B1 — 15-dars: Reported speech — gaplar (say/tell, zamon siljishi)

B1 — O'RTA · 15-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda ko'chirma gap (reported / indirect speech) ni o'rganasiz — birovning gapini qayta aytish. Tuzilma o'zgaradi: zamon bir qadam orqaga siljiydi (backshift), olmosh va vaqt so'zlari ham o'zgaradi.

"I'm tired." He said (that) he was tired. (U charchaganini aytdi.) "I'll call you." She said she would call me. (U menga qo'ng'iroq qilishini aytdi.) "I've finished." He told me he had finished. (U tugatganini aytdi.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Suhbatda doimiy: birovning gapini, xabarini, fikrini yetkazish — "She said she was busy." "He told me he'd be late."
• Ish/xabar: "The manager said the meeting was cancelled."
• Yangiliklar/hikoya: "They announced that prices would rise."

Asosiy tushuncha — "bir qadam orqaga" (backshift): to'g'ri (direct) gap hozir aytiladi, lekin uni keyin (o'tmishda) qayta aytamiz — shuning uchun zamon bir qadam orqaga suriladi: is was, will would, have had, do did. Asosiy fe'l (said/told) o'tmishda bo'lgani uchun, ichki gap ham o'tmishga "ergashadi".

O'xshatish: ko'chirma gap — fotosurat tasvirlash: rasm kecha olindi (direct — o'sha paytdagi hozir), lekin uni bugun tasvirlaysiz, shuning uchun "o'sha paytda edi" deysiz. "I am happy" (rasmdagi hozir) bugun: "He said he was happy" (o'sha paytda edi).

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• B1-7 (Past Perfect): had + V3 — backshift'da Past Past Perfect uchun markaziy.
• B1-9 (would): will would (backshift).
• A2-17 (modallar): can could, must had to (backshift).
• A2-16 (object pronouns): me, him, her — tell + me.
• Tez mashq: backshift ayting: am ?, will ?, have ?, can ? (was, would, had, could).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. say vs tell — eng muhim farq

SAY (+ that) — odam OBYEKT EMAS (kimga — to bilan):
  He said (that) he was tired.      
  He said to me (that)...             (to bilan)
  He said me...                       
TELL + ODAM (kimga — to'g'ridan-to'g'ri):
  He told me (that) he was tired.     (tell + me)
  He told (that)...                    (tell — odam kerak)

Qoida: say — odamsiz (yoki say to me); tell — doim odam bilan (tell me/him/her). "He said me" (), "He told me" (). tell bilan maxsus iboralar: tell the truth, tell a lie, tell a story, tell the time, tell the difference (bu yerda say emas).

Tez tekshiruv (say yoki tell?): 1) She ___ me she was tired. 2) He ___ that he would come. 3) They ___ us a story. 4) I ___ to her that I disagreed. Javob: 1) told (odam bor — me) · 2) said (odam yo'q, that bilan) · 3) told (us — odam; tell a story iborasi) · 4) said (say to her — to bilan). Qoida: odam to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ergashsa tell, ergashmasa (yoki to bilan) say.

3.2. Backshift — zamon bir qadam orqaga (asosiy jadval)

"I work here."        He said he worked here.
"I'm working."         He said he was working.
"I've finished."       He said he had finished.
"I saw her."           He said he had seen her.
"I'll come."           He said he would come.
"I can swim."          He said he could swim.
"I must go."           He said he had to go.

Mini-mashq (backshift ayting): har direct shaklni reported'ga o'giring — 1) am ? 2) are ? 3) have seen ? 4) will ? 5) can ? 6) must ? 7) ate (Past Simple) ? Javob: 1) was · 2) were · 3) had seen · 4) would · 5) could · 6) had to · 7) had eaten. Eslatma: am/is was, are were; Past Simple ham Past Perfectga o'tadi (ate had eaten).

