B1 — 18-dars: had better / would rather / ought to / be supposed to

B1 — O'RTA · 18-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda to'rtta foydali modal iborani o'rganasiz: had better (…gani ma'qul — kuchli maslahat/ogohlantirish), would rather (…ni afzal ko'raman — tanlov), ought to (…kerak — should muqobili), be supposed to (…shi kerak / …deyishadi — kutilgan xatti-harakat).

You'd better hurry, or you'll miss the bus. (Shoshilgan ma'qul, aks holda avtobusni o'tkazib yuborasiz.) I'd rather stay home tonight. (Bugun kechqurun uyda qolganni afzal ko'raman.) You ought to see a doctor. (Shifokorga borishingiz kerak.) You're supposed to wear a helmet here. (Bu yerda dubulg'a kiyishingiz kerak.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Kuchli maslahat/ogohlantirish: "You'd better save your work."
• Afzallik/tanlov (xushmuomala): "I'd rather not talk about it."
• Qoida/kutilgan narsa: "You're not supposed to park here." "It's supposed to be a good film."

Asosiy tushuncha — to'rt nyuans: bu iboralar maslahat/majburiyat/tanlovning nozik turlarini beradi:

• had better — kuchli maslahat + ogohlantirish ("aks holda yomon bo'ladi").
• would rather — afzallik/tanlov ("buni ko'ra ko'proq xohlayman").
• ought to — should bilan deyarli bir xil (maslahat/to'g'ri ish).
• be supposed to — kutilgan narsa (qoida, reja, mish-mish — "shunday bo'lishi kerak").

O'xshatish: to'rt ibora — to'rt xil "ovoz": had better — ota-onaning ogohlantiruvchi ovozi ("tezroq qil, yoksa…"). would rather — o'z xohishingiz ("men ko'proq buni istayman"). ought to — maslahatchi ("borgan yaxshi"). be supposed to — qoida/jamiyat ovozi ("shunday qilinishi kerak").

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-17 (should/must): maslahat/majburiyat. Bugun — had better, ought to (muqobillar).
• A2-18 (would like): would — bugun would rather (afzallik).
• B1-9 (be going to): be + to tuzilmasi — be supposed to.
• B1-17 (modallar): ishonch/xulosa. Bugun — yangi modal iboralar.
• Tez mashq: maslahat ayting: "You ___ rest" (should/ought to); ogohlantirish: "You'd ___ hurry" (better).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. had better ('d better) — kuchli maslahat + ogohlantirish

had better + V1 (to YO'Q!) = "…gani ma'qul" — kuchli maslahat, ko'pincha oqibat bilan:

You'd better hurry (or you'll be late).      — Shoshilganingiz ma'qul (aks holda kechikasiz).
We'd better leave now.                        — Hozir ketganimiz ma'qul.
You'd better not tell anyone.                  — Hech kimga aytmaganingiz ma'qul. (inkor: 'd better NOT)

Tuzilma: 'd better + V1 (NOT to!); inkor: 'd better not + V1. had — o'tmish emas, hozir/kelajak ma'noda! Ko'pincha ogohlantirish/tahdid soyasi bor ("yoksa yomon bo'ladi"). should'dan kuchliroq: should — umumiy maslahat; had better — aniq vaziyat, oqibat bor ("hoziroq, yoksa…").

Chuqurroq — had better qachon ishlatiladi? had better faqat aniq, yaqin vaziyat uchun ishlatiladi: hoziroq yoki tez orada bajarilishi kerak bo'lgan ish, va bajarilmasa yomon oqibat bo'ladi. Umumiy, doimiy maslahat uchun emas — buning uchun should/ought to to'g'ri keladi.

• You'd better take an umbrella — it's going to rain. (aniq vaziyat, oqibat bor)
• You'd better exercise regularly. (umumiy odat — bu yerda should to'g'ri)

Shuning uchun had better ichida ko'pincha yashirin "aks holda…" turadi: You'd better apologize, or she'll be angry. Ba'zan bu ogohlantirish, hatto yumshoq tahdid bo'lib eshitiladi — shuning uchun kattaroq yoki notanish odamga ehtiyot bilan ishlating.

