B1 — 30-dars: Quantifiers review + all / most / none / each / every / whole / both

B1 — O'RTA · 30-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda miqdor so'zlarini (quantifiers) yakunlaymiz: avvalgilarni (some/any/much/many/a lot) takrorlab, yangilarini qo'shamiz — all, most, none, each, every, whole, both. Bular gapda qancha ekanini aniq ko'rsatadi.

All my friends came. (Barcha do'stlarim keldi.) Most people agree. (Ko'pchilik rozi.) None of them came. (Hech biri kelmadi.) Each student got a book. (Har bir talaba kitob oldi.) Every day is a chance. (Har kun — imkoniyat.)

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Miqdor (har gapda): "all of us", "most of the time", "none of this", "each of you".
• Aniqlik: "every single day", "the whole week".
• Fe'l mosligi: each/every — birlik fe'l; all/most — ko'plik — xato qilmaslik muhim.

Asosiy tushuncha — "qancha?" so'zlari: quantifiers gapda miqdorni ko'rsatadi — 0% (none) dan 100% (all) gacha:

text

100% all/every    most    some    a few/a little    0% none/no

Asosiy nyuanslar: all (hammasi — ko'plik), each/every (har biri — birlik fe'l!), whole (butun — bitta narsa), both (ikkalasi).

O'xshatish: quantifiers — "miqdor tarozisi": all — to'la stakan (100%), most — yarmidan ko'p, some — ozgina, none — bo'sh (0%). each/every — stakanni birma-bir sanash (har biri alohida birlik). whole — butun bir narsani (kun, pirog) bo'limasdan.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A2-12,13 (some/any/much/many/a lot): asosiy miqdor so'zlari. Bugun — review + yangilar.
• A2-30 (both/either/neither): ikki narsa. Bugun review.
• A2-13 (a few/a little): sanaladigan/sanalmaydigan. Bugun review.
• A2-30 (everyone — birlik fe'l): each/every — birlik fe'l.
• Tez mashq: sanaladigan yoki sanalmaydigan? many ___ (books), much ___ (water), a few ___ (apples).

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Asosiy miqdor so'zlari — review jadvali

many books / much time / a few apples / a little milk
a lot of (ikkalasi): a lot of friends / a lot of money

much — asosan savol/inkorda ("How much…?", "not much"); ijobiyda a lot of. many — ijobiyda ham OK.

3.2. all — hammasi (ko'plik/sanalmaydigan)

all + ko'plik/sanalmaydigan (umumiy):  All children need love. All money is...
all (of) the + ot (aniq):  All (of) the students passed. All of my friends came.
all of + olmosh:  All of us / all of them (of MAJBURIY olmosh oldidan).

all of + olmosh: olmosh oldidan of shart — "all of us/them/you" (not "all us"). Ot bilan of ixtiyoriy: "all (of) the books". all — ko'plik fe'l: "All my friends are here."

3.3. most — ko'pchilik (50%+)

most + ko'plik/sanalmaydigan (umumiy):  Most people like music. Most water is...
most of the + ot (aniq):  Most of the students / most of my time.

most (umuman — artiklsiz: "Most people") ≠ the most (superlative: "the most expensive" — B1-28). "Most of the…" — aniq guruh.

3.4. each / every — har biri (BIRLIK FE'L!)

each + birlik ot + BIRLIK fe'l:  Each student has a book. (har biri alohida)
every + birlik ot + BIRLIK fe'l:  Every day is different. (butun guruh, har kun)

BIRLIK fe'l! each/every — "har biri" (ko'p ko'rinsa ham, grammatik birlik): "Every student is here" (NOT "are"). "Each of them knows". each vs every:

text

each = har biri (ALOHIDA, individual — ko'pincha 2+): Each player gets a card.
every = har biri (BUTUN guruh, umumiy — 3+): Every player must follow rules.

each — alohida-alohida ta'kid; every — butun guruh (umumiy). Ko'pincha almashinadi, lekin each ikki narsa uchun ham, every faqat 3+.