3.3. Olmosh va egalik o'zgarishi

Ko'chirma gapda olmoshlar so'zlovchiga qarab o'zgaradi:

"I love my job."   She said (that) she loved her job.   (Ishe, myher)
"We need your help."  They said they needed my help.    (wethey, yourmy)

Kim kimga aytayotganini mantiqan kuzating: "I" (gapiruvchi) "he/she"; "you" (eshituvchi) "I/me" (kontekstga qarab).

3.4. Vaqt va joy so'zlari o'zgarishi

"I'll do it tomorrow."   He said he would do it the next day.
"I saw her yesterday."    He said he had seen her the day before.
"I'm busy now."            She said she was busy then.

3.5. that — ixtiyoriy

He said (that) he was tired.    — that bor yoki yo'q — ikkalasi to'g'ri.
She told me (that) she'd come.

that — odatda tushirib qoldiriladi (so'zlashuv); rasmiy yozuvda qoldiriladi.

3.6. Backshift SHART EMAS — hozir ham rost bo'lsa

Agar gap hali ham rost (umumiy haqiqat, hozir ham amal qiladi) bo'lsa, backshift ixtiyoriy:

"The Earth is round."  He said the Earth is/was round. (ikkalasi OK — hali rost)
"I live in Tashkent."  She said she lives/lived in Tashkent. (hali yashaydi)

Umumiy haqiqat yoki hozir ham amal qilayotgan narsada backshift majburiy emas. Lekin odatda backshift qilinadi (xavfsizroq).

3.7. Backshift bo'lmaydigan modallar (would, could, should, might, ought to)

"I would help."  He said he would help. (would  would, o'zgarmaydi)
"You should rest."  She said I should rest. (should o'zgarmaydi)

would, could, should, might, ought to, used to — allaqachon "orqaga" shaklda, shuning uchun o'zgarmaydi.

3.8. O'zbekcha bilan solishtirish — ko'chirma o'zlashtirma

O'zbek tilida ham ko'chirma gap (birovning so'zini aynan keltirish) va o'zlashtirma gap (o'z so'zingiz bilan qayta aytish) bor:

• Ko'chirma: «Charchadim», dedi. · «Ertaga kelaman», dedi.
• O'zlashtirma: Charchaganini aytdi. · Ertasiga kelishini aytdi.

E'tibor bering: o'zbekchada o'zlashtirma gapda fe'l -gan / -(a)yotgan / -adigan + -(li)gini kabi ot shakliga o'tadi (charchaganini, kelishini), lekin zamon inglizchadagidek "bir qadam orqaga" surilmaydi. Aynan shuning uchun o'zbek tilida so'zlashuvchilar ingliz backshiftini ko'pincha unutadi. Inglizchada esa fe'lning o'zi o'zgaradi: is was, will would, have had.

Xulosa: o'zbekcha «-ganini / -ishini aytdi» ni ko'rganda, inglizchada say/tell + backshift kerakligini eslang. O'zbekchada bitta «aytdi» yetadi; inglizchada esa say (odamsiz) va tell + odam farqlanadi.

3.9. Reporting fe'lni tanlash — say/tell dan tashqari

say va tell — asosiy, lekin gapning mazmuniga qarab aniqroq fe'l ham tanlash mumkin. Quyidagilar say kabi (that) + gap bilan ishlaydi (odam shart emas), va ularda ham backshift o'sha qoida bo'yicha qo'llanadi:

He explained (that) the shop was closed.   — tushuntirdi
She mentioned (that) she'd seen him.        — eslatib o'tdi
They admitted (that) they were wrong.       — tan olishdi
He complained (that) the food was cold.     — shikoyat qildi
She promised (that) she would help.         — va'da berdi
He added (that) it was too late.            — qo'shimcha qildi

B1 maslahat: avval said / told bilan mustahkam yozing; keyin explained, mentioned, promised bilan xilma-xillik qo'shing. (promise / admit + to + V1 kabi maxsus qoliplar keyingi bosqichda.)

4. Misollar (to'g'ri ko'chirma)

"I'm learning English."    She said she was learning English.
"We have moved house."      They told me they had moved house.
"I didn't see you."         He said he hadn't seen me.
"I'll help you tomorrow."   She said she would help me the next day.
"I can't come tonight."      He said he couldn't come that night.
"You must try harder."       The teacher told me I had to try harder.