You'd better see a dentist — that tooth looks bad.  — Tish shifokoriga borganingiz ma'qul — tishingiz yomon ko'rinyapti.
We'd better hurry — the shop closes in ten minutes. — Shoshilganimiz ma'qul — do'kon o'n daqiqada yopiladi.
You'd better not be late again.                     — Yana kechikmaganingiz ma'qul. (ogohlantirish)
I'd better go now — it's getting late.              — Endi ketganim ma'qul — kech bo'lyapti.

Mini-mashq: had better mosmi yoki should? 1. Your train leaves in 5 minutes. You ___ run! 2. In general, people ___ eat more vegetables. Javob: 1. had better (aniq vaziyat + oqibat) · 2. should (umumiy maslahat).

3.2. would rather ('d rather) — afzallik/tanlov

would rather + V1 (to YO'Q!) = "…ni afzal ko'raman, …gan ma'qul":

I'd rather stay in tonight.                   — Bugun uyda qolganni afzal ko'raman.
I'd rather not talk about it.                  — Bu haqda gaplashmaganni afzal ko'raman. (inkor: rather NOT)
Would you rather have tea or coffee?           — Choy yoki kofeni afzal ko'rasizmi?

would rather X than Y (Y dan X ni afzal):

I'd rather walk than take the bus.            — Avtobusda ketgandan ko'ra piyoda yurganni afzal ko'raman.

Tuzilma: 'd rather + V1 (NOT to!); inkor: 'd rather not; taqqoslash: 'd rather X than Y.

3.3. would rather + boshqa odam + Past Simple

Boshqa odamning harakatiga nisbatan afzallik would rather + ega + Past Simple:

I'd rather you didn't smoke here.             — Bu yerda chekmasangiz, deb o'ylayman.
I'd rather you came tomorrow.                  — Ertaga kelsangiz afzal.
She'd rather we paid in cash.                  — Naqd to'lasak, afzal ko'radi.

Diqqat: o'zingiz uchun would rather + V1 (I'd rather go); boshqa uchun would rather + ega + Past (I'd rather you went). (Past shakl — noreallik, B1-10/12 mantiqi.)

Chuqurroq — would rather ikki tuzilma:

• O'zingiz uchun (hozir/kelajak): would rather + V1 I'd rather stay.
• Boshqa odam uchun: would rather + ega + Past Simple I'd rather you stayed. (Past — hozirgi/kelajak ma'nodagi noreal xohish.)

would rather X than Y ikki variantni taqqoslaydi; ikkala fe'l ham V1: I'd rather walk than wait. Qisqa javobda ham keladi: "Tea or coffee?" — "I'd rather have tea, thanks." Xushmuomala rad javobi: I'd rather not.

I'd rather read a book than watch TV.         — Televizor ko'rgandan ko'ra kitob o'qiganni afzal ko'raman.
We'd rather meet on Friday than on Monday.    — Dushanba emas, juma kuni uchrashganni afzal ko'ramiz.
I'd rather you didn't call me at work.        — Ishxonada menga qo'ng'iroq qilmasangiz, deyman.
She'd rather her son studied medicine.        — U o'g'li tibbiyotni o'qishini afzal ko'radi.

Mini-mashq: to'g'ri shaklni tanlang. 1. I'd rather (go / to go / went) home now. 2. I'd rather you (come / came / to come) tomorrow. Javob: 1. go (o'zingiz V1) · 2. came (boshqa odam Past).

3.4. ought to — should muqobili

ought to + V1 = should (maslahat/to'g'ri ish; ought to da to bor):

You ought to see a doctor.                    — Shifokorga borishingiz kerak. (= You should see…)
We ought to leave soon.                        — Tez orada ketishimiz kerak.
They ought to be more careful.                 — Ular ehtiyotroq bo'lishi kerak.

ought to vs should: ma'no deyarli bir xil (maslahat). ought to — ozgina rasmiyroq/kuchliroq; should — keng tarqalgan. ought to (to bilan!), lekin should (to'siz). Inkor (kam): oughtn't to / ought not to (odatda shouldn't afzal).

Chuqurroq — ought to ikki vazifada:

1. Maslahat/to'g'ri ish (= should): You ought to call your parents more often.
2. Kutish/ehtimol (mantiqan shunday bo'lishi kerak): They left an hour ago, so they ought to be home by now. (= should be). This ought to work. — "mantiqan ishlashi kerak".

Savol va inkor shakllari kam uchraydi; jonli tilda odatda should/shouldn't afzal ko'riladi. Lekin ought to — yozma va rasmiyroq uslubda chiroyli muqobil.

