / ask / tell / advise / expect / allow / encourage / remind / persuade / teach / invite + odam + to:
  I want you to help me.            — Siz menga yordam berishingizni xohlayman.
  She told me to wait.              — U menga kutishni aytdi.
  They allowed us to leave early.   — Ular bizga erta ketishga ruxsat berdi.
  He encouraged her to apply.       — U uni ariza topshirishga undadi.

Naqsh: verb + odam + to + V1. (Reported speech — B1-16 — aynan shu: told me to wait.) want farqi: "I want to go" (o'zim) vs "I want you to go" (siz). O'zbekcha "borishingizni xohlayman" — inglizcha want you to go.

3.4. Ma'no O'ZGARTIRUVCHI fe'llar — remember/forget/stop/try/regret

Bu fe'llar ikkalasini ham oladi, lekin ma'no o'zgaradi:

remember to do (eslab qol — kelajak) | remember doing (esda — o'tmish xotira):
  Remember to lock the door. (eslab qol)  | I remember locking it. (yodimda — qulfladim)
forget to do (unutib qoldirma) | forget doing (xotirani unutmoq):
  Don't forget to call. (unutma)  | I'll never forget meeting her. (uchrashuvni)
stop to do (... uchun to'xtamoq) | stop doing (... ni tashlamoq):
  I stopped to rest. (dam olish uchun)  | I stopped smoking. (chekishni tashladim)
try to do (urinmoq) | try doing (sinab ko'rmoq):
  I tried to open it. (urindim — qiyin)  | Try adding salt. (sinab ko'r — tajriba)
regret to do (afsus bilan aytmoq) | regret doing (qilganidan afsus):
  I regret to inform you... (afsus, xabar) | I regret saying that. (aytganimdan afsus)
mean to do (niyat qilmoq) | mean doing (anglatmoq / talab qilmoq):
  I meant to call you. (niyat qilgandim) | This job means travelling a lot. (ko'p sayohat talab qiladi)
go on to do (keyin boshqasiga o'tmoq) | go on doing (davom ettirmoq):
  She went on to become a doctor. (keyin shifokor bo'ldi) | He went on talking. (gapirishda davom etdi)

Eng muhim juftlar: remember/stop/try — ma'no butunlay boshqa! "stop smoking" (tashlash) ≠ "stop to smoke" (to'xtab chekish). Diqqat bilan tanlang.

Yana ikki juft (mean/go on): mean to do = niyat qilmoq (I meant to call — qo'ng'iroq qilmoqchi edim), mean doing = anglatmoq/talab qilmoq (It means working hard — ko'p ishlashni talab qiladi). go on to do = ishni tugatib boshqasiga o'tmoq (She went on to win — keyin g'olib chiqdi), go on doing = shu ishni davom ettirmoq (He went on talking — gapirishda davom etdi).

3.5. Predlogdan keyin — har doim -ing

Predlog (at, in, of, about, for, on, after, before, without) dan keyin fe'l -ing:

good at swimming, interested in learning, afraid of failing, tired of waiting,
instead of going, after finishing, before leaving, without saying,
look forward to seeing, thank you for coming

I'm good at solving problems.        — Muammo yechishda zo'rman.
She's interested in learning Korean. — U koreyscha o'rganishga qiziqadi.
He left without saying goodbye.       — Xayrlashmasdan ketdi.
I look forward to meeting you.        — Sizni uchratishni intiqlik bilan kutaman.

Qoida: predlog + fe'l -ing (har doim!). "interested in to learn" () "interested in learning" ().

3.6. to-infinitive — maqsad (nega?)

"Nega?" ga javob — to + V1 (maqsad):

I went to the shop to buy milk.      — Sut olish uchun do'konga bordim.
She called to apologize.              — Kechirim so'rash uchun qo'ng'iroq qildi.
We stopped to take photos.            — Rasm olish uchun to'xtadik.

to + V1 = "…uchun" (maqsad). ("for buy" "to buy" ; for + ot — "for milk" — bo'ladi, lekin for + fe'l emas.)

3.7. like/love/begin/start — ikkalasi (deyarli bir xil)

I like swimming. = I like to swim.       (deyarli bir xil)
It started raining. = It started to rain.

like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue — ikkalasi ham, ma'no deyarli bir xil. (would like — faqat to: I'd like to go.)

Nozik farq (like/love/hate): -ing — ish-harakatning o'zidan zavqlanish (jarayon); to — uni foydali/to'g'ri deb tanlash (odat, tanlov):

• I like swimming. — Suzish jarayonidan zavqlanaman.
• I like to check my email in the morning. — Ertalab pochtamni ko'rishni (foydali deb) odat qilganman.
• I hate ironing. (jarayon yoqmaydi) / I like to keep my desk tidy. (to'g'ri deb bilaman). Amerika inglizchasida to ko'proq, Britaniyada -ing ko'proq uchraydi. B1 darajada ikkalasi ham to'g'ri; farq juda nozik. would like/love/hate — faqat to: I'd love to come, I'd hate to be late.