Yana misollar (turli zamon va olmosh):

"We're moving to a new office."   He said they were moving to a new office.  (wethey)
"I've never been to London."       She said she had never been to London.
"They won't agree."                He said they wouldn't agree.  (will notwould not)
"I may be late."                   She said she might be late.  (maymight)
"You should see a doctor."          He told me I should see a doctor.  (should o'zgarmaydi; youI)
"I'm doing my homework now."        She said she was doing her homework then.  (nowthen)

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

said /sed/ "sed" (NOT "seyd"!)   told /təʊld/ "tould"
"he said he was"  "hi-sed-i-wəz" (bog'lanib)
"she told me she'd"  "shi-tould-mi-shid" ('d = had/would)
that  zaif /ðət/: "said that he"  "sed-ðət-i"

Native siri: said = "sed" (NOT "seyd" — eng ko'p talaffuz xatosi!). that zaif "ðət" yoki butunlay tushadi. told — "tould".

Topshiriq (shadowing): "He said he was tired. She told me she'd finished. They said they would come." ni ayting; said = "sed". Youglish: "he said he", "she told me".

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• He said (that)… / She told me (that)… — asosiy.
• They said they'd be late. — "Kechikishlarini aytdilar."
• She mentioned that… — "U …ni eslatdi."
• He promised to… — "U …ga va'da berdi."
• As I said… — "Aytganimdek…".

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — gap yetkazish (reported speech):

A: Did you talk to Aziz? What did he say?            — Aziz bilan gaplashdingmi? Nima dedi?
B: He said he was really busy this week. — Bu hafta juda band ekanini aytdi.
A: Did he mention the project?                        — Loyihani eslatdimi?
B: Yes, he told me that he had almost finished it. — Ha, uni deyarli tugatganini aytdi.
A: Good. And the deadline?                            — Yaxshi. Muddat-chi?
B: He said he would send it by Friday. — Jumagacha jo'natishini aytdi.
A: Did he say anything about the meeting?            — Yig'ilish haqida biror narsa dedimi?
B: He told me it had been moved to Monday. — Uni dushanbaga ko'chirilganini aytdi.
A: OK, thanks. He always says he's busy, though! — Mayli, rahmat. Lekin u doim band ekanini aytadi!

O'qish matni — "What they told me" (maslahatlar — reported):

When I was younger, many people gave me advice. — Yoshroq paytimda, ko'p odam menga maslahat berdi.
My grandmother always told me that hard work pays off. — Buvim doim mehnat samara berishini aytardi.
My teacher said that I should never stop learning. — O'qituvchim hech qachon o'rganishni to'xtatmasligimni aytdi.
A friend once told me that I worried too much. — Bir do'stim bir marta menga juda ko'p tashvishlanishimni aytgandi.
My first boss said the company would always need curious people. — Birinchi boshlig'im kompaniyaga doim qiziquvchan odamlar kerakligini aytdi.
At the time, I didn't understand. They said these things would make sense one day. — O'shanda tushunmasdim. Bu narsalar bir kun tushunarli bo'lishini aytishgandi.
Now I know they were right — and I tell younger people the same things. — Endi bilaman, ular haq edi — va yoshroqlarga xuddi shu narsalarni aytaman.

Topshiriq: matnda har reported gapni (told me that…, said that…) belgilang; backshift'ni (zamon o'zgarishini) toping. So'ng birov sizga aytgan 5 ta gap/maslahat ni reported speech bilan yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• say + odam / tell odamsiz: He said me. She told that… He told me. / She said that… (say — odamsiz; tell + odam).

• tell + to: He told to me that he was busy. He told me… / He said to me… (tell — odam to'g'ridan-to'g'ri, to siz; to faqat say bilan).

• Backshift yo'q: He said he is tired. She said she will come. He said he was tired. She said she would come. (bir qadam orqaga).

• said = "seyd" talaffuz: said = "sed".