You ought to back up your files regularly.    — Fayllaringizni muntazam zaxiralaganingiz kerak.
The government ought to do more about this.    — Hukumat bu borada ko'proq ish qilishi kerak.
Prices ought to fall after the holidays.       — Bayramlardan keyin narxlar tushishi kerak (ehtimol).
He ought to know better at his age.            — U yoshiga qarab buni yaxshiroq bilishi kerak.

Mini-mashq: ought dan keyin to kerakmi? 1. You ought ___ apologize. 2. We ought ___ leave early. Javob: ikkalasida ham to (ought to + V1).

3.5. be supposed to — kutilgan xatti-harakat (uch ma'no)

be supposed to + V1 = "…shi kerak / …deb mo'ljallangan / …deyishadi":

1) Qoida/majburiyat (kutiladi):
   You're supposed to wear a seatbelt.        — Xavfsizlik kamarini taqishingiz kerak.
   We're not supposed to eat here.            — Bu yerda ovqatlanmasligimiz kerak.
2) Reja/mo'ljal (lekin bajarilmagan bo'lishi mumkin):
   I was supposed to call him, but I forgot.  — Unga qo'ng'iroq qilishim kerak edi, lekin unutdim.
   The meeting was supposed to start at 9.    — Yig'ilish 9 da boshlanishi kerak edi.
3) Mish-mish / umumiy fikr ("deyishadi"):
   It's supposed to be a great restaurant.    — Bu — zo'r restoran deyishadi.
   The new film is supposed to be excellent.   — Yangi film ajoyib deyishadi.

was supposed to — bajarilmagan: "I was supposed to…" ko'pincha "kerak edi, lekin qilmadim/bo'lmadi" ma'nosini beradi: "You were supposed to be here at 8!" (kelishingiz kerak edi — kelmadingiz).

Chuqurroq — be supposed to uch ma'noni ajratish:

• Qoida/majburiyat (kimdir shunday kutadi): Students are supposed to turn off their phones. Inkor be not supposed to = "ruxsat yo'q": You're not supposed to smoke here.
• Reja/mo'ljal — ko'pincha was/were supposed to + "lekin bo'lmadi": The train was supposed to arrive at 6, but it's late.
• Mish-mish/umumiy fikr ("aytishlaricha, deyishadi"): This book is supposed to be very good.

Talaffuz: supposed to tez nutqda "səpoust-tə" bo'lib eshitiladi (dt). be har doim bor: You are supposed to… (be tushib qolmasin).

Everyone is supposed to wear a badge.          — Hamma beyj taqishi kerak. (qoida)
You were supposed to bring the tickets!        — Chiptalarni olib kelishingiz kerak edi! (kelmadi)
It's supposed to snow tomorrow.                — Ertaga qor yog'adi deyishadi. (prognoz)
This café is supposed to have the best coffee. — Bu kafeda eng zo'r kofe bor deyishadi.

Mini-mashq: ma'noni tanlang — qoida (Q), reja-bajarilmagan (R) yoki mish-mish (M)? 1. You're not supposed to park here. 2. I was supposed to email her yesterday. 3. The film is supposed to be scary. Javob: 1. Q · 2. R · 3. M.

3.6. To'rttasini farqlash

You'd better study. — kuchli maslahat + ogohlantirish (yoksa yiqilasiz)
You ought to study. — maslahat (to'g'ri ish)
You're supposed to study. — kutiladi/qoida (talab shunday)
I'd rather study. — afzallik (men buni xohlayman)

Qaysi birini tanlash?

• Xavf/oqibat bor, hoziroq had better (You'd better lock the door.)
• Oddiy, umumiy to'g'ri maslahat should / ought to (You should/ought to drink more water.)
• Tashqi qoida yoki reja shunday be supposed to (We're supposed to check in by 3.)
• Ikki variantdan birini afzal ko'ryapsiz would rather (I'd rather take the train.)

had better ≠ would rather: You'd better rest = maslahat/ogohlantirish (aks holda yomon bo'ladi), I'd rather rest = shunchaki shaxsiy afzallik.

4. Misollar (ibora bo'yicha)

had better:  You'd better back up your files. / We'd better not be late.
would rather: I'd rather work from home. / I'd rather you didn't tell her.
ought to:    You ought to apologize. / This ought to work.
be supposed to: You're supposed to knock first. / It was supposed to be easy!