3.5. none — hech biri (0%)

none of + ko'plik/sanalmaydigan:  None of the students came. None of it is true.

none — fe'l odatda birlik (rasmiy) yoki ko'plik (so'zlashuv): "None of them was/were there." no + ot (no money) = not any. none — otsiz ("How many came?" — "None.").

3.6. whole vs all — butun

the whole + birlik ot:  the whole day, the whole book, my whole life
all (of) the + ot:  all day, all the books

"the whole day" = "all day" (butun kun). whole — bitta narsani (butunlay); all — ko'plik yoki sanalmaydigan. "the whole week" = "all week".

3.7. both / either / neither (review — A2-30)

both (of) — ikkalasi (ko'plik fe'l):  Both (of) my parents work.
either — biri yoki ikkinchisi (birlik):  Either option is fine.
neither — na biri na ikkinchisi (birlik, inkor):  Neither answer is right.

3.8. a lot of / lots of / plenty of

a lot of / lots of (ikkalasi, norasmiy):  a lot of/lots of people, a lot of time
plenty of (yetarlicha, ko'p):  We have plenty of time. (yetadi)

3.9. some / any — biroz (review, A2-12)

some (ijobiy gap):  I have some money. / There are some apples.
some (taklif/iltimos):  Would you like some tea? Can I have some water?
any (savol):  Do you have any money? Are there any apples?
any (inkor):  I don't have any money. There aren't any apples.
any (= "istalgan", ijobiyda):  Any student can join. (har qanday talaba)

Asosiy qoida: some — asosan ijobiy gapda; any — savol va inkorda. Ikkalasi ham sanaladigan (ko'plik) va sanalmaydigan ot bilan ishlaydi: some books / some water. Ikki muhim istisno: (1) taklif/iltimos (offer/request) da savol bo'lsa ham some: "Would you like some coffee?", "Can I have some water?" (2) ijobiy gapdagi any = "istalgan, farqi yo'q": "Any colour is fine." (istalgan rang bo'ladi). O'zbekcha bog'lanish: inkordagi any = "hech qanday" — "I don't have any money" = "hech qancha pulim yo'q".

3.10. (a) few / (a) little — "biroz" (ijobiy) vs "kam" (salbiy)

Bu — B1 ning eng nozik nuqtalaridan biri. Kichkina a borligi yoki yo'qligi ma'noni butunlay teskari qiladi:

a few + sanaladigan (ko'plik) = "biroz, bir nechta" (IJOBIY):  I have a few friends. (bir nechta do'stim bor — yaxshi)
few + sanaladigan = "kam, deyarli yo'q" (SALBIY):  I have few friends. (do'stim kam — yolg'izlik)
a little + sanalmaydigan = "biroz" (IJOBIY):  I have a little time. (biroz vaqtim bor — bo'ladi)
little + sanalmaydigan = "kam, deyarli yo'q" (SALBIY):  I have little time. (vaqtim kam — yetmaydi)

Asosiy farq: a few / a little — "biroz bor, yetadi" (ijobiy qarash); few / little — "kam, yetarli emas" (salbiy qarash). Aynan bitta a farqi. only qo'shilsa salbiy tuyg'u kuchayadi: "only a few" = "atigi bir nechta". Sanaladigan/sanalmaydigan tanlash: few / a few sanaladigan ot (books, people, days); little / a little sanalmaydigan ot (time, money, water). Xato: "a little books" "a few books" . Kundalik so'zlashuvda few / little (a'siz) biroz rasmiy tuyuladi; ko'pincha "not many / not much" ishlatiladi: "I don't have many friends.", "There isn't much time."

3.11. much / many / a lot of — chuqurroq + sanalmaydigan otlar

many + sanaladigan (ko'plik):  many books, many people, many years
much + sanalmaydigan:  much time, much money, much information
a lot of / lots of + ikkalasi:  a lot of books / a lot of time

much — ijobiy gapda kam ishlatiladi. Ijobiyda odatda a lot of: "I have a lot of work" (NOT "much work"). much asosan savol/inkorda: "How much time?", "I don't have much money." (Rasmiy yozuvda much ijobiyda uchraydi — "There is much debate…" — lekin kundalik nutqda deyarli yo'q.) many — ijobiyda ham tabiiy: "Many people came." — OK.