3.8. Gerund — gap egasi va kesim (ot o'rnida)

-ing shakli otdek ish ko'radi: u nafaqat fe'ldan keyin, balki gap egasi (mavzu) yoki kesim (be'dan keyin) ham bo'la oladi:

Swimming is good for you.          — Suzish siz uchun foydali. (ega)
Smoking is bad for your health.    — Chekish sog'lig'ingizga zararli. (ega)
Learning a language takes time.    — Til o'rganish vaqt talab qiladi. (ega)
My favourite hobby is reading.     — Sevimli mashg'ulotim — o'qish. (be'dan keyin — kesim)
Seeing is believing.              — Ko'rish — ishonish (degani). (ega + kesim)

Qoida: ish-harakat ega o'rnida kelsa — deyarli har doim -ing (gerund), to EMAS. O'zbekcha "Suzish foydali" Swimming is good (). "To swim is good" — grammatik jihatdan mumkin, ammo tabiiy emas. Shuning uchun sarlavha, shior va umumiy fikrlar odatda -ing bilan boshlanadi: Smoking kills.

3.9. Sifat + to-infinitive (happy to help)

Ko'p sifatlardan keyin ish-harakat to + V1 bilan keladi — his-tuyg'u, tayyorlik yoki baho bildirganda:

happy / glad / pleased to + V1:
  I'm happy to help you.        — Sizga yordam berishdan xursandman.
  She's pleased to meet you.    — U siz bilan tanishganidan mamnun.
ready / willing to + V1:
  We're ready to start.         — Boshlashga tayyormiz.
easy / hard / difficult / important to + V1:
  This app is easy to use.      — Bu ilova ishlatishga oson.
  It's important to practise.   — Mashq qilish muhim.
nice / good to + V1:
  Nice to meet you.             — Tanishganimdan xursandman.

Naqsh: sifat + to + V1. His-holat (happy, glad, sad, sorry), tayyorlik (ready, willing), baho (easy, hard, important, nice) to. "easy to use" (), "easy for using" (). Diqqat: sifat predlog bilan kelsa, predlogdan keyin -ing bo'ladi (good AT swimming, interested IN learning, afraid OF failing — 3.5-band); sifat to bilan kelsa to + V1 (happy to help).

3.10. allow / advise / forbid — obyekt bo'lsa to, bo'lmasa -ing

allow, advise, forbid, permit, encourage, recommend fe'llari ikki xil ishlaydi — kim bajarishi aytilganiga qarab:

• Obyekt (odam) bo'lsa to + V1: They allow us to park here.
• Obyekt bo'lmasa -ing (gerund): They don't allow parking here.

allow:      They allow us to park here.    |  They don't allow parking here.
advise:     I advise you to wait.          |  I advise waiting.
encourage:  We encourage them to apply.    |  We encourage taking risks.
forbid:     The rules forbid us to smoke.  |  The rules forbid smoking.

Qoida: aniq kim bajarishi aytilsa (you, us, them) to + V1; umuman ish-harakat aytilsa (kim bajarishi muhim emas) -ing. suggest/recommend istisno: bu ikki fe'l odam + to OLMAYDI. To'g'risi: I suggest resting / I suggest that you rest; I recommend booking early. Xato: "I suggest you to rest" (), "She recommended me to go" ().

3.11. Fe'l naqshlari — umumlashtiruvchi jadval

Foydalanish: yangi fe'lni uchratganingizda, uni shu jadvaldagi qatorlardan biriga joylashtiring — shunda -ing yoki to ni to'g'ri tanlaysiz. Ko'p fe'l = ko'p mashq; vaqt bilan yodlab qolinadi.

4. Misollar (turlari bo'yicha)

-ing: I avoided telling her. / Keep trying. / I don't mind helping.
to: I hope to see you. / We agreed to meet. / I need to rest.
verb+obj+to: I expect you to be on time. / She reminded me to call.
ma'no farqi: Remember to send it. (eslab qol) / I remember sending it. (yubordim — esimda)
preposition+ing: She's keen on travelling. / Thanks for coming.
maqsad: He came here to learn English.
sifat+to: I'm glad to see you. / This is hard to explain. / Nice to meet you.
gerund ega: Reading helps you learn. / Smoking is not allowed here.
allow/advise: They allow us to stay. / They don't allow smoking. / I advise booking early.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

to + V1  "tə" (zaif): "want to"  "wonə" (wanna), "going to"  "gonna"
-ing  /ɪŋ/ "iŋ": doing "duiŋ", trying "trayiŋ"
"want you to"  "wonchu-tə"   "tell me to"  "tel-mi-tə"

Native siri: want to "wanna", got to "gotta" (norasmiy). to hamma joyda zaif "tə". -ing — burundan "iŋ" (g talaffuz qilinmaydi).