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

'd better /d ˈbetə/ "d-betə"   'd rather /d ˈrɑːðə/ "d-ra:ðə"
ought to /ˈɔːt tə/ "o:t-tə"   supposed to /səˈpəʊzd tə/ "səpouzd-tə"
"You'd better"  "yud-betə"   "I'd rather"  "ayd-ra:ðə"

Native siri: had/would 'd ("yud-betə", "ayd-ra:ðə"). supposed to "səpoust-tə" (dt, tez). ought to "o:t-tə". Bu iboralar so'zlashuvda juda tez aytiladi.

Topshiriq (shadowing): "You'd better hurry. I'd rather not. You ought to rest. You're supposed to wait." jumlalarini bir necha marta ovoz chiqarib, tez sur'atda ayting — 'd, ought to va supposed to bo'g'inlari qanchalik qisqarishiga e'tibor bering.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• You'd better believe it! — "Ishonaver!"
• I'd rather not say. — "Aytmaganim ma'qul."
• What's that supposed to mean? — "Bu nimani anglatadi?"
• You're not supposed to be here. — "Bu yerda bo'lmasliging kerak."
• I'd rather not, if that's OK. — "Mayli bo'lsa, xohlamasdim."

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — reja va afzallik:

A: We're supposed to meet the team at 6. Are you coming? — Soat 6 da jamoa bilan uchrashishimiz kerak. Kelyapsanmi?
B: Honestly, I'd rather not. I'm exhausted. — Rostini aytsam, xohlamayman. Holdan toydim.
A: You'd better come, though — the boss is expecting everyone. — Lekin kelganing ma'qul — boshliq hammani kutyapti.
B: Hmm. I suppose I ought to make an appearance. — Hmm. Ko'rinish berganim kerak shekilli.
A: Exactly. And it's supposed to be a short meeting anyway. — Aynan. Va baribir qisqa yig'ilish bo'lishi kerak.
B: Fine. But I'd rather leave early than stay late. — Mayli. Lekin kech qolgandan ko'ra erta ketganni afzal ko'raman.
A: Deal. You'd better not fall asleep, though! — Kelishdik. Lekin uxlab qolmaganing ma'qul!
B: No promises. I was supposed to sleep eight hours last night — I got four. — Va'da bermayman. Kecha sakkiz soat uxlashim kerak edi — to'rt soat uxladim.

O'qish matni — "Things you're supposed to do" (qoidalar va maslahatlar):

Life is full of things you're supposed to do, but nobody really explains why. — Hayot "qilishingiz kerak" degan narsalarga to'la, lekin hech kim nega ekanini tushuntirmaydi.
You're supposed to save money, exercise, and sleep eight hours. — Pul yig'ishingiz, sport bilan shug'ullanishingiz va sakkiz soat uxlashingiz kerak.
Honestly, I'd rather relax than follow every rule perfectly. — Rostini aytsam, har bir qoidaga mukammal amal qilgandan ko'ra dam olganni afzal ko'raman.
Still, I know I ought to take better care of myself. — Shunday bo'lsa-da, o'zimga yaxshiroq qarashim kerakligini bilaman.
My doctor said I'd better cut down on coffee — and she's probably right. — Shifokorim kofeni kamaytirganim ma'qul dedi — va u, ehtimol, haq.
So tonight, I'd rather sleep early than watch one more episode. — Shuning uchun bugun kechqurun yana bitta qism ko'rgandan ko'ra erta uxlaganni afzal ko'raman.
Tomorrow, I'm supposed to start a new routine. We'll see how that goes! — Ertaga yangi tartibni boshlashim kerak. Qanday ketishini ko'ramiz!

Topshiriq: matnda had better, would rather, ought to, be supposed to ni belgilang; har biri qaysi ma'noda? So'ng o'zingiz haqingizda: nimani afzal ko'rasiz (would rather), nimani qilishingiz kerak (ought to / be supposed to) — 6 gap yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• had better / would rather + to: You'd better to go. I'd rather to stay. You'd better go. I'd rather stay. (had better / would rather + V1, to yo'q).

• ought (to'siz): You ought see a doctor. You ought to see a doctor. (ought to — to bilan!).

• had better — o'tmish deb o'ylash: I had better gone. (o'tmish ma'noda). had better — hozir/kelajak: You'd better go (now).

• be supposed to — be tushirib: You supposed to wait. / You're suppose to. You're supposed to wait. (be + supposed to + V1).