Ingliz tilida ba'zi otlar sanalmaydigan (ko'plik shakli yo'q!) — bu o'zbek so'zlovchi uchun qiyin, chunki o'zbekchada ular sanaladi:

Shuning uchun: "much information" (NOT "many informations"), "a lot of advice" (NOT "advices"), "how much money" (NOT "how many moneys"). Sanalmaydigan ot doim birlik fe'l oladi: "The news is good."

3.12. enough — yetarli

enough + ot:  enough money, enough time, enough chairs   (ot OLDIDAN)
sifat/ravish + enough:  good enough, fast enough, old enough   (sifat/ravish KEYIN)
enough + to + fe'l:  old enough to drive (haydashga yetarli yoshda)

O'rin farqi (o'zbek so'zlovchining tez-tez xatosi): enough otdan oldin keladi (enough time — yetarli vaqt), lekin sifat/ravishdan keyin (warm enough — yetarli iliq, NOT "enough warm"). not enough = "yetarli emas": "We don't have enough chairs." Taqqoslang: plenty of 3.8-bob = "yetarlicha ko'p, ortig'i bilan" — enough dan kuchliroq ("We have plenty of time" — vaqt mo'l-ko'l).

3.13. Nozik farqlar — every one / everyone; no / none

everyone (bir so'z) = "hamma (odam)":  Everyone is here. Everyone knows.
every one (ikki so'z) = "har biri" (of bilan):  Every one of the books is new. I read every one of them.
no + ot = "hech qanday" (= not any):  I have no money. There are no seats.
none (otsiz) = "hech biri":  "How many left?" — "None." / None of them came.

every one vs everyone: everyone — faqat odam haqida, otsiz, birlik fe'l ("Everyone is happy"). every one (ikki so'z) — "har bittasi", ko'pincha of bilan, narsa uchun ham ("every one of these apples"). Shunga o'xshash: everybody / every body. no vs none: no — doim ot bilan ("no time", "no friends"); none — otsiz (qisqa javob) yoki of bilan ("None of us knew"). "no money" = "not any money".

4. Misollar (so'z bo'yicha)

all: All my friends are coming. / All of us were tired.
most: Most students study hard. / Most of the time, it works.
each/every: Each room has a window. / Every effort counts.
none: None of this matters. / None of them replied.
whole: I read the whole book. / We spent the whole weekend cleaning.
both: Both answers are correct.
some/any: I have some questions. / Do you have any questions? / I don't have any time.
a few/a little: I need a few minutes. / Add a little sugar.
few/little: Few people know this. / There is little hope left.
much/many: How much time do we have? / Many students passed.
enough: We have enough food. / It's not warm enough.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

all /ɔːl/ "o:l"   most /məʊst/ "moust"   none /nʌn/ "nan" (= "nun" emas!)
each /iːtʃ/ "i:ch"   every /ˈevri/ "evri"   whole /həʊl/ "houl" (w jim!)
"all of us"  "o:l-əv-əs"   "none of them"  "nan-əv-ðəm"

Native siri: none = "nan" (NOT "noun/nun"). whole = "houl" (w jim!). of zaif "əv": "all of them" "o:l-əv-ðəm". every — "evri" (ikki bo'g'in).

Topshiriq (shadowing): "all of us, most people, each one, none of them, the whole day" ni ayting; whole = "houl" (w tovushi tushib qoladi), of zaif "əv" bo'lib qo'shilib ketadi.

6. So'z boyligi (Anki)

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• all of a sudden — "to'satdan" (B1 narrative).
• most of the time — "ko'pincha."
• each and every one — "har bir-bir (ta'kid)."
• none of your business — "sizga daxli yo'q."
• the whole point — "asosiy gap (maqsad)."
• both of us — "ikkalamiz."