Topshiriq (shadowing): "I enjoy doing it. I want to do it. I want you to do it. Remember to call." ni ayting; to = "tə". Har bir gapni bir necha marta ovoz chiqarib takrorlab, ohangni mustahkamlang.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• I look forward to hearing from you. — "Javobingizni kutaman." (xat oxiri — to + -ing!).
• Would you mind …ing? — "…sangiz bo'larmidi?"
• I can't help …ing. — "…masdan turolmayman."
• I'm thinking of …ing. — "…ni o'ylyapman."
• Thanks for …ing. — "…ganingiz uchun rahmat."

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — rejalar (gerund/infinitive):

A: I've decided to learn a new skill this year. — Bu yil yangi ko'nikma o'rganishga qaror qildim.
B: Nice! Have you considered learning to code? — Zo'r! Dasturlashni o'rganishni o'yladingmi? (consider + -ing, learn + to)
A: Actually, yes. I really want to build my own app. — Aslida, ha. O'z ilovamni yaratmoqchiman.
B: You should try doing a free online course first. — Avval bepul onlayn kurs sinab ko'rishing kerak. (try doing — tajriba)
A: Good idea. I keep putting it off, though. — Yaxshi fikr. Lekin doim orqaga suraman. (keep + -ing)
B: Don't forget to set small goals — it helps. — Kichik maqsadlar qo'yishni unutma — yordam beradi. (forget to — kelajak)
A: True. I'd encourage you to join me, actually! — To'g'ri. Aslida seni ham qo'shilishga undagan bo'lardim! (encourage + obj + to)
B: I'd love to. I'm interested in making games. — Xursandchilik bilan. Men o'yin yasashga qiziqaman. (interested in + -ing)

O'qish matni — "How I learned to keep going" (gerund/infinitive aralash):

When I started learning English, I wanted to give up many times. — Ingliz tilini o'rgana boshlaganimda, ko'p marta tashlab qo'ymoqchi bo'ldim.
I found it hard to remember new words, and I avoided speaking. — Yangi so'zlarni eslash qiyin edi va gapirishdan qochardim.
But I refused to quit. I kept practising a little every day. — Lekin tashlab ketishdan bosh tortdim. Har kuni biroz mashq qilishda davom etdim.
I decided to stop worrying about mistakes and just enjoy learning. — Xatolar haqida tashvishlanishni to'xtatib, faqat o'rganishdan zavqlanishga qaror qildim.
I'll always remember meeting my first English-speaking friend. — Birinchi inglizzabon do'stim bilan uchrashganimni doim eslayman.
Now I look forward to using English every day. — Endi har kuni inglizchadan foydalanishni intiqlik bilan kutaman.
My advice? Don't be afraid of failing — be afraid of never trying. — Maslahatim? Muvaffaqiyatsizlikdan qo'rqmang — hech urinib ko'rmaslikdan qo'rqing.

Topshiriq: matnda har -ing va to shaklini belgilang; nega o'sha shakl (fe'l/predlog/maqsad)? So'ng o'zingiz haqingizda 6 gap yozing: nimani yoqtirasiz (enjoy + -ing), nimani xohlaysiz (want to), nimadan qo'rqasiz (afraid of + -ing).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Predlogdan keyin to: interested in to learn / good at to swim. interested in learning / good at swimming. (predlog + -ing!).

• want + that-clause (odam o'rniga): I want that you come. I want you to come. (want + odam + to — that-clause EMAS!).

• remember/stop ma'no chalkashish: "I stopped to smoke" (chekishni tashlash ma'noda). tashlash "I stopped smoking"; to'xtab chekish "I stopped to smoke".

• maqsad uchun for + V1: I came here for learn English. I came here to learn English. (maqsad to + V1).

• enjoy/finish + to: I enjoy to read. I finished to eat. I enjoy reading. I finished eating. (enjoy/finish + -ing).

• suggest/recommend + odam + to: I suggest you to rest. She recommended me to go. I suggest resting / I suggest that you rest. She recommended going. (suggest/recommend — odam+to EMAS!).

• sifatdan keyin for + -ing (to o'rniga): It's easy for using. I'm happy for helping. It's easy to use. I'm happy to help. (sifat + to + V1).

• ega o'rnida to-infinitive: To swim is good for health (g'aliz). Swimming is good for your health. (ega o'rnida — har doim -ing).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. -ing yoki to?