• Past Simple Past Simple (Past Perfect o'rniga): He said he saw her. (agar aniq backshift kerak bo'lsa). He said he had seen her. (Past Past Perfect).

• Vaqt so'zi o'zgarmaslik: He said he would do it tomorrow. (agar "o'sha paytdan keyin" bo'lsa). He said he would do it the next day. (tomorrow the next day, kontekstga qarab).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. say yoki tell?

1. He ___ me he was busy.
2. She ___ that she was tired.
3. They ___ us the news.
4. I ___ to him that I agreed.

Mashq 2. Ko'chirma gapga aylantiring:

1. "I'm hungry."  He said ___ .
2. "I'll call you."  She said ___ .
3. "I've lost my keys."  He told me ___ .
4. "I saw the film."  She said ___ .
5. "I can help."  He said ___ .

Mashq 3. Vaqt/olmosh so'zini to'g'rilang:

1. "I'm busy now."  He said he was busy ___ .
2. "I'll do it tomorrow."  She said she would do it ___ .
3. "I love my job."  He said he loved ___ job.

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: He said me he was tired., She told that she would come., He said he is busy., She said she will help.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga (reported):

1. U charchaganini aytdi. = ___
2. U menga qo'ng'iroq qilishini aytdi. = ___
3. U tugatganini aytdi. = ___
4. Ular band ekanliklarini aytdilar. = ___

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — direct reported:

"I'm tired." (he)  "He said he was tired."
"I'll be late." (she)  "She said ___ ."
"I've done it." (he)  "He told me ___ ."

Drill B — kimdir aytganini yetkazing:

"My friend said (that) ___ ."
"My teacher told me (that) ___ ."

Drill C — suhbatni yetkazing: Bugun kimdir aytgan narsani (3-4 gap) reported speech bilan ayting.

Model javoblar (Drill A): She said she would be late. He told me he had done it. So'ng birov bugun aytgan 5 ta gapni reported speech bilan yozing va model javoblardagi qolipga (say/tell + backshift) solishtirib o'zingizni tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. told · 2. said · 3. told · 4. said. Mashq 2: 1. (that) he was hungry · 2. (that) she would call me · 3. (that) he had lost his keys · 4. (that) she had seen the film · 5. (that) he could help. Mashq 3: 1. then · 2. the next day · 3. his. Mashq 4: He told me he was tired. / She said that she would come. / He said he was busy. / She said she would help. Mashq 5: 1. He said (that) he was tired. · 2. He said he would call me. · 3. He said he had finished. · 4. They said they were busy.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Reported speech (gaplar) = say/tell + backshift
  say (+ that) — odamsiz | tell + ODAM (tell me) | said = "sed"
  BACKSHIFT (bir qadam orqaga):
    is/are  was/were | do  did | have done  had done | did  had done
    will  would | can  could | may  might | must  had to
  olmosh: I  he/she, my  his/her | vaqt: now  then, tomorrow  the next day
  that — ixtiyoriy | would/could/should/might — o'zgarmaydi
  hali rost bo'lsa backshift ixtiyoriy

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. say (odamsiz) vs tell + odam; said = "sed".
2. Backshift — zamon bir qadam orqaga.
3. Olmosh va vaqt so'zlari o'zgaradi.
4. that — ixtiyoriy; would/should/might — o'zgarmaydi.
5. Hali rost bo'lsa backshift ixtiyoriy.

Bog'lanish: ko'chirma gap boshlandi. Keyingi dars uni savol va buyruqlarga kengaytiradi: "Where do you live?" He asked where I lived. "Sit down!" She told me to sit down. — bu yerda so'z tartibi va to-infinitive muhim. Reported speech — Past Perfect (B1-7) ning amaliy qo'llanishi.

Keyingi dars — B1 — 16-dars: Reported speech — savol va buyruqlar. "Savolni qanday ko'chiramiz" (so'z tartibi to'g'ri gapga aylanadi, if/whether) va "buyruq/iltimosni" (tell/ask + to + V1).

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (reported speech, Units 47–48; say/tell Unit 48); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (reported speech; backshift); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Reported speech: statements".