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — reja (quantifiers):

A: Did everyone come to the meeting? — Hammaga yig'ilishga keldimi?
B: Almost. All of the team came except two. — Deyarli. Jamoaning hammasi keldi, ikkitasidan tashqari.
A: That's most of them, then. Did each person get the report? — Demak ko'pchiligi. Har bir odam hisobotni oldimi?
B: Yes, every member has a copy. — Ha, har bir a'zoda nusxa bor.
A: Good. None of the deadlines have changed, right? — Yaxshi. Hech bir muddat o'zgarmadi, shundaymi?
B: Correct. We've spent the whole week preparing, so we're ready. — To'g'ri. Butun haftani tayyorgarlikka sarfladik, shuning uchun tayyormiz.
A: Both presentations are done? — Ikkala taqdimot ham tayyormi?
B: Yes, all of them. We have plenty of time before Friday. — Ha, hammasi. Jumagacha yetarlicha vaqtimiz bor.

O'qish matni — "Small things, every day" (quantifiers):

People often think success comes from one big moment. — Odamlar ko'pincha muvaffaqiyat bitta katta lahzadan keladi deb o'ylashadi.
But most of the time, it's built from small things, every single day. — Lekin ko'pincha, u har kuni mayda narsalardan quriladi.
Not all days will feel productive, and that's normal. — Hamma kunlar samarali tuyulmaydi va bu normal.
Some days, none of your plans will work. — Ba'zi kunlar, rejalaringizning hech biri ishlamaydi.
But each small effort adds up over time. — Lekin har bir kichik harakat vaqt o'tishi bilan to'planadi.
Don't waste the whole day waiting for motivation. — Butun kunni ilhomni kutib o'tkazmang.
In the end, all of your small steps become a long journey. — Oxir-oqibat, barcha kichik qadamlaringiz uzoq yo'lga aylanadi.

Topshiriq: matnda all, most, each, every, none, whole ni belgilang; fe'l birlik yoki ko'plik (each/every birlik)? So'ng o'z odat/rejalaringiz haqida 6 gap yozing (turli quantifiers bilan).

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• each/every + ko'plik fe'l: Every students are here. Each of them know. Every student is here. Each of them knows. (each/every BIRLIK fe'l!).

• all/most + olmosh of'siz: all us / most them. all of us / most of them. (olmosh oldidan of shart).

• every + ko'plik ot: every students / every days. every student / every day. (every + BIRLIK ot).

• whole + ko'plik / all + birlik: whole days / all day's. the whole day / all day. (whole + birlik; all + ko'plik/sanalmaydigan).

• none + ko'plik fe'l (rasmiy): so'zlashuvda OK, rasmiyda birlik. None of them was… (rasmiy — birlik).

• much + sanaladigan ot: much books / much friends. many books / many friends. (much sanalmaydigan; sanaladiganga many/a lot of).

• many + sanalmaydigan / "informations": many informations / much advices. much information / a lot of advice. (information, advice, news — sanalmaydigan, ko'plik yo'q).

• few ≠ a few (ma'no aralashishi): "I have few friends" deb "bir nechta do'stim bor" demoqchi bo'lish. a few friends = "biroz (ijobiy)"; few friends = "kam, deyarli yo'q (salbiy)". a ni tushirib qoldirmang!

• savol/inkorda some: Do you have some money? / I don't have some time. Do you have any money? / I don't have any time. (savol/inkor any; taklif istisno: "Would you like some…?").

• enough noto'g'ri o'rin: enough warm / enough fast. warm enough / fast enough. (sifat/ravishdan KEYIN; lekin otdan oldin: enough time).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. To'g'ri so'z (all/most/each/every/none):

1. ___ my friends came. (hammasi)
2. ___ people like music. (ko'pchilik)
3. ___ student has a desk. (har biri — birlik)
4. ___ of them came. (hech biri)

Mashq 2. Fe'l — birlik yoki ko'plik?

1. Every student ___ (is/are) here.
2. All of us ___ (was/were) tired.
3. Each of them ___ (has/have) a book.
4. Most people ___ (likes/like) it.

Mashq 3. whole yoki all?

1. I read the ___ book.
2. We worked ___ day.
3. My ___ life changed.

Mashq 4. Xatoni to'g'rilang: Every students are here., all us, Each of them know., every days, whole days.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Barcha do'stlarim keldi. = ___
2. Ko'pchilik rozi. = ___
3. Hech biri kelmadi. = ___
4. Har kun — imkon. = ___
5. Butun haftani sarfladik. = ___

Mashq 6. some yoki any?

1. I have ___ good news.
2. Do you have ___ questions?
3. There aren't ___ seats left.
4. Would you like ___ coffee?

Mashq 7. a few / few / a little / little (ijobiy yoki salbiy ma'noga qarab):

1. Cheer up — you still have ___ time. (biroz, ijobiy — sanalmaydigan)
2. Sorry, I have ___ time today. (kam, salbiy — sanalmaydigan)
3. I made ___ mistakes, but the work is fine. (biroz, ijobiy — sanaladigan)
4. Very ___ people understood the lecture. (kam, salbiy — sanaladigan)

Mashq 8. much / many / enough:

1. How ___ money do you need?
2. There were ___ people at the party.
3. We don't have ___ chairs for everyone. (yetarli emas)
4. Is the water warm ___ ? (yetarli)

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — to'g'ri quantifier:

"100% friends came"  "All my friends came."
"har biri (birlik)"  "Each ___ has ___ ."
"0%"  "None of ___ ."

Drill B — fe'l mosligi:

"Every student ___ ." (is) "All of them ___ ." (are)

Drill C — o'zingiz haqingizda:

"Most of my friends ___ ." "Every day I ___ ." "None of my ___ ."

Model javoblar (Drill C): Most of my friends work. Every day I study English. None of my plans failed. So'ng 5 gap (all/most/each/every/none/whole) tuzing va yozib, o'zingizni javoblar kaliti bilan tekshiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1. All · 2. Most · 3. Each/Every · 4. None. Mashq 2: 1. is · 2. were · 3. has · 4. like. Mashq 3: 1. whole · 2. all · 3. whole. Mashq 4: Every student is here. / all of us / Each of them knows. / every day / whole days the whole day (yoki all day). Mashq 5: 1. All my friends came. · 2. Most people agree. · 3. None of them came. · 4. Every day is a chance. · 5. We spent the whole week. Mashq 6: 1. some (ijobiy) · 2. any (savol) · 3. any (inkor) · 4. some (taklif). Mashq 7: 1. a little (biroz, ijobiy) · 2. little (kam, salbiy) · 3. a few (biroz, ijobiy) · 4. few (kam, salbiy). Mashq 8: 1. much (money — sanalmaydigan) · 2. many (people — sanaladigan) · 3. enough (otdan oldin) · 4. enough (sifatdan keyin: warm enough).

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

all (of) — hammasi (ko'plik fe'l): All of us are here. all (of) the books
most (of) — ko'pchiligi: Most people / most of the time
each + birlik + BIRLIK fe'l — har biri (alohida): Each student has...
every + birlik + BIRLIK fe'l — har biri (butun): Every day is...
none (of) — hech biri (birlik fe'l odatda): None of them was...
the whole + birlik = all (of) — butun: the whole day = all day
both (of) — ikkalasi (ko'plik); either/neither — birlik
 each/every  BIRLIK fe'l/ot | olmosh oldidan OF shart (all of us)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. all/most — ko'plik; each/every — birlik fe'l!
2. Olmosh oldidan of (all of us).
3. each (alohida) vs every (butun guruh).
4. the whole (butun) = all.
5. none — birlik fe'l (rasmiy).

Bog'lanish: quantifiers — miqdor tilining yakuni. Keyingi dars sifat va ravishlar review + degree adverbs (very/quite/absolutely) va sifat tartibi (a nice big house) — tasvirlashni boyitadi. So'ng phrasal verbs (B1-32).

Keyingi dars — B1 — 31-dars: Sifat & ravish review + degree adverbs + tartib. "juda (very), ancha (quite), butunlay (absolutely)" + sifatlar tartibi (opinion-size-colour) — ta'riflashni aniq va boy qiladi.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (quantifiers, Units 85–91; all/every/each Unit 89–90); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (quantifiers; each/every); Cambridge Dictionary; British Council LearnEnglish — "Quantifiers".