1. I enjoy ___ (read).
2. She decided ___ (leave).
3. He's good at ___ (cook).
4. We hope ___ (see) you soon.
5. Would you mind ___ (wait)?
6. I went out ___ (buy) bread.

Mashq 2. verb + object + to:

1. I want ___ (you / help) me.
2. She told ___ (me / wait).
3. They allowed ___ (us / leave).

Mashq 3. Ma'no farqi — to yoki -ing?

1. Remember ___ (lock) the door before you leave. (eslab qol)
2. I remember ___ (lock) it — I'm sure. (esda)
3. He stopped ___ (smoke) last year. (tashladi)
4. We stopped ___ (have) lunch. (... uchun)

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: I'm interested in to learn., I want that you come., I enjoy to read., I came here for learn English., Good at to swim.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. O'qishni yoqtiraman. = ___
2. Sen kelishingni xohlayman. = ___
3. Eshikni qulflashni unutma. = ___
4. Chekishni tashladim. = ___
5. Non olish uchun do'konga bordim. = ___

Mashq 6. Yangi mavzular — to'g'ri shaklni tanlang:

1. ___ (Swim) is good exercise. (ega)
2. This phone is easy ___ (use). (sifat + ?)
3. They don't allow ___ (smoke) inside. (obyektsiz)
4. I advise ___ (you / see) a doctor. (obyekt bilan)
5. I'm happy ___ (help) you. (sifat + ?)
6. I meant ___ (call) you, but I forgot. (niyat)

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — to'g'ri shaklni ayting:

"enjoy / cook"  "I enjoy cooking."
"want / travel"  "I ___ ."
"good at / draw"  "I'm ___ ."

Drill B — want + odam + to:

"I want my friend to ___ ." "I'd like you to ___ ."

Drill C — o'zingiz haqingizda:

"I enjoy ___ ." "I've decided to ___ ." "I'm interested in ___ ." "I look forward to ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill C): I enjoy reading. I've decided to learn coding. I'm interested in travelling. I look forward to improving my English. So'ng 6 gap (enjoy/want/decide/good at/look forward to) tuzib ayting va har birida to'g'ri shakl (-ing yoki to) tanlaganingizni yuqoridagi qoidalar bilan solishtirib tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. reading · 2. to leave · 3. cooking · 4. to see · 5. waiting · 6. to buy. Mashq 2: 1. you to help · 2. me to wait · 3. us to leave. Mashq 3: 1. to lock · 2. locking · 3. smoking · 4. to have. Mashq 4: interested in learning / I want you to come / I enjoy reading / I came here to learn English / Good at swimming. Mashq 5: 1. I enjoy reading. · 2. I want you to come. · 3. Don't forget to lock the door. · 4. I stopped smoking. · 5. I went to the shop to buy bread. Mashq 6: 1. Swimming · 2. to use · 3. smoking · 4. you to see · 5. to help · 6. to call.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

-ing (gerund): enjoy, finish, avoid, mind, suggest, keep, can't stand + V-ing
to (infinitive): want, decide, hope, plan, promise, agree, refuse, learn + to V1
verb + OBJECT + to: want/tell/ask/allow/expect + odam + to (I want you to go)
MA'NO O'ZGARADI: remember/forget/stop/try/mean/go on + to (kelajak/maqsad) vs -ing (o'tmish/tajriba)
preposition + -ing (har doim!): good at swimming, look forward to seeing
maqsad: to + V1 (I went to buy bread — NOT "for buy")
sifat + to + V1: happy to help, easy to use, ready to go
gerund = ega/kesim: Swimming is fun. My hobby is reading. (to EMAS)
allow/advise: obyekt bo'lsa + to (allow us to go) / obyektsiz + -ing (allow parking)
like/love/start/begin — ikkalasi (deyarli bir xil)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. enjoy/finish/avoid -ing; want/decide/hope to.
2. want/tell/ask + odam + to (I want you to…).
3. remember/stop/try — ma'no o'zgaradi (to vs -ing).
4. Predlog + -ing (har doim).
5. Maqsad to + V1.

Bog'lanish: gerund/infinitive — fe'l birikmalarining asosi. Keyingi dars so/such/too/enough — daraja va natija ifodalash: "so tired that…", "too hot to drink", "good enough". Bu — sifat/ravish + natija bog'lashni o'rgatadi.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 23-dars: so / such / too / enough. "Shunchalik charchaganman-ki…", "ichishga juda issiq", "yetarli katta" — daraja, ortiqlik va yetarlilik ifodalash.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (gerund/infinitive, Units 53–67; verb+object+to Unit 55; remember/stop/try Unit 56–57); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (-ing and infinitive); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Verbs followed by '-ing' or infinitive".