• would rather inkor o'rni: I wouldn't rather go. I'd rather not go. (rather + not).

• would rather + boshqa odam bilan V1 yoki to: I'd rather you go. / I'd rather you to go. I'd rather you went. (boshqa odam Past Simple; to YO'Q).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. had better, would rather, ought to yoki be supposed to — to'g'risini tanlang:

1. You look ill. You ___ see a doctor. (maslahat)
2. Hurry up! We ___ leave now or we'll miss it. (ogohlantirish)
3. I don't want to go out. I ___ stay home. (afzallik)
4. You ___ wear a uniform at this school. (qoida)

Mashq 2. to qo'shing yoki qo'shmang:

1. You'd better ___ go. (to / —)
2. You ought ___ apologize. (to / —)
3. I'd rather ___ wait. (to / —)
4. You're supposed ___ knock. (to / —)

Mashq 3. would rather (o'zi / boshqa odam):

1. I ___ (stay) home tonight. (o'zim)
2. I'd rather you ___ (not / smoke) here. (boshqa odam)
3. She'd rather we ___ (come) earlier. (boshqa odam)

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: You'd better to hurry., I'd rather to stay., You ought see a doctor., You supposed to wait., I wouldn't rather go.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Shoshilganingiz ma'qul. = ___
2. Uyda qolganni afzal ko'raman. = ___
3. Shifokorga borishingiz kerak. = ___
4. Bu yerda dubulg'a kiyishingiz kerak. = ___
5. Unga qo'ng'iroq qilishim kerak edi (lekin unutdim). = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — vaziyatga ibora tanlang:

"You're driving too fast."  "You'd better slow down."
"I'm tired of cooking."  "I'd rather ___ ."
"You have a bad cough."  "You ought to ___ ."

Drill B — afzalliklaringiz (would rather):

"I'd rather ___ than ___ ." (×2 — tanlov)
"For dinner, I'd rather have ___ ."

Drill C — qoidalar (be supposed to):

"At work, you're supposed to ___ ." "You're not supposed to ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill A): I'd rather eat out / order food. You ought to see a doctor / rest. So'ng o'zingiz haqingizda: 2 afzallik (would rather), 2 maslahat (ought to / had better), 2 qoida (supposed to) ayting.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. ought to (should) · 2. had better · 3. would rather · 4. are supposed to. Mashq 2: 1. — (go) · 2. to · 3. — (wait) · 4. to. Mashq 3: 1. 'd rather stay · 2. didn't smoke · 3. came. Mashq 4: You'd better hurry. / I'd rather stay. / You ought to see a doctor. / You're supposed to wait. / I'd rather not go. Mashq 5: 1. You'd better hurry. · 2. I'd rather stay home. · 3. You ought to see a doctor. · 4. You're supposed to wear a helmet here. · 5. I was supposed to call him, but I forgot.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

had better ('d better) + V1 — kuchli maslahat + ogohlantirish (to YO'Q!)
   You'd better hurry. | inkor: 'd better NOT | hozir/kelajak (o'tmish EMAS)
would rather ('d rather) + V1 — afzallik (to YO'Q!)
   I'd rather stay. | rather X than Y | I'd rather you + Past (boshqa odam)
ought to + V1 — should muqobili (to BOR!): You ought to rest.
be supposed to + V1 — kutilgan: qoida / reja(bajarilmagan) / mish-mish
   You're supposed to... | I was supposed to (lekin qilmadim) | It's supposed to be good.

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. had better — kuchli maslahat + ogohlantirish (to'siz).
2. would rather — afzallik (to'siz); + ega + Past (boshqa odam).
3. ought to — should (to bilan!).
4. be supposed to — qoida/reja/mish-mish.
5. was supposed to — "kerak edi, lekin bo'lmadi".

Bog'lanish: modal iboralar kengaydi. Keyingi dars modal perfects — o'tmish haqida modal: should have done (afsus/tanqid), could have done (imkon ishlatilmagan), would have done (xayoliy o'tmish). Bu — o'tmish afsus/tanqid tilining asosi.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 19-dars: Modal perfects (should have / could have / must have done). "Qilishim kerak edi" (should have), "Qila olardim" (could have), "Qilgan bo'lsa kerak" (must have) — o'tmishga qaragan modallar.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (had better Unit 35; would rather Unit 36; ought to Unit 33; be supposed to Unit 58); Swan, "Practical English Usage"; Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish.